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Synthesis of PNIPAAm- g-P4VP Microgel as Draw Agent in Forward Osmosis by RAFT Polymerization and Reverse Suspension Polymerization to Improve Water Flux. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27103214. [PMID: 35630689 PMCID: PMC9146756 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microgels have unique and versatile properties allowing their use in forward osmosis areas as a draw agent. In this contribution, poly(4-vinylpyridine) (P4VP) was synthesized via RAFT polymerization and then grafted to a poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) crosslinking network by reverse suspension polymerization. P4VP was successfully obtained by the quasiliving polymerization with the result of nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography characterization. The particle size and particle size distribution of the PNIPAAm-g-P4VP microgels containing 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 wt% P4VP were measured by means of a laser particle size analyzer. It was found that all the microgels were of micrometer scale and the particle size was increased with the P4VP load. Inter/intra-molecular-specific interactions, i.e., hydrogen bond interactions were then investigated by Fourier infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the water flux measurements showed that all the PNIPAAm-g-P4VP microgels can draw water more effectively than a blank PNIPAAm microgel. For the copolymer microgel incorporating 20 wt% P4VP, the water flux was measured to be 7.48 L∙m−2∙h−1.
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2
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Margossian KO, Brown MU, Emrick T, Muthukumar M. Coacervation in polyzwitterion-polyelectrolyte systems and their potential applications for gastrointestinal drug delivery platforms. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2250. [PMID: 35474060 PMCID: PMC9042848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, complex coacervation is regarded as a process whereby two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes self-assemble into spherical droplets. Here, we introduce the polyzwitterionic complex, “pZC”, formed by the liquid-liquid phase separation of a polyzwitterion and a polyelectrolyte, and elucidate a mechanism by which such complexes can assemble using theory and experimental evidence. This system exhibits orthogonal phase behavior-it remains intact in acidic conditions, but disassembles as the pH increases, a process governed by the acid-base equilibria of the constituent chains. We relate the observed phase behavior to physiological conditions within the gastrointestinal tract with a simulation of the gastroduodenal junction, and demonstrate using video microscopy the viability of polyzwitterionic coacervates as technologies for the pH-triggered release of cargo. Such a system is envisaged to tackle imminent problems of drug transport via the oral route and serve as a packaging solution to increase uptake efficiency. Coacervation is widely studied as potential drug delivery platform, but formation of coacervates at lower pH ranges, such as found in the gastrointestinal tract, remains challenging. Here, using theory and experimental methods, the authors demonstrate the formation of a polyzwitterionic complex, formed by coacervation of a polyzwitterion and a polyelectrolyte, exhibiting orthogonal phase behavior under physiological low pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khatcher O Margossian
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.,Rush Medical College, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Marcel U Brown
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Todd Emrick
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Murugappan Muthukumar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
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3
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Lewis RW, Klemm B, Macchione M, Eelkema R. Fuel-driven macromolecular coacervation in complex coacervate core micelles. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4533-4544. [PMID: 35656128 PMCID: PMC9019912 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fuel-driven macromolecular coacervation is an entry into the transient formation of highly charged, responsive material phases. In this work, we used a chemical reaction network (CRN) to drive the coacervation of macromolecular species readily produced using radical polymerisation methods. The CRN enables transient quaternization of tertiary amine substrates, driven by the conversion of electron deficient allyl acetates and thiol or amine nucleophiles. By incorporating tertiary amine functionality into block copolymers, we demonstrate chemical triggered complex coacervate core micelle (C3M) assembly and disassembly. In contrast to most dynamic coacervate systems, this CRN operates at constant physiological pH without the need for complex biomolecules. By varying the allyl acetate fuel, deactivating nucleophile and reagent ratios, we achieved both sequential signal-induced C3M (dis)assembly, as well as transient non-equilibrium (dis)assembly. We expect that timed and signal-responsive control over coacervate phase formation at physiological pH will find application in nucleic acid delivery, nano reactors and protocell research. We apply an allyl acetate fuelled chemical reaction network (CRN) to control the coacervation of macromolecular species at constant physiological pH without the need for complex biomolecules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece W Lewis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Klemm
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Mariano Macchione
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Rienk Eelkema
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
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4
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Es Sayed J, Brummer H, Stuart MCA, Sanson N, Perrin P, Kamperman M. Responsive Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Frozen Complex Coacervate Core Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:20-25. [PMID: 35574801 PMCID: PMC8772379 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frozen complex coacervate core micelles (C3Ms) were developed as a class of particle stabilizers for Pickering emulsions. The C3Ms are composed of a core of electrostatically interacting weak polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (pAA) and poly(dimethylaminopropylacrylamide) (pDMAPAA), surrounded by a corona of water-soluble and surface active poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNiPAM). Mixing parameters of the two polymer solutions, including pH, mixing method, charge ratio, and salinity of the medium, were carefully controlled, leading to monodisperse, colloidally stable C3Ms. A combination of dynamic light scattering and proton nuclear magnetic resonance experiments showed that the C3Ms gradually disassembled from a dynamically frozen core state in pure water into free polyelectrolyte chains above 0.8 M NaCl. Upon formulation of dodecane-in-water emulsions, the frozen C3Ms adsorb as particles at the droplet interfaces in striking contrast with most of the conventional micelles made of amphiphilic block copolymers which fall apart at the interface. Eventually, increasing the salt concentration of the system triggered disassembly of the C3Ms, which led to emulsion destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Es Sayed
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Brummer
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C. A. Stuart
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Sanson
- Soft
Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI,
PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Perrin
- Soft
Matter Sciences and Engineering, ESPCI,
PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Cedex 05 Paris, France
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer
Science, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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5
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Yao Y, Patel C, Vekariya RL, Yusa SI, Sangani CB, Duan Y, Pillai S, Patel H, Kumar NS, Khimani M. Synthesis and aggregation behaviour of thermo-responsive-b-poly(ionic liquid) diblock copolymers in aqueous solution. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Marras AE, Campagna TR, Vieregg JR, Tirrell MV. Physical Property Scaling Relationships for Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Marras
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Trinity R. Campagna
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jeffrey R. Vieregg
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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7
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Shah S, Leon L. Structural dynamics, phase behavior, and applications of polyelectrolyte complex micelles. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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8
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Filippov AD, Sprakel J, Kamperman M. Complex coacervation and metal-ligand bonding as synergistic design elements for aqueous viscoelastic materials. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3294-3305. [PMID: 33655283 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of complex coacervates in promising areas such as coatings and surgical glues requires a tight control of their viscous and elastic behaviour, and a keen understanding of the corresponding microscopic mechanisms. While the viscous, or dissipative, aspect is crucial at pre-setting times and in preventing detachment, elasticity at long waiting times and low strain rates is crucial to sustain a load-bearing joints. The independent tailoring of dissipative and elastic properties proves to be a major challenge that can not be addressed adequately by the complex coacervate motif by itself. We propose a versatile model of complex coacervates with customizable rheological fates by functionalization of polyelectrolytes with terpyridines, which provide transient crosslinks through complexation with metals. We show that the rheology of the hybrid complexes shows distinct footprints of both metal-ligand and coacervate dynamics, the former as a contribution very close to pure Maxwell viscoelasticity, the latter approaching a sticky Rouse fluid. Strikingly, when the contribution of metal-ligand bonds is dominant at long times, the relaxation of the overall complex is much slower than either the "native" coacervate relaxation time or the dissociation time of a comparable non-coacervate polyelectrolyte-metal-ligand complex. We recognize this slowing-down of transient bonds as a synergistic effect that has important implications for the use of complementary transient bonding in coacervate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei D Filippov
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Sproncken CM, Magana JR, Voets IK. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Attractive Soft Matter: Association Kinetics, Dynamics, and Pathway Complexity in Electrostatically Coassembled Micelles. ACS Macro Lett 2021; 10:167-179. [PMID: 33628618 PMCID: PMC7894791 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatically coassembled micelles constitute a versatile class of functional soft materials with broad application potential as, for example, encapsulation agents for nanomedicine and nanoreactors for gels and inorganic particles. The nanostructures that form upon the mixing of selected oppositely charged (block co)polymers and other ionic species greatly depend on the chemical structure and physicochemical properties of the micellar building blocks, such as charge density, block length (ratio), and hydrophobicity. Nearly three decades of research since the introduction of this new class of polymer micelles shed significant light on the structure and properties of the steady-state association colloids. Dynamics and out-of-equilibrium processes, such as (dis)assembly pathways, exchange kinetics of the micellar constituents, and reaction-assembly networks, have steadily gained more attention. We foresee that the broadened scope will contribute toward the design and preparation of otherwise unattainable structures with emergent functionalities and properties. This Viewpoint focuses on current efforts to study such dynamic and out-of-equilibrium processes with greater spatiotemporal detail. We highlight different approaches and discuss how they reveal and rationalize similarities and differences in the behavior of mixed micelles prepared under various conditions and from different polymeric building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian
C. M. Sproncken
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing
Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and
Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J. Rodrigo Magana
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing
Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and
Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing
Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and
Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Gioldasis C, Gergidis LN, Vlahos C. Micellization through complexation of oppositely charged diblock copolymers: Effects of composition, polymer architecture, salt of different valency, and thermoresponsive block. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonidas N. Gergidis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
| | - Costas Vlahos
- Department of Chemistry University of Ioannina Ioannina Greece
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11
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van Hees IA, Hofman AH, Dompé M, van der Gucht J, Kamperman M. Temperature-responsive polyelectrolyte complexes for bio-inspired underwater adhesives. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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12
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Du G, Del Giudice A, Alfredsson V, Carnerup AM, Pavel NV, Loh W, Masci G, Nyström B, Galantini L, Schillén K. Effect of temperature on the association behavior in aqueous mixtures of an oppositely charged amphiphilic block copolymer and bile salt. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Magana JR, Sproncken CCM, Voets IK. On Complex Coacervate Core Micelles: Structure-Function Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1953. [PMID: 32872312 PMCID: PMC7565781 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The co-assembly of ionic-neutral block copolymers with oppositely charged species produces nanometric colloidal complexes, known, among other names, as complex coacervates core micelles (C3Ms). C3Ms are of widespread interest in nanomedicine for controlled delivery and release, whilst research activity into other application areas, such as gelation, catalysis, nanoparticle synthesis, and sensing, is increasing. In this review, we discuss recent studies on the functional roles that C3Ms can fulfil in these and other fields, focusing on emerging structure-function relations and remaining knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilja K. Voets
- Laboratory of Self-Organizing Soft Matter, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; (J.R.M.); (C.C.M.S.)
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14
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Fehér B, Zhu K, Nyström B, Varga I, Pedersen JS. Effect of Temperature and Ionic Strength on Micellar Aggregates of Oppositely Charged Thermoresponsive Block Copolymer Polyelectrolytes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13614-13623. [PMID: 31577150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of two oppositely charged diblock copolymers that have a common thermosensitive nonionic block of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAAM) has been investigated. The effect of the mixing ratio and total polymer concentrations on the self-assembly of the components and on the phase stability of the mixtures was studied by dynamic light scattering, electrophoretic mobility, and turbidimetry measurements in water at 20 °C. The effect of the competing electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions on the nanostructure of negatively charged electrostatically self-assembled micelles bearing a pNIPAAM corona was investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions were controlled independently by tuning the ionic strength (from pure water to 50 mM NaCl) and the temperature (20-50 °C) of the investigated mixtures. The SAXS data could be fitted by a spherical micelle model, which has a smoothly decaying radial profile and a Gaussian star term that describes the internal structure of the micellar structures and possible attractive interactions between the polymer chains. At high temperature, a cluster structure factor was included for describing the formation of bulky clusters of the formed micelles. At low temperature and ionic strength, the formation of micelles with a coacervate core and hydrated pNIPAAM shell was observed. The structural evolution of the self-assembled micelles with increasing ionic strength and temperature could be followed, and finally at high ionic strength and temperature, the formation of inverted micelles with a hydrophobic core and polyelectrolyte shell could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence Fehér
- Institute of Chemistry , ELTE , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A , Budapest 1117 , Hungary
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Kaizheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , N-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Bo Nyström
- Department of Chemistry , University of Oslo , P.O. Box 1033, Blindern , N-0315 Oslo , Norway
| | - Imre Varga
- Institute of Chemistry , ELTE , Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A , Budapest 1117 , Hungary
| | - Jan Skov Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) , Aarhus University , Gustav Wieds Vej 14 , 8000 Aarhus C , Denmark
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15
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Hofman AH, Fokkink R, Kamperman M. A mild and quantitative route towards well-defined strong anionic/hydrophobic diblock copolymers: synthesis and aqueous self-assembly. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01227c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined hydrophobic/strong anionic diblock copolymers were synthesized through a protected hydrophobic intermediate. Their self-assembly in aqueous solution was subsequently studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton H. Hofman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Polymer Science
| | - Remco Fokkink
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter
- Wageningen University
- 6708 WE Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Polymer Science
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
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