1
|
Huang S, Sun H, Lin D, Huang X, Chen R, Li M, Huang J, Guo F. Camellia oil exhibits anti-fatigue property by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice. J Food Sci 2024; 89:2465-2481. [PMID: 38380680 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Camellia seed oil (CO) has high nutritional value and multiple bioactivities. However, the specific anti-fatigue characteristics and the implied mechanism of CO have not yet been fully elucidated. Throughout this investigation, male C57BL/6J mice, aged 8 weeks, underwent exhaustive exercise with or without CO pretreatment (2, 4, and 6 mL/kg BW) for 28 days. CO could extend the rota-rod and running time, reduce blood urea nitrogen levels and serum lactic acid, and increase muscle and hepatic glycogen, adenosine triphosphate, and anti-oxidative indicators. Additionally, CO could upregulate the mRNA and Nrf2 protein expression levels, as well as enhance the levels of its downstream antioxidant enzymes and induce the myofiber-type transformation from fast to slow and attenuate the gut mechanical barrier. Moreover, CO could ameliorate gut dysbiosis by reducing Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio at the phylum level, increasing the percentage of Alistipes, Alloprevotella, Lactobacillus, and Muribaculaceae, and decreasing the proportion of Dubosiella at the genus level. In addition, specific bacterial taxa, which were altered by CO, showed a significant correlation with partial fatigue-related parameters. These findings suggest that CO may alleviate fatigue by regulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber transformation, gut mechanical barrier, and gut microbial composition in mice. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Our study revealed that camellia seed oil (CO) could ameliorate exercise-induced fatigue in mice by modulating antioxidant capacity, muscle fiber, and gut microbial composition in mice. Our results promote the application of CO as an anti-fatigue functional food that targets oxidative stress, myofiber-type transformation, and microbial community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
- The Affiliated Quanzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dai Lin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinjue Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ruiran Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Minli Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jialing Huang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Fuchuan Guo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim H, Lee DW, Hwang JK. Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract and xanthorrhizol ameliorate cancer-induced adipose wasting in CT26-bearing mice by regulating lipid metabolism and adipose tissue browning. Integr Med Res 2024; 13:101020. [PMID: 38298864 PMCID: PMC10826318 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2023.101020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer cachexia-characterized by anorexia, body weight loss, skeletal muscle atrophy, and fat loss-affects nearly 80% of cancer patients and accounts for 20% of cancer deaths. Curcuma xanthorrhiza, known as Java turmeric, and its active compound xanthorrhizol (XAN) exhibit anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. However, the ameliorative effects of C. xanthorrhiza extract (CXE) and XAN on cancer-associated adipose atrophy remain unexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effects of CXE and XAN on cancer cachexia-induced adipose tissue wasting in CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Methods CT26 cells were injected subcutaneously into the right flank of BALB/c mice to establish a cancer cachexia model. To evaluate the inhibitory effects of CXE and XAN on cancer cachexia, 50 and 100 mg/kg CXE and 15 mg/kg XAN were administered orally every day for 1 week. Results CXE and XAN administration significantly attenuated the loss of body weight and epidydimal fat mass by cancer cachexia. In epididymal adipose tissues, administration of CXE or XAN inhibited white adipose tissue browning by repressing expression of the thermogenic genes. Simultaneously, CXE or XAN attenuated fat catabolism through the downregulation of lipolytic genes. The administration of CXE or XAN induced the expression of genes associated with adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related genes. Moreover, CXE or XAN treatment was associated with maintaining metabolic homeostasis; regulating the expression of adipokines and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Conclusions CXE and XAN mitigate cancer-induced adipose tissue atrophy, primarily by modulating lipid metabolism and WAT browning, indicating their therapeutic potential for cachectic cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haeun Kim
- Graduate School of Bioindustrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Bioindustrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Kwan Hwang
- Graduate School of Bioindustrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cheng QQ, Mao SL, Yang LN, Chen L, Zhu JZ, Liu X, Hou AJ, Zhang RR. Fuzheng Xiaoai Decoction 1 ameliorated cancer cachexia-induced muscle atrophy via Akt-mTOR pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 303:115944. [PMID: 36410574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Fuzheng Xiaoai Decoction 1 (FZXAD1) is a clinical experience prescription for the treatment of cancer patients at an advanced stage. FZXAD1 has been used for more than 10 years in the clinic and can effectively improve the deficiency syndrome of cancer patients. However, its mechanisms need further clarification. AIM OF THE STUDY To check the effects of FZXAD1 in colon 26 (C26) cancer cachexia mice and try to clarify the mechanisms of FZXAD1 in ameliorating cancer cachexia symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS An animal model of cancer cachexia was constructed with male BALB/c mice bearing C26 tumor cells. Food intake, body weight and tumor size were measured daily during the animal experiment. Tissue samples in different groups including tumor and gastrocnemius muscle, were dissected and weighed at the end of the assay. Serum biochemical indicators such as total protein (TP), glucose (GLU) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were also detected. Network pharmacology-based analysis predicted the possible targets and signaling pathways involved in the effects of FZXAD1 on cancer cachexia therapy. Western blotting assays of the gastrocnemius muscle tissues from C26 tumor-bearing mice were then used to confirm the predicted possible targets of FZXAD1. RESULTS The results of animal experiments showed that FZXAD1 could ameliorate cancer cachexia by alleviating the muscle wasting as well as kidney atrophy and increasing the body weight of cancer cachexia mice. AKT1, MTOR, MAPK3, HIF1A and MAPK1 were predicted as the core targets of FZXAD1. Western blotting confirmed the prediction that FZXAD1 increased the expression levels of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR in the muscle tissues. In addition, FZXAD1 treatment obviously ameliorated the increased levels of HIF-1α and phosphorylated Erk1/2 in C26 tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION FZXAD1 effectively ameliorated cancer cachexia in an animal model of mice, which is consistent with its efficacy in the treatment of cancer patients. The mechanisms of FZXAD1 might be mainly based on its alleviating effects on muscle atrophy by activating the Akt-mTOR pathway and thus helping to maintain body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Qiao Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Shi-Long Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Jin-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Biomedical Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - An-Ji Hou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, No. 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
ZHANG M, XING L, WANG Y, LUO R, LI X, DONG J. Anti-fatigue activities of anthocyanins from Lycium ruthenicum Murry. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.242703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lijie XING
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | - Yuan WANG
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | - Ruifeng LUO
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | - Xianyi LI
- Xinjiang Academy of Agriculture and Reclamation Science, China; Xinjiang production and construction corps institute for food inspection, China; Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Shihezi), China
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abulizi A, Hu L, Ma A, Shao FY, Zhu HZ, Lin SM, Shao GY, Xu Y, Ran JH, Li J, Zhou H, Lin DM, Wang LF, Li M, Yang BX. Ganoderic acid alleviates chemotherapy-induced fatigue in mice bearing colon tumor. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:1703-1713. [PMID: 33927358 PMCID: PMC8463583 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-related fatigue (CRF) is increasingly being recognized as one of the severe symptoms in patients undergoing chemotherapy, which not only largely reduces the quality of life in patients, but also diminishes their physical and social function. At present, there is no effective drug for preventing and treating CRF. Ganoderic acid (GA), isolated from traditional Chinese medicine Ganoderma lucidum, has shown a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, etc. In this study, we investigated whether GA possessed anti-fatigue activity against CRF. CT26 tumor-bearing mice were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, 30 mg/kg) and GA (50 mg/kg) alone or in combination for 18 days. Peripheral and central fatigue-related behaviors, energy metabolism and inflammatory factors were assessed. We demonstrated that co-administration of GA ameliorated 5-FU-induced peripheral muscle fatigue-like behavior via improving muscle quality and mitochondria function, increasing glycogen content and ATP production, reducing lactic acid content and LDH activity, and inhibiting p-AMPK, IL-6 and TNF-α expression in skeletal muscle. Co-administration of GA also retarded the 5-FU-induced central fatigue-like behavior accompanied by down-regulating the expression of IL-6, iNOS and COX2 in the hippocampus through inhibiting TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway. These results suggest that GA could attenuate 5-FU-induced peripheral and central fatigue in tumor-bearing mice, which provides evidence for GA as a potential drug for treatment of CRF in clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abudumijiti Abulizi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Anatomy and Laboratory of Neuroscience and Tissue Engineering, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Ang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fang-Yu Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui-Ze Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Si-Mei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guang-Ying Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Jian-Hua Ran
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jing Li
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Dong-Mei Lin
- JUNCAO Technology Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lian-Fu Wang
- JUNCAO Technology Research Institute, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Bao-Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100191, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu S, Li Y, Shen Q, Zhang W, Gu X, Ma M, Li Y, Zhang L, Liu X, Zhang X. Carnosol and its analogues attenuate muscle atrophy and fat lipolysis induced by cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:779-795. [PMID: 33951335 PMCID: PMC8200431 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial debilitating syndrome that directly accounts for more than 20% of cancer deaths while there is no effective therapeutic approach for treatment of cancer cachexia. Carnosol (CS) is a bioactive diterpene compound present in Lamiaceae spp., which has been demonstrated to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. But its effects on cancer cachexia and the possible mechanism remain a mystery. METHODS The in vitro cell models of C2C12 myotube atrophy and 3T3-L1 mature adipocyte lipolysis were used to check the activities of CS and its synthesized analogues. C26 tumour-bearing BALB/c mice were applied as the animal model to examine their therapeutic effects on cancer cachexia in vivo. Levels of related signal proteins in both in vitro and in vivo experiments were examined using western blotting to study the possible mechanisms. RESULTS Carnosol and its analogues [dimethyl-carnosol (DCS) and dimethyl-carnosol-D6 (DCSD)] alleviated myotube atrophy of C2C12 myotubes and lipolysis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro. Interestingly, CS and its analogues exhibited stronger inhibitive effects on muscle atrophy induced by tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (CS, P < 0.001; DCS, P < 0.001; DCSD, P < 0.001) in C2C12 myoblasts than on muscle atrophy induced by IL-6 (CS, P < 0.05; DCS, P = 0.08; DCSD, P < 0.05). In a C26 tumour-bearing mice model, administration of CS or its analogue DCSD significantly prevented body weight loss without affecting tumour size. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of mice treated with CS and DCSD was significantly increased by 11.09% (P < 0.01) and 11.38% (P < 0.01) compared with that of the C26 model group. CS and DCSD also improved the weight loss of epididymal adipose tissue in C26 model mice by 176.6% (P < 0.01) and 48.2% (P < 0.05) increase, respectively. CS and DCSD treatment partly preserved gastrocnemius myofibres cross-sectional area. CS treatment decreased the serum level of TNF-α (-95.02%, P < 0.01) but not IL-6 in C26 tumour-bearing mice. Inhibition on NF-κB and activation of Akt signalling pathway were involved in the ameliorating effects of CS and its analogues on muscle wasting both in vitro and in vivo. CS and its analogues also alleviated adipose tissue loss by inhibiting NF-κB and AMPK signalling pathways both in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS CS and its analogues exhibited anticachexia effects mainly by inhibiting TNF-α/NF-κB pathway and decreasing muscle and adipose tissue loss. CS and its analogues might be promising drug candidates for the treatment of cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiwei Li
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qiang Shen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaofan Gu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Mingliang Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yiming Li
- School of PharmacyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Liuqiang Zhang
- School of PharmacyShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xuan Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine ResearchShanghai University of Traditional Chinese MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Xiongwen Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lee J, Jeong MI, Kim HR, Park H, Moon WK, Kim B. Plant Extracts as Possible Agents for Sequela of Cancer Therapies and Cachexia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E836. [PMID: 32906727 PMCID: PMC7555300 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of the death worldwide. Since the National Cancer Act in 1971, various cancer treatments were developed including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and so forth. However, sequela of such cancer therapies and cachexia are problem to the patients. The primary mechanism of cancer sequela and cachexia is closely related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. As antioxidant properties of numerous plant extracts have been widely reported, plant-derived drugs may have efficacy on managing the sequela and cachexia. In this study, recent seventy-four studies regarding plant extracts showing ability to manage the sequela and cachexia were reviewed. Some plant-derived antioxidants inhibited cancer proliferation and inflammation after surgery and others prevented chemotherapy-induced normal cell apoptosis. Also, there are plant extracts that suppressed radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell damage by elevation of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BcL-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Cachexia was also alleviated by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by plant extracts. This review focuses on the potential of plant extracts as great therapeutic agents by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjoo Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Myung In Jeong
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Hyo-Rim Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Hyejin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Won-Kyoung Moon
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea
| |
Collapse
|