Tuning the orientation of few-layer MoS2 films using one-zone sulfurization

Lithium-Induced Reorientation of Few-Layer MoS2 Films

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) few-layer films have gained considerable attention for their possible applications in electronics and optics and also as a promising material for energy conversion and storage. Intercalating alkali metals, such as lithium, offers the opportunity to engineer the electronic properties of MoS2. However, the influence of lithium on the growth of MoS2 layers has not been fully explored. Here, we have studied how lithium affects the structural and optical properties of the MoS2 few-layer films prepared using a new method based on one-zone sulfurization with Li2S as a source of lithium. This method enables incorporation of Li into octahedral and tetrahedral sites of the already prepared MoS2 films or during MoS2 formation. Our results discover an important effect of lithium promoting the epitaxial growth and horizontal alignment of the films. Moreover, we have observed a vertical-to-horizontal reorientation in vertically aligned MoS2 films upon lithiation. The measurements show long-term stability and preserved chemical composition of the horizontally aligned Li-doped MoS2.

Sulfurization engineering of single-zone CVD vertical and horizontal MoS2 on p-GaN heterostructures for self-powered UV photodetectors

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has been attracting considerable attention due to its excellent electrical and optical properties. We successfully grew high-quality, large-area and uniform few-layer (FL)-MoS2 on p-doped gallium nitride (p-GaN) using a simplified sulfurization technique by the single-zone CVD of a Mo seed layer via E-beam evaporation. Tuning the sulfurization parameters, namely temperature and duration, has been discovered to be an effective strategy for improving MoS2 orientation (horizontally aligned and vertically aligned) and quality, which affects photodetector (PD) performance. The increase in the sulfurization temperature to 850 °C results in improved structural quality and crystallite size. However, a prolonged sulfurization duration of 60 minutes caused the degradation of the film quality. The close lattice match between p-GaN and MoS2 contributes to the excellent quality growth of deposited MoS2. Following this, an n-MoS2/p-GaN heterostructure PD was successfully built by a MoS2 position-selectivity method. We report a highly sensitive and self-powered GaN/MoS2 p-n heterojunction PD with a relatively high responsivity of 14.3 A W-1, a high specific detectivity of 1.12 × 1013 Jones, and a fast response speed of 8.3/13.4 μs (20 kHz) under a UV light of 355 nm at zero-bias voltage. Our PD exhibits superior performance to that of the previously reported MoS2/GaN p-n PD. Our findings suggest a more efficient and straightforward approach to building high-performance self-powered UV PDs.

A wide-angle X-ray scattering laboratory setup for tracking phase changes of thin films in a chemical vapor deposition chamber

The few-layer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) are an attractive class of materials due to their unique and tunable electronic, optical, and chemical properties, controlled by the layer number, crystal orientation, grain size, and morphology. One of the most commonly used methods for synthesizing the few-layer TMD materials is the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. Therefore, it is crucial to develop in situ inspection techniques to observe the growth of the few-layer TMD materials directly in the CVD chamber environment. We demonstrate such an in situ observation on the growth of the vertically aligned few-layer MoS₂ in a one-zone CVD chamber using a laboratory table-top grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) setup. The advantages of using a microfocus X-ray source with focusing Montel optics and a single-photon counting 2D X-ray detector are discussed. Due to the position-sensitive 2D X-ray detector, the orientation of MoS₂ layers can be easily distinguished. The performance of the GIWAXS setup is further improved by suppressing the background scattering using a guarding slit, an appropriately placed beamstop, and He gas in the CVD reactor. The layer growth can be monitored by tracking the width of the MoS₂ diffraction peak in real time. The temporal evolution of the crystallization kinetics can be satisfactorily described by the Avrami model, employing the normalized diffraction peak area. In this way, the activation energy of the particular chemical reaction occurring in the CVD chamber can be determined.

Multiscale Investigation of the Structural, Electrical and Photoluminescence Properties of MoS2 Obtained by MoO3 Sulfurization

In this paper, we report a multiscale investigation of the compositional, morphological, structural, electrical, and optical emission properties of 2H-MoS2 obtained by sulfurization at 800 °C of very thin MoO3 films (with thickness ranging from ~2.8 nm to ~4.2 nm) on a SiO2/Si substrate. XPS analyses confirmed that the sulfurization was very effective in the reduction of the oxide to MoS2, with only a small percentage of residual MoO3 present in the final film. High-resolution TEM/STEM analyses revealed the formation of few (i.e., 2-3 layers) of MoS2 nearly aligned with the SiO2 surface in the case of the thinnest (~2.8 nm) MoO3 film, whereas multilayers of MoS2 partially standing up with respect to the substrate were observed for the ~4.2 nm one. Such different configurations indicate the prevalence of different mechanisms (i.e., vapour-solid surface reaction or S diffusion within the film) as a function of the thickness. The uniform thickness distribution of the few-layer and multilayer MoS2 was confirmed by Raman mapping. Furthermore, the correlative plot of the characteristic A1g-E2g Raman modes revealed a compressive strain (ε ≈ -0.78 ± 0.18%) and the coexistence of n- and p-type doped areas in the few-layer MoS2 on SiO2, where the p-type doping is probably due to the presence of residual MoO3. Nanoscale resolution current mapping by C-AFM showed local inhomogeneities in the conductivity of the few-layer MoS2, which are well correlated to the lateral changes in the strain detected by Raman. Finally, characteristic spectroscopic signatures of the defects/disorder in MoS2 films produced by sulfurization were identified by a comparative analysis of Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectra with CVD grown MoS2 flakes.

Tuning the charge carrier mobility in few-layer PtSe2 films by Se : Pt ratio

Recently, few-layer PtSe₂ films have attracted significant attention due to their properties and promising applications in high-speed electronics, spintronics and optoelectronics. Until now, the transport properties of this material have not reached the theoretically predicted values, especially with regard to carrier mobility. In addition, it is not yet known which growth parameters (if any) can experimentally affect the carrier mobility value. This work presents the fabrication of horizontally aligned PtSe₂ films using one-zone selenization of pre-deposited platinum layers. We have identified the Se : Pt ratio as a parameter controlling the charge carrier mobility in the thin films. The mobility increases more than twice as the ratio changes in a narrow interval around a value of 2. A simultaneous reduction of the carrier concentration suggests that ionized impurity scattering is responsible for the observed mobility behaviour. This significant finding may help to better understand the transport properties of few-layer PtSe₂ films.

This work presents the fabrication of horizontally aligned PtSe₂ films using one-zone selenization of pre-deposited platinum layers. We have identified the Se : Pt ratio as a parameter controlling the charge carrier mobility in the thin films.

Defect-Induced in Situ Atomic Doping in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides via Liquid-Phase Synthesis toward Efficient Electrochemical Activity

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), due to their fascinating properties, have emerged as potential next-generation semiconducting nanomaterials across diverse fields of applications. When combined with other material systems, precise control of the intrinsic properties of the TMDs plays a vital role in maximizing their performance. Defect-induced atomic doping through introduction of a chalcogen vacancy into the TMDs lattices is known to be a promising strategy for modulating their characteristic properties. As a result, there is a need to develop tunable and scalable synthesis routes to achieve vacancy-modulated TMDs. Herein, we propose a facile liquid-phase ligand exchange approach for scalable, uniform, and vacancy-tunable synthesis of TMDs films. Varying the relative molar ratio of the chalcogen to transition metal precursors enabled the in situ modulation of the chalcogen vacancy concentrations without necessitating additional post-treatments. When employed as the electrocatalyst in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the vacancy-modulated TMDs, exhibiting a synergetic effect on the energy level matching to the reduction potential of water and optimized free energy differences in the HER pathways, showed a significant enhancement in the hydrogen production via the improved charge transfer kinetics and increased active sites. The proposed approach for synthesizing tunable vacancy-modulated TMDs with wafer-scale synthesis capability is, therefore, promising for better practical applications of TMDs.

Robust Sample Preparation of Large-Area In- and Out-of-Plane Cross Sections of Layered Materials with Ultramicrotomy

Layered materials (LMs) such as graphene or MoS2 have attracted a great deal of interest recently. These materials offer unique functionalities due to their structural anisotropy characterized by weak van der Waals bonds along the out-of-plane axis and covalent bonds in the in-plane direction. A central requirement to access the structural information on complex nanostructures built upon LMs is to control the relative orientation of each sample prior to their inspection, e.g., with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, developing sample preparation methods that result in large inspection areas and ensure full control over the sample orientation while avoiding damage during the transfer to the TEM grid is challenging. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of deploying ultramicrotomy for the preparation of LM samples in TEM analyses. We show how ultramicrotomy leads to the reproducible large-scale production of both in-plane and out-of-plane cross sections, with bulk vertically oriented MoS2 and WS2 nanosheets as a proof of concept. The robustness of the prepared samples is subsequently verified by their characterization by means of both high-resolution TEM and Raman spectroscopy measurements. Our approach is fully general and should find applications for a wide range of materials as well as of techniques beyond TEM, thus paving the way to the systematic large-area mass-production of cross-sectional specimens for structural and compositional studies.

Reorientation of π-conjugated molecules on few-layer MoS2 films

Small π-conjugated organic molecules have attracted substantial attention in the past decade as they are considered as candidates for future organic-based (opto-)electronic applications. The molecular arrangement in the organic layer is one of the crucial parameters that determine the efficiency of a given device. The desired orientation of the molecules is achieved by a proper choice of the underlying substrate and growth conditions. Typically, one underlying material supports only one inherent molecular orientation at its interface. Here, we report on two different orientations of diindenoperylene (DIP) molecules on the same underlayer, i.e. on a few-layer MoS₂ substrate. We show that DIP molecules adopt a lying-down orientation when deposited on few-layer MoS₂ with horizontally oriented layers. In contrast, for vertically aligned MoS₂ layers, DIP molecules are arranged in a standing-up manner. Employing in situ and real-time grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), we monitored the stress evolution within the thin DIP layer from the early stages of the growth, revealing different substrate-induced phases for the two molecular orientations. Our study opens up new possibilities for the next-generation of flexible electronics, which might benefit from the combination of MoS₂ layers with unique optical and electronic properties and an extensive reservoir of small organic molecules.

Probing the Origin and Suppression of Vertically Oriented Nanostructures of 2D WS2 Layers

Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) such as WS2 are promising materials for nanoelectronic applications. However, growth of the desired horizontal basal-plane oriented 2D TMD layers is often accompanied by the growth of vertical nanostructures that can hinder charge transport and, consequently, hamper device application. In this work, we discuss both the formation and suppression of vertical nanostructures during plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD) of WS2. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy studies, formation pathways of vertical nanostructures are established for a two-step (AB-type) PEALD process. Grain boundaries are identified as the principal formation centers of vertical nanostructures. Based on the obtained insights, we introduce an approach to suppress the growth of vertical nanostructures, wherein an additional step (C)-a chemically inert Ar plasma or a reactive H2 plasma-is added to the original two-step (AB-type) PEALD process. This approach reduces the vertical nanostructure density by 80%. It was confirmed that suppression of vertical nanostructures goes hand in hand with grain size enhancement. The vertical nanostructure density reduction consequently lowers film resistivity by an order of magnitude. Insights obtained in this work can contribute toward devising additional pathways, besides plasma treatments, for suppressing the growth of vertical nanostructures and improving the material properties of 2D TMDs that are relevant for nanoelectronic device applications.

Novel highly substituted thiophene-based n-type organic semiconductor: structural study, optical anisotropy and molecular control

Oligothiophenes and their functionalized derivatives have been shown to be a viable option for high-performance organic electronic devices.