1
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Niwetmarin W, Saesian N, Saruengkhanphasit R, Eurtivong C, Thasana N, Ruchirawat S. Metal- and photocatalyst-free approach to visible-light-induced acylation of quinoxalinones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5924-5929. [PMID: 38698760 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00630e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
A transition-metal- and photocatalyst-free photochemical reaction was successfully developed for the direct acylation of quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones, which was enabled by the formation of electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. The use of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) as the electron donor allows efficient and operationally simple access to a series of C3-aroylated and acylated quinoxalin-2(1H)-ones with moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worawat Niwetmarin
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
| | - Naiyana Saesian
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
| | | | - Chatchakorn Eurtivong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Thasana
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- Program in Chemical Sciences, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Thailand
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
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2
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Williams PJH, Ho HE, Unsworth WP, Rickard AR, Chechik V. Photochemical Initiation and Reactions of Thiyl Radicals Studied with S H2' Radical Traps. Chemistry 2024:e202401500. [PMID: 38954146 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A radical trapping method based on an SH2' homolytic substitution reaction was applied to study the mechanism of a photochemical spirocyclisation of indole-ynones in the presence of thiols. Starting material, products and a range of trapped radical intermediates were simultaneously detected in reaction mixtures by mass spectrometry (MS). The trapped intermediates included both initiating and main chain propagating radicals. These data made it possible to propose a self-initiation mechanism consistent with the originally postulated photoexcitation of an intramolecular electron donor-acceptor complex of the substrate. The effect of thiol structure on the MS peak intensity of the reaction components was rationalised in terms of the relative stability of the radical intermediates. The results were compared to a simpler related reaction, a photochemical thiol-ene addition where reagents, products and trapped intermediate radicals were also detected by MS. Relative MS peak intensities were again explained by a combination of electronic and steric effects on the stability of intermediate radicals. Overall, SH2' radical trapping was demonstrated to be a powerful experimental technique for providing mechanistic evidence on photochemical and other organic radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hon Eong Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Rickard
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Victor Chechik
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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3
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Ji P, Duan K, Li M, Wang Z, Meng X, Zhang Y, Wang W. Photochemical dearomative skeletal modifications of heteroaromatics. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6600-6624. [PMID: 38817197 PMCID: PMC11181993 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00137k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Dearomatization has emerged as a powerful tool for rapid construction of 3D molecular architectures from simple, abundant, and planar (hetero)arenes. The field has evolved beyond simple dearomatization driven by new synthetic technology development. With the renaissance of photocatalysis and expansion of the activation mode, the last few years have witnessed impressive developments in innovative photochemical dearomatization methodologies, enabling skeletal modifications of dearomatized structures. They offer truly efficient and useful tools for facile construction of highly complex structures, which are viable for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. In this review, we aim to provide a mechanistically insightful overview on these innovations based on the degree of skeletal alteration, categorized into dearomative functionalization and skeletal editing, and to highlight their synthetic utilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ji
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kuaikuai Duan
- Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Menglong Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
| | - Yueteng Zhang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, School of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, R. Ken Coit College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, USA.
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4
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Wu M, Saya JM, Han P, Walia R, Pradhan B, Honing M, Ranjan P, Orru RVA. Shining light on tryptamine-derived isocyanides: access to constrained spirocylic scaffolds. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6867-6873. [PMID: 38725510 PMCID: PMC11077512 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Dearomatization of indoles through a charge transfer complex constitutes a powerful tool for synthesizing three-dimensional constrained structures. However, the implementation of this strategy for the dearomatization of tryptamine-derived isocyanides to generate spirocyclic scaffolds remains underdeveloped. In this work, we have demonstrated the ability of tryptamine-derived isocyanides to form aggregates at higher concentration, enabling a single electron transfer step to generate carbon-based-radical intermediates. Optical, HRMS and computational studies have elucidated key aspects associated with the photophysical properties of tryptamine-derived isocyanides. The developed protocol is operationally simple, robust and demonstrates a novel approach to generate conformationally constrained spirocyclic scaffolds, compounds with high demand in various fields, including drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wu
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Jordy M Saya
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Peiliang Han
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Rajat Walia
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue Kowloon Hong Kong SAR
| | - Bapi Pradhan
- Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Maarten Honing
- Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging Institute (M4i), Division of Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Maastricht University Universiteitssingel 50 6229 ER Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Prabhat Ranjan
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Romano V A Orru
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
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5
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Bag D, Sawant SD. Diastereoselective synthesis of functionalized spiroindolines via intramolecular ipso-iodocyclization/nucleophile addition cascade reactions of indole-tethered ynones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3415-3419. [PMID: 38595312 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00112e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe a highly diastereoselective approach for synthesizing polyfunctionalized spiroindolines from indolyl-ynones involving an ipso-iodocyclization/nucleophile addition cascade. The developed strategy allows the formation of a spirocyclic core and the installation of two functional groups in a single operation. Also this strategy is accompanied by the generation of two C-C and one C-I bonds and two contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Bag
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu & Kashmir, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
- Organic Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune-411008, India
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6
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Guo C, Li L, Yan Q, Chen J, Liu ZQ, Li QX, Ni SF, Li Z. Radical Three-Component Nitro Spiro-Cyclization of Unsaturated Sulfonamides/Amides to Access NO 2-Featured 4-Azaspiro[4.5]decanes. Org Lett 2024; 26:3069-3074. [PMID: 38557118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Free radical three-component nitration/spirocyclization of unsaturated sulfonamides/amides with tert-butyl nitrite was developed for the construction of diverse NO2-revised 4-azaspiro[4.5]decanes. This tandem system featured metal-free participation, simple operation, good selectivity/yields, and a green/low-cost O source. Meanwhile, one nitro-containing complex molecule and a scaled-up operation were performed well to test the synthetic potential of the cascade reaction. Isotopic labeling, radical inhibition experiments, and DFT analysis were carried out to gain insight into the reaction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Qinqin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P. R. China
| | - Quan-Xin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, P. R. China
| | - Zejiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province (22567635H), Hebei Research Center of the Basic Discipline of Synthetic Chemistry, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, P. R. China
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7
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Orukotan WE, Palate KY, Pogrányi B, Bobinski P, Epton RG, Duff L, Whitwood AC, Grogan G, Lynam JM, Unsworth WP. Divergent Cascade Ring-Expansion Reactions of Acryloyl Imides. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303270. [PMID: 37987097 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Macrocyclic and medium-sized ring ketones, lactones and lactams can all be made from common acryloyl imide starting materials through divergent, one-pot cascade ring-expansion reactions. Following either conjugate addition with an amine or nitromethane, or osmium(VIII)-catalysed dihydoxylation, rearrangement through a four-atom ring expansion takes place spontaneously to form the ring expanded products. A second ring expansion can also be performed following a second iteration of imide formation and alkene functionalisation/ring expansion. In the dihydroxylation series, three- or four-atom ring expansion can be performed selectively, depending on whether the reaction is under kinetic or thermodynamic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will E Orukotan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Balázs Pogrányi
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Philipp Bobinski
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ryan G Epton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Lee Duff
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Gideon Grogan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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8
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Calikyilmaz E, Karaoglu G, Demir M, Şahin O, Ulgut B, Akdag A, Türkmen YE. Intramolecular through-space charge transfer between benzofuran and ynone groups on a naphthalene spacer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:550-553. [PMID: 38088785 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
We have developed a new scaffold that exhibits an efficient intramolecular through-space charge transfer (CT). In this design, electron-rich benzofuran and electron-deficient ynone groups are placed strategically in proximity via a naphthalene spacer. Charge transfer is supported by distinct CT bands in the visible region (>500 nm) in their UV-vis absorption and emission spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylul Calikyilmaz
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye.
| | - Gozde Karaoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye.
| | - Mete Demir
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
| | - Onur Şahin
- Department of Occupational Health & Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, Türkiye
| | - Burak Ulgut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye.
| | - Akin Akdag
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
| | - Yunus Emre Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye.
- UNAM - National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Türkiye
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9
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Gao W, Yang Q, Yang H, Yao Y, Bai J, Sun J, Sun S. Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Intermolecular α-Aminomethyl/Carboxylative Dearomatization of Indoles with CO 2 and α-Aminoalkyl Radical Precursors. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38179973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Disclosed here is a visible-light photoredox-catalyzed intermolecular sequential α-aminomethyl/carboxylative dearomatization of indoles with CO2 and α-aminoalkyl radical precursors, affording a series of functionalized indoline-3-carboxylic acids and lactams in good yields with high regioselectivity. This multicomponent reaction provides a green and facile method for the synthesis of diverse functionalized indolines by using CO2 as the carboxylic and carbonyl source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Han Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Yang Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Junxue Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Jianwei Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
- Department of Chemistry, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Song Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials & Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
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10
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Zhang XX, Zheng H, Mei YK, Liu Y, Liu YY, Ji DW, Wan B, Chen QA. Photo-induced imino functionalizations of alkenes via intermolecular charge transfer. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11170-11179. [PMID: 37860665 PMCID: PMC10583702 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03667g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A catalyst-free photosensitized strategy has been developed for regioselective imino functionalizations of alkenes via the formation of an EDA complex. This photo-induced protocol facilitates the construction of structurally diverse β-imino sulfones and vinyl sulfones in moderate to high yields. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction is initiated with an intermolecular charge transfer between oximes and sulfinates, followed by fragmentation to generate a persistent iminyl radical and transient sulfonyl radical. This catalyst-free protocol also features excellent regioselectivity, broad functional group tolerance and mild reaction conditions. The late stage functionalization of natural product derived compounds and total synthesis of some bioactive molecules have been demonstrated to highlight the utility of this protocol. Meanwhile, the compatibility of different donors has proved the generality of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Xin Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China http://www.lbcs.dicp.ac.cn
| | - Hao Zheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China http://www.lbcs.dicp.ac.cn
| | - Yong-Kang Mei
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China http://www.lbcs.dicp.ac.cn
| | - Yan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China http://www.lbcs.dicp.ac.cn
| | - Ying-Ying Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China http://www.lbcs.dicp.ac.cn
| | - Ding-Wei Ji
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
| | - Boshun Wan
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-An Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China http://www.lbcs.dicp.ac.cn
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11
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Zhao W, Lu Y, Qiao Y, Yin X, Liu C, Fang Z, Zhu J, Guo K. Electrosynthesis of Spiro-indolenines via Dearomative Arylation of Indoles in Batch and Continuous Flow. Org Lett 2023; 25:7451-7456. [PMID: 37791903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
An electrosynthesis of spiro-indolenines in batch and continuous flow was achieved through dearomative arylation of indoles with good functional group compatibility. User-friendly undivided cells were used under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions. Moreover, the use of a flow electrolysis cell gave high daily productivity and excellent scale-up potential under less supporting electrolyte and higher substrate concentration conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yi Lu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yaqi Qiao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xing Yin
- Intervention Therapy Department, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing 222042, China
| | - Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jianliang Zhu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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12
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Kazim M, Feng Z, Vemulapalli S, Siegler MA, Chopra A, Minh Nguyen P, Gargiulo Holl M, Guan L, Dudding T, Tantillo DJ, Lectka T. Through-Space, Lone-Pair Promoted Aromatic Substitution: A Relay Mechanism Can Beat Out Direct Activation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301550. [PMID: 37219499 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report a detailed experimental and theoretical analysis of through-space arene activation with halogens, tetrazoles and achiral esters and amides. Contrary to previously assumed direct activation through σ-complex stabilization, our results suggest that these reactions proceed by a relay mechanism wherein the lone pair-containing activators form exothermic π-complexes with electrophilic nitronium ion before transferring it to the probe ring through low barrier transition states. Noncovalent interactions (NCI) plots and Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) analyses depict favorable interactions between the Lewis base (LB) and the nitronium ion in the precomplexes and the transition states, suggesting directing group participation throughout the mechanism. The regioselectivity of substitution also comports with a relay mechanism. In all, these data pave the way for an alternate platform of electrophilic aromatic substitution (EAS) reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kazim
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
- Current address: Chemical Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zhitao Feng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Srini Vemulapalli
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anant Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Phuong Minh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Maxwell Gargiulo Holl
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Liangyu Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Travis Dudding
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Dean J Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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13
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Hu W, Huang J, Gao G, Guo W, Yin F, Sun Y, Huang J, Tao C, Tao L, Hu H. Palladium-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Indoles with Alkynes: Construction of Spirocyclohexaneindolenines. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37470767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed dearomatization of indoles with alkynes has been developed, providing an efficient route to access a variety of synthetically useful spirocyclohexaneindolenines in moderate to good yields. The current method features a simple catalytic system, operational simplicity, and good functional group compatibility, which will contribute substantially to the development of dearomatization to access spiro compounds. Besides, the ubiquitous existence of spiro molecules, including spirocyclohexaneindolenines, in drugs and biological active molecules suggests the potential application of this methodology in medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Jiali Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Gang Gao
- Jiangsu Province Lianyungang Flood Control and Motorized Rescue Team, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222000, China
| | - Wenting Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Fujun Yin
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Jingjiao Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Chuanzhou Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Function Control Technology for Advanced Materials, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Li Tao
- Office of the Academic Affairs, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Huayou Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Chemistry of Low Dimensional Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, Jiangsu 223300, China
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14
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Zhang Q, Wang L, Su P, Yu L, Yin R, Bu Y, Hao X, Sun M, Wang S. Highly selective and sensitive determination of ceftriaxone sodium using nitrogen-rich carbon dots based on ratiometric fluorescence. Talanta 2023; 255:124205. [PMID: 36580812 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Selective and sensitive determination of ceftriaxone sodium (CTR) trace residues is of great importance for food safety and environmental protection. Herein, a determination method based on ratiometric fluorescence and colorimetric method with nitrogen-rich carbon dots as fluorophore is reported. The functional surfaces of indole-derived carbon dots (I-CDs) containing nitrogen and carbon groups can be selectively bound to CTR by electrostatic forces, leading to a hindered conjugation system and deprotonation of the amine on the pyrrole ring, resulting in a distinct variety in fluorescence and absorption wavelength and intensity. With the addition of CTR, the fluorescence at 577 nm can be selectively quenched, accompanied by a new emission peak appeared at 507 nm. The limits of detection (LODs) were estimated to be 19.7 nM and 78.0 nM based on the ratiometric fluorescence method and colorimetric method, respectively. Finally, the in situ visual quantitative determination of CTR using this nanosensor was achieved by combining with the color recognizer of a smartphone, and the method was further validated by spike and recovery test in real water samples including milk, seawater, and tap water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengchen Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ranhao Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiming Bu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Hao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Material Sciences and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Mingtai Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Suhua Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming, 525000, People's Republic of China
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15
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Li Y, Li L, Guo C, Yan Q, Zhou H, Wang Y, Liu ZQ, Li Z. Nitro-Spirocyclization of Biaryl Ynones with tert-Butyl Nitrite: Access to NO 2-Substituted Spiro[5,5]trienones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4854-4862. [PMID: 36947717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
A metal/peroxide-free involved simple cascade 6-exo-trig spirocyclization of tert-butyl nitrite with biaryl ynones has been finished, which resulted in various NO2-modified spiro[5,5]trienones with good regioselectivity/yields. A variety of scaled-up experiments, reduction/epoxidation operations, and mechanistic studies were performed to verify the merits and spirocyclization process of this radical system. Finally, the structure of the spirocycles was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Lijun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Changyou Guo
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Qinqin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Hongxun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
| | - Zhong-Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, PR China
| | - Zejiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei 071002, PR China
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16
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Lighting Up the Organochalcogen Synthesis: A Concise Update of Recent Photocatalyzed Approaches. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the recent advances in photocatalyzed reactions to form new carbon–sulfur and carbon–selenium bonds. With a total of 136 references, of which 81 articles are presented, the authors introduce in five sections an updated picture of the state of the art in the light-promoted synthesis of organochalcogen compounds (from 2019 to present). The light-promoted synthesis of sulfides by direct sulfenylation of C–C π-bonds; synthesis of sulfones; the activation of Csp2–N bond in the formation of Csp2–S bonds; synthesis of thiol ester, thioether and thioacetal; and the synthesis of organoselenium compounds are discussed, with detailed reaction conditions and selected examples for each protocol.
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17
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Guo J, Xie Y, Lai ZM, Weng J, Chan ASC, Lu G. Enantioselective Hydroalkylation of Alkenylpyridines Enabled by Merging Photoactive Electron Donor–Acceptor Complexes with Chiral Bifunctional Organocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Min Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Weng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Albert S. C. Chan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gui Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Chen Z, Li J, Weng W, Xie X, Lei J. PIFA-mediated selenylative spirocyclization of indolyl ynones: facile access to selenated spiro[cyclopentenone-1,3'-indoles]. RSC Adv 2022; 12:28800-28803. [PMID: 36320507 PMCID: PMC9549584 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05387j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast selenylative spirocyclization of indolyl ynones mediated by PIFA has been developed. This transformation was enabled by the reactive RSeOCOCF3 species generated in situ from diselenides with PIFA, involving an electrophilic dearomative cascade cyclization. This protocol provides a facile and efficient method for the synthesis of selenated spiro[cyclopentenone-1,3'-indoles] and tolerates broad functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhou 362000FujianP. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhou 362000FujianP. R. China
| | - Wenting Weng
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhou 362000FujianP. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhou 362000FujianP. R. China
| | - Jian Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Quanzhou Normal UniversityQuanzhou 362000FujianP. R. China
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19
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Chen Z, Tang W, Yang S, Yang L. Electrochemical synthesis of 3-halogenated spiro [4,5]trienones based on dearomative spirocyclization strategy. GREEN SYNTHESIS AND CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gresc.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Zhou C, Shatskiy A, Temerdashev AZ, Kärkäs MD, Dinér P. Highly congested spiro-compounds via photoredox-mediated dearomative annulation cascade. Commun Chem 2022; 5:92. [PMID: 36697909 PMCID: PMC9814605 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00706-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photo-mediated radical dearomatization involving 5-exo-trig cyclizations has proven to be an important route to accessing spirocyclic compounds, whereas 6-exo-trig spirocyclization has been much less explored. In this work, a dearomative annulation cascade is realized through photoredox-mediated C-O bond activation of aromatic carboxylic acids to produce two kinds of spirocyclic frameworks. Mechanistically, the acyl radical is formed through oxidation of triphenylphosphine and subsequent C-O bond cleavage, followed by a 6-exo-trig cyclization/SET/protonation sequence to generate the spiro-chromanone products in an intramolecular manner. Furthermore, the protocol was extended to more challenging intermolecular tandem sequences consisting of C-O bond cleavage, radical addition to an alkene substrate, and 5-exo-trig cyclization to yield complex spirocyclic lactams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrey Shatskiy
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Azamat Z Temerdashev
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Kuban State University, Stavropolskaya St. 149, 350040, Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Dinér
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.
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21
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Jiang M, Wu J, Liu W, Ren H, Wang S, Wang P. Novel selenium-containing photosensitizers for near-infrared fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2022; 233:112488. [PMID: 35689930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzopyran nitrile dyes cannot be used as qualified photosensitizers due to the low quantum yield of triplet state. The benzopyran derivatives containing selenium instead of oxygen atom based on the heavy atom effect are expected to become potential agents for photodynamic therapy. In this paper, a series of selenium-containing photosensitizers (PSX) were prepared according to this strategy. PSX can effectively produce both singlet oxygen and superoxide anions upon laser irradiation. PSX exhibited the emission wavelength at 500-800 nm and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging in HeLa cells. Excellent biocompatibility and phototoxicity further indicated that PSX could be used as efficient photosensitizers for NIR fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jiasheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Weimin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Haohui Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials and CityU-CAS Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China; School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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22
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Luo J, Zeng G, Cao X, Yin B. Visible‐Light‐Induced [2+2+1] Dearomative Cascade Cyclization of Indole/Furan Alkynes to Synthesize Sulfonyl Polycycles. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Guohui Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Cao
- School of Pharmacy Guangdong Pharmaceutical University Guangzhou 510006 People's Republic of China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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23
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Chen P, Fan JH, Yu WQ, Xiong BQ, Liu Y, Tang KW, Xie J. Alkylation/Ipso-cyclization of Active Alkynes Leading to 3-Alkylated Aza- and Oxa-spiro[4,5]-trienones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5643-5659. [PMID: 35416658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A method for the preparation of 3-alkylated spiro[4.5]trienones via alkylation/ipso-cyclization of activated alkynes with 4-alkyl-DHPs under transition-metal-free conditions is proposed. This alkylation successively undergoes the generation of alkyl radicals, addition of alkyl radicals to the alkynes, and intramolecular ipso-cyclization. The mechanism studies suggest that the alkylation/ipso-cyclization involves a radical process. This ipso-cyclization procedure shows a series of advantages, such as accessibility, mild conditions, high efficiency, greater safety, and an environmentally friendly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jian-Hong Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Wen-Qin Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Bi-Quan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Ke-Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China
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24
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Yang D, Yan Q, Zhu E, Lv J, He WM. Carbon–sulfur bond formation via photochemical strategies: An efficient method for the synthesis of sulfur-containing compounds. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Visible-light-induced novel cyclization of 2-(2-(arylethynyl)benzylidene)-malononitrile derivatives with 2,6-di(tert-butyl)-4-methylphenol to bridged spirocyclic compounds. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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26
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Epton RG, Unsworth WP, Lynam JM. Selectivity, Speciation, and Substrate Control in the Gold-Catalyzed Coupling of Indoles and Alkynes. Organometallics 2022; 41:497-507. [PMID: 35431397 PMCID: PMC9007570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A convenient
and mild protocol for the gold-catalyzed intermolecular
coupling of substituted indoles with carbonyl-functionalized alkynes
to give vinyl indoles is reported. This reaction affords 3-substituted
indoles in high yield, and in contrast to the analogous reactions
with simple alkynes which give bisindolemethanes,
only a single indole is added to the alkyne. The protocol is robust
and tolerates substitution at a range of positions of the indole and
the use of ester-, amide-, and ketone-substituted alkynes. The use
of 3-substituted indoles as substrates results in the introduction
of the vinyl substituent at the 2-position of the ring. A combined
experimental and computational mechanistic study has revealed that
the gold catalyst has a greater affinity to the indole than the alkyne,
despite the carbon–carbon bond formation step proceeding through
an η2(π)-alkyne complex, which helps to explain
the stark differences between the intra- and intermolecular variants
of the reaction. This study also demonstrated that the addition of
a second indole to the carbonyl-containing vinyl indole products is
both kinetically and thermodynamically less favored than in the case
of more simple alkynes, providing an explanation for the observed
selectivity. Finally, a highly unusual gold-promoted alkyne dimerization
reaction to form a substituted gold pyrylium salt has been identified
and studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan G. Epton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - William P. Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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27
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Inprung N, Ho HE, Rossi-Ashton JA, Epton RG, Whitwood AC, Lynam JM, Taylor RJK, James MJ, Unsworth WP. Indole-ynones as Privileged Substrates for Radical Dearomatizing Spirocyclization Cascades. Org Lett 2022; 24:668-674. [PMID: 34985297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Indole-ynones have been established as general substrates for radical dearomatizing spirocyclization cascade reactions. Five distinct and varied synthetic protocols have been developed─cyanomethylation, sulfonylation, trifluoromethylation, stannylation and borylation─using a variety of radical generation modes, ranging from photoredox catalysis to traditional AIBN methods. The simple and easily prepared indole-ynones can be used to rapidly generate diverse, densely functionalized spirocycles and have the potential to become routinely used to explore radical reactivity. Experimental and computational investigations support the proposed radical cascade mechanism and suggest that other new methods are now primed for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantachai Inprung
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Hon Eong Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | | | - Ryan G Epton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Richard J K Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Michael J James
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - William P Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, U.K
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28
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Cao S, Tang T, Li J, He Z. Visible light-driven [3 + 3] annulation reaction of 2 H-azirines with Huisgen zwitterions and synthesis of 1,2,4-triazines. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00564f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-driven [3 + 3] annulation reaction of 2H-azirines with Huisgen zwitterions is developed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiatian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhengjie He
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300071, China
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29
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Ru GX, Zhang M, Zhang TT, Jiang XL, Gao GQ, Zhu XH, Wang S, Fan CL, Li X, Shen WB. Copper catalyzed dearomatization by Michael-type addition of indolyl ynones: divergent synthesis of functionalized spiroindoles and cyclopenta[ c]quinolin-3-ones. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00275b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is a copper-catalyzed multifunctionalization of indolyl ynones, allowing the synthesis of dihalogen-substituted spiroindoles. This Cu catalysis is also applicable to the synthesis of cyclopenta[c]quinolin-3-ones via decarbonylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xin Ru
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Jiang
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Guang-Qin Gao
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiu-Hong Zhu
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Cai-Ling Fan
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Wen-Bo Shen
- College of Sciences and College of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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30
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Wang W, Zhang M, Yang W, Yang X. Research Progress in Radical Cascade Reaction Using Nitrogen Heterocycle in Indoles as Radical Acceptors. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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31
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Zhang B, Li X, Ai Z, Zhao B, Yu Z, Du Y. Chemoselective Synthesis of Sulfenylated Spiroindolenines from Indolyl-ynones via Organosulfenyl Chloride-Mediated Dearomatizing Spirocyclization. Org Lett 2021; 24:390-394. [PMID: 34964636 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c04063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free sulfenylation/spirocyclization of indolyl-ynones realized by organosulfenyl chloride, generated in situ from the reaction of disulfides and PhICl2, is presented. This cascade one-pot process enables a chemoselective synthesis of diverse sulfenylated spiroindolenines depending on the substituent pattern at the two-position of indolyl-ynones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhenkang Ai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Bingyue Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P. R. China
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32
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Mo K, Zhou X, Wu J, Zhao Y. Radical-induced denitration of N-( p-nitrophenyl)propiolamides coupled with dearomatization: access to phosphonylated/trifluoromethylated azaspiro[4.5]-trienones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:1306-1309. [PMID: 34913445 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05724c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A robust dearomative denitration of nitroarene derivatives induced by a radical ipso-cyclization process has been developed, delivering valuable phosphonated or trifluoromethylated azaspiro[4.5]trienones with good functional group tolerance. This represents a convenient and powerful approach to activate nitroarenes in a radical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangdong Mo
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China. .,Qian Xuesen Collaborative Research Center of Astrochemistry and Space Life Sciences, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
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33
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Chalotra N, Shah IH, Raheem S, Rizvi MA, Shah BA. Visible-Light-Promoted Oxidative Annulation of Naphthols and Alkynes: Synthesis of Functionalized Naphthofurans. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16770-16784. [PMID: 34726928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A visible-light-mediated site-selective oxidative annulation of naphthols with alkynes for the synthesis of functionalized naphthofurans has been developed. The reaction relies on the in situ formation of an electron donor acceptor pair between phenylacetylene and thiophenol as the light-absorbing system to obviate the requirement of an added photocatalyst. The protocol facilitates the transformation of 1-naphthol and 2-naphthol as well as 1,4-naphthoquinone into a wide variety of highly functionalized naphthofurans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chalotra
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Iftkhar Hussain Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Shabnam Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | | | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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34
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Liu XJ, Zhou SY, Xiao Y, Sun Q, Lu X, Li Y, Li JH. Photocatalytic Decarboxylative [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] Annulation of Enynals and γ,σ-Unsaturated N-(Acyloxy)phthalimides by NaI/PPh 3 Catalysis. Org Lett 2021; 23:7839-7844. [PMID: 34581593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical and eco-friendly strategy for the radical-mediated decarboxylative [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] annulation of enynals and γ,σ-unsaturated N-(acyloxy)phthalimides through the photoactivation of an electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex has been developed. A wide range of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) esters can be used as suitable substrates for the synthesis of fused ketones without any transition-metal catalysts or oxidants. This protocol features a broad substrate scope, excellent selectivity, and clean reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Sheng-Yun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yuting Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutant Control and Resource Recycling, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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35
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Chen Z, Zhang H, Zhou SF, Cui X. Metal-Free Sulfonylative Spirocyclization of Indolyl-ynones via Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide: Access to Sulfonated Spiro[cyclopentenone-1,3'-indoles]. Org Lett 2021; 23:7992-7995. [PMID: 34581591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A three-component sulfonylative spirocyclization of indolyl ynones with aryldiazonium salts and a sulfur dioxide surrogate of DABCO·(SO2)2 has been developed, providing a range of sulfonated spiro[cyclopentenone-1,3'-indoles] in moderate to good yields. This transformation was initiated by an in situ generated arylsulfonyl radical and proceeded efficiently under metal-free conditions, involving a radical-induced dearomative cascade cyclization accompanied by the insertion of sulfur dioxide. This protocol provides an efficient and convenient method to access sulfonated spiroindolenines, and tolerant various functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Feng Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Cui
- Engineering Research Centre of Molecular Medicine of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Fujian Molecular Medicine, Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis of Fujian Universities, Key Laboratory of Xiamen Marine and Gene Drugs, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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36
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Yang WC, Zhang MM, Sun Y, Chen CY, Wang L. Electrochemical Trifluoromethylthiolation and Spirocyclization of Alkynes with AgSCF 3: Access to SCF 3-Containing Spiro[5,5]trienones. Org Lett 2021; 23:6691-6696. [PMID: 34474567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c02260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient strategy for trifluoromethylthiolation and dearomatization of activated alkynes with stable and readily available AgSCF3 has been developed. Reported herein is the unprecedented electrochemical generation of the SCF3 radical in the absence of persulfate for the synthesis of SCF3-containing spiro[5,5]trienones in good yields via a 6-exo-trig radical cyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Yang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Zhang
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Yu Sun
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Yun Chen
- Guangling College and School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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37
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Zhang M, Shen L, Dong S, Li B, Meng F, Si W, Yang W. DTBP‐Mediated Cascade Spirocyclization and Dearomatization of Biaryl Ynones: Facile Access to Spiro[5.5]trienones through C(sp
3
)−H Bond Functionalization. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Ming Zhang
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Liu‐Yu Shen
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Sa Dong
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Bing Li
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Fei Meng
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
| | - Wei‐Jie Si
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Anyang Normal University Anyang 455000 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Chao Yang
- Guangling College and Institute of Pesticide of School of Horticulture and Plant Protection Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety Yangzhou University Yangzhou 225009 P. R. China
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38
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Chen P, Xie J, Chen Z, Xiong B, Liu Y, Yang C, Tang K. Visible‐Light‐Mediated Nitrogen‐Centered Radical Strategy: Preparation of 3‐Acylated Spiro[4,5]trienones. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
| | - Bi‐Quan Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
| | - Chang‐An Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
| | - Ke‐Wen Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan Institute of Science and Technology Yueyang Hunan 414006 People's Republic of China
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39
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Lu L, Zheng Z, Yang Y, Liu B, Yin B. Access to Polycyclic Indol(en)ines
via
Base‐Catalyzed
Intramolecular Dearomatizing
3‐Alkenylation
of Alkynyl Indoles. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Zuoliang Zheng
- The Second Clinical Medical College, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
| | - Bo Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guangzhou Guangdong 510006 China
| | - Biaolin Yin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou Guangdong 510640 China
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40
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Ward RM, Schomaker JM. Allene Trifunctionalization via Amidyl Radical Cyclization and TEMPO Trapping. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8891-8899. [PMID: 34125539 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical-mediated trifunctionalizations of allenes are virtually unknown, in contrast to well-studied radical difunctionalizations of alkenes and alkynes. In this article, we describe a light-promoted reaction that transforms all three allene carbons to new carbon-heteroatom bonds in one pot with no expensive transition-metal catalyst. Formation of an electron donor-acceptor complex between an electron-deficient aryl and K2CO3, followed by photochemical generation of an amidyl radical and cyclization, yields a vinyl radical that can be trapped by TEMPO to ultimately furnish the product. Insights into the impact of the allene substitution pattern, radical source, and donor are presented, along with studies to unravel the mechanism of this unusual transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jennifer M Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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41
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Yang Z, Liu Y, Cao K, Zhang X, Jiang H, Li J. Synthetic reactions driven by electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complexes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:771-799. [PMID: 33889219 PMCID: PMC8042489 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversible, weak ground-state aggregate formed by dipole-dipole interactions between an electron donor and an electron acceptor is referred to as an electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex. Generally, upon light irradiation, the EDA complex turns into the excited state, causing an electron transfer to give radicals and to initiate subsequent reactions. Besides light as an external energy source, reactions involving the participation of EDA complexes are mild, obviating transition metal catalysts or photosensitizers in the majority of cases and are in line with the theme of green chemistry. This review discusses the synthetic reactions concerned with EDA complexes as well as the mechanisms that have been shown over the past five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglie Yang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yutong Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Kun Cao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Irradiation Preservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Radiation Chemistry Department, Sichuan Institute of Atomic Energy, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Hezhong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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42
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Xia D, Duan XF. Alkylative Dearomatization by Using an Unactivated Aryl Nitro Group as a Leaving Group: Access to Diversified Alkylated Spiro[5.5]trienones. Org Lett 2021; 23:2548-2552. [PMID: 33752331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cleavage of an unactivated aryl nitro group triggered by alkyl radicals enables a dearomative cyclization, affording diversified alkylated spiro[5.5]trienones in good yields. Using readily available compounds (toluene and analogues, alkanes, ethers, ketones, etc.) as alkylating reagents, various alkyls have been implanted into the spirocycles via C(sp3)-H and Ar-NO2 bond activation with high functional group tolerance. This protocol provides a distinct method for the activation of the aryl nitro group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xia
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xin-Fang Duan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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43
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Zhang S, Saji SE, Yin Z, Zhang H, Du Y, Yan CH. Rare-Earth Incorporated Alloy Catalysts: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005988. [PMID: 33709501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To improve the performance of metallic catalysts, alloying provides an efficient methodology to design state-of-the-art materials. As emerging functional materials, rare-earth metal compounds can integrate the unique orbital structure and catalytic behavior of rare earth elements into metallic materials. Such rare-earth containing alloy catalysts proffer an opportunity to tailor electronic properties, tune charged carrier transport, and synergize surface reactivity, which are expected to significantly improve the performance and stability of catalysis. Despite its significance, there are only few reviews on rare earth containing alloys or related topics. This review summarizes the composition, synthesis, and applications of rare earth containing alloys in the field of catalysis. Subsequent to comprehensively summarizing and constructively discussing the existing work, the challenges and possibilities of future research on rare-earth metal compound materials are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Saji
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Zongyou Yin
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, 2601, Australia
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yaping Du
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chun-Hua Yan
- Tianjin Key Lab for Rare Earth Materials and Applications, Center for Rare Earth and Inorganic Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Materials Chemistry and Applications, PKU-HKU Joint Laboratory in Rare Earth Materials and Bioinorganic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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44
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Inprung N, James MJ, Taylor RJK, Unsworth WP. A Thiol-Mediated Three-Step Ring Expansion Cascade for the Conversion of Indoles into Functionalized Quinolines. Org Lett 2021; 23:2063-2068. [PMID: 33645997 PMCID: PMC8041380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
An operationally simple, high yielding three-step cascade process is described for the direct conversion of indole-tethered ynones into functionalized quinolines. A single "multitasking" thiol reagent is used to promote a three-step dearomatizing spirocyclization, nucleophilic substitution, and one-atom ring expansion reaction cascade under remarkably mild conditions. In addition, a novel route to thio-oxindoles is described, which was discovered by serendipity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nantachai Inprung
- Department of Chemistry, University
of York, Heslington, York, U.K.., YO10 5DD
| | - Michael J. James
- Department of Chemistry, University
of York, Heslington, York, U.K.., YO10 5DD
| | | | - William P. Unsworth
- Department of Chemistry, University
of York, Heslington, York, U.K.., YO10 5DD
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45
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Zheng L, Cai L, Tao K, Xie Z, Lai Y, Guo W. Progress in Photoinduced Radical Reactions using Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complexes. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lvyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Liuhuan Cai
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Kailiang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Yin‐Long Lai
- College of Chemistry and Civil Engineering Shaoguan University Shaoguan 512005 P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry of Jiangxi Province Gannan Normal University Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
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46
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Nan J, Zhang J, Hu Y, Wang C, Wang T, Wang W, Ma Y, Szostak M. Cu II-Catalyzed Coupling with Two Ynone Units by Selective Triple and Sigma C-C and C-H Bond Cleavages. Org Lett 2021; 23:1928-1933. [PMID: 33570962 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report a new copper-catalyzed [2 + 2 + 1] annulation process through the selective cleavage of sigma and triple C-C and C-H bonds using two ynone units. This new methodology involves breaking multiple chemical bonds in a single operation, including C≡C, C-C, C-H, and N-O. These high-value adducts lead to a diverse collection of synthetically challenging trisubstituted indolizines by the simultaneous engagement of different bond-breaking events and show excellent fluorescence in green aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Nan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yan Hu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Weitao Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yangmin Ma
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China.,Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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48
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McQueen TM, Griggs SD. Efficient synthesis of novel 2-spiropiperidines including an unprecedented non-symmetrical 2,6-bis-spiropiperidine. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Bag D, Sawant SD. Heteroarene-tethered Functionalized Alkyne Metamorphosis. Chemistry 2021; 27:1165-1218. [PMID: 32603015 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes are multipotent synthons in organic chemistry. This detailed Review described herein offers a thorough discussion of the metamorphosis of heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes, an area which has earned much attention over the past decade in the straightforward synthesis of architecturally complex heterocyclic scaffolds in atom and step economic manner. Depending upon the variety of functionalized alkynes, this Review is divided into multiple sections. Amongst the vast array of synthetic transformations covered, dearomatizing spirocyclizations and cascade spirocyclization/rearrangement are of great interest. Synthetic transformations involving the heteroarene-tethered functionalized alkynes with scope, challenges, limitations, mechanism, their application in the total synthesis of natural products and future perceptions are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojyoti Bag
- Laboratory 212, Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
| | - Sanghapal D Sawant
- Laboratory 212, Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Jammu, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, 180001, India
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50
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Zhang Y, Ji P, Gao F, Huang H, Zeng F, Wang W. Photoredox Asymmetric Nucleophilic Dearomatization of Indoles with Neutral Radicals. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueteng Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Chemistry & Biochemistry, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Peng Ji
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Chemistry & Biochemistry, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Chemistry & Biochemistry, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-0001, United States
| | - Fanxun Zeng
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Chemistry & Biochemistry, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology and Chemistry & Biochemistry, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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