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Lehnert T, Gijs MAM. Microfluidic systems for infectious disease diagnostics. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1441-1493. [PMID: 38372324 DOI: 10.1039/d4lc00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Microorganisms, encompassing both uni- and multicellular entities, exhibit remarkable diversity as omnipresent life forms in nature. They play a pivotal role by supplying essential components for sustaining biological processes across diverse ecosystems, including higher host organisms. The complex interactions within the human gut microbiota are crucial for metabolic functions, immune responses, and biochemical signalling, particularly through the gut-brain axis. Viruses also play important roles in biological processes, for example by increasing genetic diversity through horizontal gene transfer when replicating inside living cells. On the other hand, infection of the human body by microbiological agents may lead to severe physiological disorders and diseases. Infectious diseases pose a significant burden on global healthcare systems, characterized by substantial variations in the epidemiological landscape. Fast spreading antibiotic resistance or uncontrolled outbreaks of communicable diseases are major challenges at present. Furthermore, delivering field-proven point-of-care diagnostic tools to the most severely affected populations in low-resource settings is particularly important and challenging. New paradigms and technological approaches enabling rapid and informed disease management need to be implemented. In this respect, infectious disease diagnostics taking advantage of microfluidic systems combined with integrated biosensor-based pathogen detection offers a host of innovative and promising solutions. In this review, we aim to outline recent activities and progress in the development of microfluidic diagnostic tools. Our literature research mainly covers the last 5 years. We will follow a classification scheme based on the human body systems primarily involved at the clinical level or on specific pathogen transmission modes. Important diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria, will be addressed more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lehnert
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A M Gijs
- Laboratory of Microsystems, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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2
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Gopal N, Chauhan N, Jain U, Dass SK, Sharma HS, Chandra R. Advancement in biomarker based effective diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS, NANOMEDICINE, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 51:476-490. [PMID: 37656048 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2023.2252016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal sepsis is considered as alarming medical emergency and becomes the common global reason of neonatal mortality. Non-specific symptoms and limitations of conventional diagnostic methods for neonatal sepsis mandate fast and reliable method to diagnose disease for point of care application. Recently, disease specific biomarkers have gained interest for rapid diagnosis that led to the development of electrochemical biosensor with enhanced specificity, sensitivity, cost-effectiveness and user-friendliness. Other than conventional biomarker C-reactive protein to diagnose neonatal sepsis, several potential biomarkers including Procalcitonin (PCT), Serum amyloid A (SAA) and other candidates are extensively investigated. The present review provides insights on advancements and diagnostic abilities of protein and nucleotide based biomarkers with their incorporation in developing electrochemical biosensors by employing novel fabrication strategies. This review provides an overview of most promising biomarker and its capability for neonatal sepsis diagnosis to fulfil future demand to develop electrochemical biosensor for point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gopal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Nidhi Chauhan
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujata K Dass
- Department of Neurology, BLK Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Hari S Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Institute of Nanomedical Sciences (INMS), University of Delhi, Delhi, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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3
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Point-of-care diagnostics for sepsis using clinical biomarkers and microfluidic technology. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115181. [PMID: 36867959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening immune response which is caused by a wide variety of sources and is a leading cause of mortality globally. Rapid diagnosis and appropriate antibiotic treatment are critical for successful patient outcomes; however, current molecular diagnostic techniques are time-consuming, costly and require trained personnel. Additionally, there is a lack of rapid point-of-care (POC) devices available for sepsis detection despite the urgent requirements in emergency departments and low-resource areas. Recent advances have been made toward developing a POC test for early sepsis detection that will be more rapid and accurate compared to conventional techniques. Within this context, this review discusses the use of current and novel biomarkers for early sepsis diagnosis using microfluidics devices for POC testing.
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Zhao G, Wang Y, Wang H, Bai G, Zhang N, Wang Y, Wei Q. Ultrasensitive Photoelectrochemical Immunoassay Strategy Based on Bi 2S 3/Ag 2S for the Detection of the Inflammation Marker Procalcitonin. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:366. [PMID: 36979578 PMCID: PMC10046654 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an inflammatory marker, procalcitonin (PCT) is more representative than other traditional inflammatory markers. In this work, a highly efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor was constructed based on the photoactive material Bi2S3/Ag2S to realize the sensitive detection of PCT. Bi2S3 was prepared by a hydrothermal method, and Ag2S quantum dots were deposited on the ITO/Bi2S3 surface via in situ reduction. Bi2S3 is a kind of admirable photoelectric semiconductor nanomaterial on account of its moderate bandgap width and low binding rate of photogenerated electron holes, which can effectively convert light energy into electrical energy. Therefore, based on the energy level matching principle of Bi2S3 and Ag2S, a labeled Bi2S3/Ag2S PEC immunosensor was constructed, and the sensitive detection of PCT was successfully established. The linear detection range of the PEC immunosensor was 0.50 pg∙mL-1 to 50 ng∙mL-1, and the minimum detection limit was 0.18 pg∙mL-1. Compared with the traditional PEC strategy, the proposed PEC immunosensor is simple, convenient, and has good anti-interference, sensitivity, and specificity, which could provide a meaningful theoretical basis and reference value for the clinical detection of PCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huixin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guozhen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Yaoguang Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
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5
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Chin LK, Yang JY, Chousterman B, Jung S, Kim DG, Kim DH, Lee S, Castro CM, Weissleder R, Park SG, Im H. Dual-Enhanced Plasmonic Biosensing for Point-of-Care Sepsis Detection. ACS NANO 2023; 17:3610-3619. [PMID: 36745820 PMCID: PMC10150330 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, simultaneous quantification of multiple biomarkers in point-of-care (POC) settings could improve the diagnosis and management of sepsis, a common, potentially life-threatening condition. Compared to high-end commercial analytical systems, POC systems are often limited by low sensitivity, limited multiplexing capability, or low throughput. Here, we report an ultrasensitive, multiplexed plasmonic sensing technology integrating chemifluorescence signal enhancement with plasmon-enhanced fluorescence detection. Using a portable imaging system, the dual chemical and plasmonic amplification enabled rapid analysis of multiple cytokine biomarkers in 1 h with sub-pg/mL sensitivities. Furthermore, we also developed a plasmonic sensing chip based on nanoparticle-spiked gold nanodimple structures fabricated by wafer-scale batch processes. We used the system to detect six cytokines directly from clinical plasma samples (n = 20) and showed 100% accuracy for sepsis detection. The described technology could be employed in rapid, ultrasensitive, multiplexed plasmonic sensing in POC settings for myriad clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lip Ket Chin
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jun-Yeong Yang
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Benjamin Chousterman
- Département d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Sunghoon Jung
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Geun Kim
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Ho Kim
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Cesar M. Castro
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sung-Gyu Park
- Department of Nano-Bio Convergence, Korea Institute of Materials Science, 797 Changwondae-ro, Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors: Hyungsoon Im (), Sung-Gyu Park ()
| | - Hyungsoon Im
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Corresponding authors: Hyungsoon Im (), Sung-Gyu Park ()
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1003-1031. [PMID: 35970970 PMCID: PMC9378265 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a more efficient and effective way to address disease diagnosis and intervention, cutting-edge technologies, devices, therapeutic approaches, and practices have emerged within the personalized medicine concept depending on the particular patient's biology and the molecular basis of the disease. Personalized medicine is expected to play a pivotal role in assessing disease risk or predicting response to treatment, understanding a person's health status, and, therefore, health care decision-making. This work discusses electrochemical biosensors for monitoring multiparametric biomarkers at different molecular levels and their potential to elucidate the health status of an individual in a personalized manner. In particular, and as an illustration, we discuss several aspects of the infection produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a current health care concern worldwide. This includes SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of infection, biomarkers, and electrochemical biosensors most commonly explored for diagnostics, prognostics, and potentially assessing the risk of complications in patients in the context of personalized medicine. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives hint at the use of electrochemical biosensors in the frame of other cutting-edge converging/emerging technologies toward the inauguration of a new paradigm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
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7
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Alba-Patiño A, Vaquer A, Barón E, Russell SM, Borges M, de la Rica R. Micro- and nanosensors for detecting blood pathogens and biomarkers at different points of sepsis care. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 189:74. [PMID: 35080669 PMCID: PMC8790942 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Severe infections can cause a dysregulated response leading to organ dysfunction known as sepsis. Sepsis can be lethal if not identified and treated right away. This requires measuring biomarkers and pathogens rapidly at the different points where sepsis care is provided. Current commercial approaches for sepsis diagnosis are not fast, sensitive, and/or specific enough for meeting this medical challenge. In this article, we review recent advances in the development of diagnostic tools for sepsis management based on micro- and nanostructured materials. We start with a brief introduction to the most popular biomarkers for sepsis diagnosis (lactate, procalcitonin, cytokines, C-reactive protein, and other emerging protein and non-protein biomarkers including miRNAs and cell-based assays) and methods for detecting bacteremia. We then highlight the role of nano- and microstructured materials in developing biosensors for detecting them taking into consideration the particular needs of every point of sepsis care (e.g., ultrafast detection of multiple protein biomarkers for diagnosing in triage, emergency room, ward, and intensive care unit; quantitative detection to de-escalate treatment; ultrasensitive and culture-independent detection of blood pathogens for personalized antimicrobial therapies; robust, portable, and web-connected biomarker tests outside the hospital). We conclude with an overview of the most utilized nano- and microstructured materials used thus far for solving issues related to sepsis diagnosis and point to new challenges for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Alba-Patiño
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Andreu Vaquer
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - Enrique Barón
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
| | - Steven M Russell
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Marcio Borges
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Unit, ICU, Son Llàtzer University Hospital, Palma, Spain
| | - Roberto de la Rica
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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8
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Saatçi E, Natarajan S. State-of-the-art colloidal particles and unique interfaces-based SARS-CoV-2 detection methods and COVID-19 diagnosis. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 55:101469. [PMID: 34093063 PMCID: PMC8164518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-based infections were declared 'COVID-19 pandemic' by the World Health Organization. Pandemic raised the necessity to design and develop genuine and sensitive tests for precise specific SARS-CoV-2 infections detection. Nanotechnological methods offer new ways to fight COVID-19. Nanomaterials are ideal for unique sensor platforms because of their chemically versatile properties and they are easy to manufacture. In this context, selected examples for integrating nanomaterials and distinct biosensor platforms are given to detect SARS-CoV-2 biological materials and COVID-19 biomarkers, giving researchers and scientists more goals and a better forecast to design more relevant and novel sensor arrays for COVID-19 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Saatçi
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Science, Biology Department, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey,Corresponding author: Saatçi, Ebru
| | - Satheesh Natarajan
- Healthcare Technology Innovation Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, 600113, Tamilnadu, India
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhou N. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Micro‐fabricated Devices for Point‐of‐Care Testing: A Review. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education School of Biotechnology Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
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10
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Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin. Traditionally, PCT has been used as a biomarker for severe bacterial infections and sepsis. It has also been recently identified as a potential marker for COVID-19. Normally, serum PCT is intracellularly cleaved to calcitonin, which lowers the levels of PCT (<0.01 ng/mL). In severe infectious diseases and sepsis, serum PCT levels increase above 100 ng/mL in response to pro-inflammatory stimulation. Development of sensors for specific quantification of PCT has resulted in considerable improvement in the sensitivity, linear range and rapid response. Among the various sensing strategies, electrochemical platforms have been extensively investigated owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication and portability. Sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassays based on the specific antigen–antibody interactions with an electrochemical transducer and use of nanointerfaces has augmented the electrochemical response of the sensors towards PCT. Identification of a superior combination of electrode material and nanointerface, and translation of the sensing platform into flexible and disposable substrates are under active investigation towards development of a point-of-care device for PCT detection. This review provides an overview of the existing detection strategies and limitations of PCT electrochemical immunosensors, and the emerging directions to address these lacunae.
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11
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Selvarajan RS, Gopinath SCB, Zin NM, Hamzah AA. Infection-Mediated Clinical Biomarkers for a COVID-19 Electrical Biosensing Platform. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3829. [PMID: 34205852 PMCID: PMC8198817 DOI: 10.3390/s21113829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The race towards the development of user-friendly, portable, fast-detection, and low-cost devices for healthcare systems has become the focus of effective screening efforts since the pandemic attack in December 2019, which is known as the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Currently existing techniques such as RT-PCR, antigen-antibody-based detection, and CT scans are prompt solutions for diagnosing infected patients. However, the limitations of currently available indicators have enticed researchers to search for adjunct or additional solutions for COVID-19 diagnosis. Meanwhile, identifying biomarkers or indicators is necessary for understanding the severity of the disease and aids in developing efficient drugs and vaccines. Therefore, clinical studies on infected patients revealed that infection-mediated clinical biomarkers, especially pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase proteins, are highly associated with COVID-19. These biomarkers are undermined or overlooked in the context of diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of infected patients. Hence, this review discusses the potential implementation of these biomarkers for COVID-19 electrical biosensing platforms. The secretion range for each biomarker is reviewed based on clinical studies. Currently available electrical biosensors comprising electrochemical and electronic biosensors associated with these biomarkers are discussed, and insights into the use of infection-mediated clinical biomarkers as prognostic and adjunct diagnostic indicators in developing an electrical-based COVID-19 biosensor are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Sri Selvarajan
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Subash C. B. Gopinath
- Institute of Nano Electronic Engineering (INEE), University Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Kangar 01000, Malaysia;
| | - Noraziah Mohamad Zin
- Center for Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Investigative Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, National University of Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia;
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), National University of Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
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12
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Garg M, Sharma AL, Singh S. Advancement in biosensors for inflammatory biomarkers of SARS-CoV-2 during 2019-2020. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 171:112703. [PMID: 33049563 PMCID: PMC7544635 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic has affected everyone throughout the world and has resulted in the loss of lives of many souls. Due to the restless efforts of the researchers working hard day and night, some success has been gained for the detection of virus. As on date, the traditional polymerized chain reactions (PCR), lateral flow devices (LFID) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) are being adapted for the detection of this deadly virus. However, a more exciting avenue is the detection of certain biomarkers associated with this viral infection which can be done by simply re-purposing our existing infrastructure. SARS-CoV-2 viral infection triggers various inflammatory, biochemical and hematological biomarkers. Because of the infection route that the virus follows, it causes significant inflammatory response. As a result, various inflammatory markers have been reported to be closely associated with this infection such as C-reactive proteins, interleukin-6, procalcitonin and ferritin. Sensing of these biomarkers can simultaneously help in understanding the illness level of the affected patient. Also, by monitoring these biomarkers, we can predict the viral infections in those patients who have low SARS-CoV-2 RNA and hence are missed by traditional tests. This can give more targets to the researchers and scientists, working in the area of drug development and provide better prognosis. In this review, we propose to highlight the conventional as well as the non-conventional methods for the detection of these inflammatory biomarkers which can act as a single platform of knowledge for the researchers and scientists working for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Garg
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amit L Sharma
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Suman Singh
- CSIR- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh, 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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