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Song C, Guo J, Wang Y, Xiang H, Yang Y. Electrochemical Glucose Sensors: Classification, Catalyst Innovation, and Sampling Mode Evolution. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e202400349. [PMID: 39385538 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Glucose sensors are essential tools for monitoring blood glucose concentration in diabetic patients. In recent years, with the increasing number of individuals suffering from diabetes, blood glucose monitoring has become extremely necessary, which expedites the iteration and upgrade of glucose sensors greatly. Currently, two main types of glucose sensors are available for blood glucose testing: enzyme-based glucose sensor (EBGS) and enzyme-free glucose sensor (EFGS). For EBGS, several progresses have been made to comprehensively improve detection performance, ranging from enhancing enzyme activity, thermostability, and electron transfer properties, to introducing new materials with superior properties. For EFGS, more and more new metallic materials and their oxides are being applied to further optimize its blood glucose monitoring. Here the latest progress of electrochemical glucose sensors, their manufacturing methods, electrode materials, electrochemical parameters, and applications were summarized, the development glucose sensors with various noninvasive sampling modes were also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Song
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Guo
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongying Xiang
- Clinical Laboratory, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
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Kousseff CJ, Wustoni S, Silva RKS, Lifer A, Savva A, Frey GL, Inal S, Nielsen CB. Single-Component Electroactive Polymer Architectures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308281. [PMID: 38520718 PMCID: PMC11251565 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have emerged as promising materials for biological sensing, owing to their electrochemical activity, stability in an aqueous environment, and biocompatibility. Yet, OMIEC-based sensors rely predominantly on the use of composite matrices to enable stimuli-responsive functionality, which can exhibit issues with intercomponent interfacing. In this study, an approach is presented for non-enzymatic glucose detection by harnessing a newly synthesized functionalized monomer, EDOT-PBA. This monomer integrates electrically conducting and receptor moieties within a single organic component, obviating the need for complex composite preparation. By engineering the conditions for electrodeposition, two distinct polymer film architectures are developed: pristine PEDOT-PBA and molecularly imprinted PEDOT-PBA. Both architectures demonstrated proficient glucose binding and signal transduction capabilities. Notably, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) architecture demonstrated faster stabilization upon glucose uptake while it also enabled a lower limit of detection, lower standard deviation, and a broader linear range in the sensor output signal compared to its non-imprinted counterpart. This material design not only provides a robust and efficient platform for glucose detection but also offers a blueprint for developing selective sensors for a diverse array of target molecules, by tuning the receptor units correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela K. S. Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Ariel Lifer
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Bioelectronics SectionDepartment of MicroelectronicsFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS)Delft University of TechnologyDelft2628 CDThe Netherlands
| | - Gitti L. Frey
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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Wang L, Guo GZ, Wang M, Ruan HY, Wu YP, Wu XQ, Zhang QC, Li DS. Ultrafast Response in Nonenzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Sensing with Ni(II)-MOFs by Dimensional Manipulation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16426-16434. [PMID: 37750677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are emerging as promising candidates for electrochemical glucose sensing owing to their ordered channels, tunable chemistry, and atom-precision metal sites. Herein, the efficient nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing is achieved by taking advantage of Ni(II)-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni(II)-MOFs) and acquiring the ever-reported fastest response time. Three Ni(II)-MOFs ({[Ni6L2(H2O)26]4H2O}n (CTGU-33), {Ni(bib)1/2(H2L)1/2(H2O)3}n (CTGU-34), {Ni(phen)(H2L)1/2(H2O)2}n (CTGU-35)) have been synthesized for the first time, which use benzene-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexacarboxylic acid (H6L) as an organic ligand and introduce 1,4-bis(1-imidazoly)benzene (bib) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) as spatially auxiliary ligands. Bib and phen convert the coordination mode of CTGU-33, affording structural dimensions from 2D of CTGU-33 to 3D of CTGU-34 or 1D of CTGU-35. By tuning the dimension of the skeleton, CTGU-34 with 3D interconnected channels exhibits an ultrafast response of less than 0.4 s, which is superior to the existing nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors. Additionally, a low detection limit of 0.12 μM (S/N = 3) and a high sensitivity of 1705 μA mM-1 cm-2 are simultaneously achieved. CTGU-34 further showcases desirable anti-interference and cycling stability, which demonstrates a promising application prospect in the real-time detection of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Gui-Zhi Guo
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hanchuan Experimental Senior High School, Hanchuan 432300, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Meidi Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Heng-Yu Ruan
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Pan Wu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Qian Wu
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qi-Chun Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Sheng Li
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, Hubei, P. R. China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, Yichang 443007, Hubei, P. R. China
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Krstić N, Jüttner J, Giegerich L, Mayer M, Knuth M, Müller A, Thielemann C. 3D printed biosensor for continuous glucose measurement in cell cultures. ANNALS OF 3D PRINTED MEDICINE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stlm.2023.100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Naikoo GA, Bano M, Arshad F, Hassan IU, BaOmar F, Alfagih IM, Tambuwala MM. Non-enzymatic glucose sensors composed of trimetallic CuO/Ag/NiO based composite materials. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6210. [PMID: 37069170 PMCID: PMC10110615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32719-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating risk of diabetes and its consequential impact on cardiac, vascular, ocular, renal, and neural systems globally have compelled researchers to devise cost-effective, ultrasensitive, and reliable electrochemical glucose sensors for the early diagnosis of diabetes. Herein, we utilized advanced composite materials based on nanoporous CuO, CuO/Ag, and CuO/Ag/NiO for glucose detection. The crystalline structure and surface morphology of the synthesized materials were ascertained via powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The electro-catalytic properties of the manufactured electrode materials for glucose electro-oxidation in alkaline conditions were probed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques. Notably, the CuO/Ag/NiO electrode material exhibited exceptional performance as a non-enzymatic glucose sensor, displaying a linear range of 0.001-5.50 mM, an ultrahigh sensitivity of 2895.3 μA mM-1 cm-2, and a low detection limit of 0.1 μM. These results suggest that nanoporous CuO/Ag/NiO-based composite materials are a promising candidate for early diagnosis of hyperglycemia and treatment of diabetes. Furthermore, non-enzymatic glucose sensors may pave the way for novel glucometer markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowhar A Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics & Sciences, College of Arts & Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, 211, Salalah, Oman.
| | - Mustri Bano
- Department of Mathematics & Sciences, College of Arts & Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, 211, Salalah, Oman.
| | - Fareeha Arshad
- Department of Mathematics & Sciences, College of Arts & Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, 211, Salalah, Oman
| | - Israr U Hassan
- College of Engineering, Dhofar University, 211, Salalah, Oman
| | - Fatima BaOmar
- Department of Mathematics & Sciences, College of Arts & Applied Sciences, Dhofar University, 211, Salalah, Oman
| | - Iman M Alfagih
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School - Universities of Nottingham and Lincoln, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, Lincolnshire, UK.
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A High-Linearity Glucose Sensor Based on Silver-Doped Con A Hydrogel and Laser Direct Writing. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061423. [PMID: 36987204 PMCID: PMC10053202 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) system is an ideal monitoring system for the blood glucose control of diabetic patients. The development of flexible glucose sensors with good glucose-responsive ability and high linearity within a large detection range is still challenging in the field of continuous glucose detection. A silver-doped Concanavalin A (Con A)-based hydrogel sensor is proposed to address the above issues. The proposed flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor was prepared by combining Con-A-based glucose-responsive hydrogels with green-synthetic silver particles on laser direct-writing graphene electrodes. The experimental results showed that in a glucose concentration range of 0–30 mM, the proposed sensor is capable of measuring the glucose level in a repeatable and reversible manner, showing a sensitivity of 150.12 Ω/mM with high linearity of R2 = 0.97. Due to its high performance and simple manufacturing process, the proposed glucose sensor is excellent among existing enzyme-free glucose sensors. It has good potential in the development of CGM devices.
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Yin R, Xin J, Yang D, Gao Y, Zhang H, Qian Z, Zhang W. High-Linearity Hydrogel-Based Capacitive Sensor Based on Con A-Sugar Affinity and Low-Melting-Point Metal. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4302. [PMID: 36297880 PMCID: PMC9610871 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes. Affinity sensing based on the principle of reversible binding to glucose does not produce intermediates, and the specificity of concanavalin A (Con A) to glucose molecules helps to improve the anti-interference performance and long-term stability of CGM sensors. However, these affinity glucose sensors have some limitations in their linearity with a large detection range, and stable attachment of hydrogels to sensor electrodes is also challenging. In this study, a capacitive glucose sensor with high linearity and a wide detection range was proposed based on a glucose-responsive DexG-Con A hydrogel and a serpentine coplanar electrode made from a low-melting-point metal. The results show that within the glucose concentration range of 0-20 mM, the sensor can achieve high linearity (R2 = 0.94), with a sensitivity of 33.3 pF mM-1, and even with the larger glucose concentration range of 0-30 mM the sensor can achieve good linearity (R2 = 0.84). The sensor also shows resistance to disturbances of small molecules, good reversibility, and long-term stability. Due to its low cost, wide detection range, high linearity, good sensitivity, and biocompatibility, the sensor is expected to be used in the field of continuous monitoring of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Yin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jizhong Xin
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dasheng Yang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhiqin Qian
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A9, Canada
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Chen H, Mei Z, Qi K, Wang Y, Chen R. A wearable enzyme-free glucose sensor based on nickel nanoparticles decorated laser-induced graphene. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Acrylamide Hydrogel-Modified Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistors for pH Sensing. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122070. [PMID: 35745409 PMCID: PMC9227456 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a pH-responsive hydrogel-modified silicon nanowire field-effect transistor for pH sensing, whose modification is operated by spin coating, and whose performance is characterized by the electrical curve of field-effect transistors. The results show that the hydrogel sensor can measure buffer pH in a repeatable and stable manner in the pH range of 3–13, with a high pH sensitivity of 100 mV/pH. It is considered that the swelling of hydrogel occurring in an aqueous solution varies the dielectric properties of acrylamide hydrogels, causing the abrupt increase in the source-drain current. It is believed that the design of the sensor can provide a promising direction for future biosensing applications utilizing the excellent biocompatibility of hydrogels.
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