1
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Xie C, Zhang T, Qin Z. Plasmonic-Driven Regulation of Biomolecular Activity In Situ. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2024; 26:475-501. [PMID: 38594921 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-110222-105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Selective and remote manipulation of activity for biomolecules, including protein, DNA, and lipids, is crucial to elucidate their molecular function and to develop biomedical applications. While advances in tool development, such as optogenetics, have significantly impacted these directions, the requirement for genetic modification significantly limits their therapeutic applications. Plasmonic nanoparticle heating has brought new opportunities to the field, as hot nanoparticles are unique point heat sources at the nanoscale. In this review, we summarize fundamental engineering problems such as plasmonic heating and the resulting biomolecular responses. We highlight the biological responses and applications of manipulating biomolecules and provide perspectives for future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xie
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenpeng Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Southwestern Medical Center, Richardson, Texas, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas, USA
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2
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Bustin SA, Kirvell S, Nolan T, Shipley GL. FlashPCR: Revolutionising qPCR by Accelerating Amplification through Low ∆T Protocols. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2773. [PMID: 38474020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Versatility, sensitivity, and accuracy have made the real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) a crucial tool for research, as well as diagnostic applications. However, for point-of-care (PoC) use, traditional qPCR faces two main challenges: long run times mean results are not available for half an hour or more, and the requisite high-temperature denaturation requires more robust and power-demanding instrumentation. This study addresses both issues and revises primer and probe designs, modified buffers, and low ∆T protocols which, together, speed up qPCR on conventional qPCR instruments and will allow for the development of robust, point-of-care devices. Our approach, called "FlashPCR", uses a protocol involving a 15-second denaturation at 79 °C, followed by repeated cycling for 1 s at 79 °C and 71 °C, together with high Tm primers and specific but simple buffers. It also allows for efficient reverse transcription as part of a one-step RT-qPCR protocol, making it universally applicable for both rapid research and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Bustin
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care Anglia, Ruskin University, Chelmsford CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Sara Kirvell
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care Anglia, Ruskin University, Chelmsford CB1 1PT, UK
| | - Tania Nolan
- Medical Technology Research Centre, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Social Care Anglia, Ruskin University, Chelmsford CB1 1PT, UK
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3
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Brukner I, Paliouras M, Trifiro M, Bohbot M, Shamir D, Kirk AG. Assessing Different PCR Master Mixes for Ultrarapid DNA Amplification: Important Analytical Parameters. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:477. [PMID: 38472949 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The basic principles of ultrafast plasmonic PCR have been promulgated in the scientific and technological literature for over a decade. Yet, its everyday diagnostic utility remains unvalidated in pre-clinical and clinical settings. Although the impressive speed of plasmonic PCR reaction is well-documented, implementing this process into a device form compatible with routine diagnostic tasks has been challenging. Here, we show that combining careful system engineering and process control with innovative and specific PCR biochemistry makes it possible to routinely achieve a sensitive and robust "10 min" PCR assay in a compact and lightweight system. The critical analytical parameters of PCR reactions are discussed in the current instrument setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Brukner
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| | | | - Mark Trifiro
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 2M1, Canada
| | - Marc Bohbot
- Nexless Healthcare, 1315 Chem. Canora, Mont-Royal, Montreal, QC H3P 2J5, Canada
| | - Daniel Shamir
- Nexless Healthcare, 1315 Chem. Canora, Mont-Royal, Montreal, QC H3P 2J5, Canada
| | - Andrew G Kirk
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada
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4
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Ahn JS, Park W, Jeong DH, Choi SB, Ahn SH. Rapid quantitative PCR equipment using photothermal conversion of Au nanoshell. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3895. [PMID: 38365926 PMCID: PMC10873297 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of infectious diseases worldwide necessitates rapid and precise diagnostics. Using gold nanoshells in the PCR mix, we harnessed their unique photothermal properties in the near-infrared regime to attain efficient heating, reaching ideal photothermal PCR cycle temperature profile. Our photothermal PCR method expedited DNA amplification while retaining its detection sensitivity. Combining photothermal quantitative PCR with real-time fluorometry and non-invasive temperature measurement, we could amplify the target DNA within just 25 min, with a minimum detectable DNA amount of 50 picograms. This innovation in photothermal qPCR, leveraging the photothermal properties of gold nanoshells, will pave the way for immediate point-of-care diagnostics of nucleic acid biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Ahn
- Bio and Health Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Woongkyu Park
- Photonic Energy Components Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Do Hyun Jeong
- Bio and Health Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Soo Bong Choi
- Department of Physics, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sun Hee Ahn
- Bio and Health Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, South Korea.
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5
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Madadelahi M, Agarwal R, Martinez-Chapa SO, Madou MJ. A roadmap to high-speed polymerase chain reaction (PCR): COVID-19 as a technology accelerator. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115830. [PMID: 38039729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The limit of detection (LOD), speed, and cost of crucial COVID-19 diagnostic tools, including lateral flow assays (LFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and polymerase chain reactions (PCR), have all improved because of the financial and governmental support for the epidemic. The most notable improvement in overall efficiency among them has been seen with PCR. Its significance for human health increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, when it emerged as the commonly used approach for identifying the virus. However, because of problems with speed, complexity, and expense, PCR deployment in point-of-care settings continues to be difficult. Microfluidic platforms offer a promising solution by enabling the development of smaller, more affordable, and faster PCR systems. In this review, we delve into the engineering challenges associated with the advancement of high-speed microfluidic PCR equipment. We introduce criteria that facilitate the evaluation and comparison of factors such as speed, LOD, cycling efficiency, and multiplexing capacity, considering sample volume, fluidics, PCR reactor geometry and materials, as well as heating/cooling methods. We also provide a comprehensive list of commercially available PCR devices and conclude with projections and a discussion regarding the current obstacles that need to be addressed in order to progress further in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Madadelahi
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Rahul Agarwal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico
| | | | - Marc J Madou
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, 64849, NL, Mexico; Autonomous Medical Devices Incorporated (AMDI), Santa Ana, CA, 92704, USA.
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6
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Kang BH, Jang KW, Yu ES, Jeong H, Jeong KH. Single-shot multi-channel plasmonic real-time polymerase chain reaction for multi-target point-of-care testing. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4701-4707. [PMID: 37823261 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nucleic acid amplification tests demand high-throughput and multi-target detection of infectious diseases as well as short turnaround time and small size for point-of-care molecular diagnostics. Here, we report a multi-channel plasmonic real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (mpRT-qPCR) assay for ultrafast and on-chip multi-target detection. The mpRT-qPCR system features two pairs of plasmonic thermocyclers for rapid nanostructure-driven amplification and microlens array fluorescence microscopes for in situ multi-color fluorescence quantification. Each channel shows a physical dimension of 32 mm, 75 mm, and 25 mm in width, length, and thickness. The ultrathin microscopes simultaneously capture four different fluorescence images from two PCR chambers of a single cartridge at a single shot exposure per PCR cycle of four different excitation light sources. The experimental results demonstrate a single assay result of high-throughput amplification and multi-target quantification for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, nucleocapsid, and human ribonuclease P genes in SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. The mpRT-PCR increases the number of tests four times over the single RT-PCR and exhibits a short detection time of 15 min for the four RT-PCR reactions. This point-of-care molecular diagnostic platform can reduce false negative results in clinical applications of virus detection and decentralize healthcare facilities with limited infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Hoon Kang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Jang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Yu
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejeong Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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7
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Cui X, Ruan Q, Zhuo X, Xia X, Hu J, Fu R, Li Y, Wang J, Xu H. Photothermal Nanomaterials: A Powerful Light-to-Heat Converter. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37133878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
All forms of energy follow the law of conservation of energy, by which they can be neither created nor destroyed. Light-to-heat conversion as a traditional yet constantly evolving means of converting light into thermal energy has been of enduring appeal to researchers and the public. With the continuous development of advanced nanotechnologies, a variety of photothermal nanomaterials have been endowed with excellent light harvesting and photothermal conversion capabilities for exploring fascinating and prospective applications. Herein we review the latest progresses on photothermal nanomaterials, with a focus on their underlying mechanisms as powerful light-to-heat converters. We present an extensive catalogue of nanostructured photothermal materials, including metallic/semiconductor structures, carbon materials, organic polymers, and two-dimensional materials. The proper material selection and rational structural design for improving the photothermal performance are then discussed. We also provide a representative overview of the latest techniques for probing photothermally generated heat at the nanoscale. We finally review the recent significant developments of photothermal applications and give a brief outlook on the current challenges and future directions of photothermal nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Optoelectronic Materials and Intelligent Photonic Systems, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaolu Zhuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Optoelectronic Materials and Chips, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Xinyue Xia
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Jingtian Hu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Runfang Fu
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China
| | - Hongxing Xu
- School of Physics and Technology and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, Hubei, China
- Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450046, Henan, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430205, Hubei, China
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8
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Kang BH, Jang KW, Yu ES, Na H, Lee YJ, Ko WY, Bae N, Rho D, Jeong KH. Ultrafast Plasmonic Nucleic Acid Amplification and Real-Time Quantification for Decentralized Molecular Diagnostics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6507-6518. [PMID: 36971140 PMCID: PMC10081571 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c11831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) facilitates the widespread use of rapid, accurate, and cost-effective near-patient testing that is available to the public. Here, we report ultrafast plasmonic nucleic acid amplification and real-time quantification for decentralized molecular diagnostics. The plasmonic real-time RT-PCR system features an ultrafast plasmonic thermocycler (PTC), a disposable plastic-on-metal (PoM) cartridge, and an ultrathin microlens array fluorescence (MAF) microscope. The PTC provides ultrafast photothermal cycling under white-light-emitting diode illumination and precise temperature monitoring with an integrated resistance temperature detector. The PoM thin film cartridge allows rapid heat transfer as well as complete light blocking from the photothermal excitation source, resulting in real-time and highly efficient PCR quantification. Besides, the MAF microscope exhibits close-up and high-contrast fluorescence microscopic imaging. All of the systems were fully packaged in a palm size for point-of-care testing. The real-time RT-PCR system demonstrates the rapid diagnosis of coronavirus disease-19 RNA virus within 10 min and yields 95.6% of amplification efficiency, 96.6% of classification accuracy for preoperational test, and 91% of total percent agreement for clinical diagnostic test. The ultrafast and compact PCR system can decentralize point-of-care molecular diagnostic testing in primary care and developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Hoon Kang
- Department
of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST
Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Won Jang
- Department
of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST
Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Sil Yu
- Department
of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST
Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamin Na
- Department
of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST
Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Jae Lee
- OSANG
Healthcare Co., Ltd., 132, Anyangcheondong-ro, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14040, Korea
| | - Woong-Yeol Ko
- OSANG
Healthcare Co., Ltd., 132, Anyangcheondong-ro, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14040, Korea
| | - NamHo Bae
- Center
for Nano Bio Development, National NanoFab
Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggee Rho
- Center
for Nano Bio Development, National NanoFab
Center (NNFC), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department
of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST
Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro,
Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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9
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Jeon HG, Choi JW, Lee HU, Chung BG. Conductive Silver/Carbon Fiber Films for Rapid Detection of Human Coronavirus. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101983. [PMID: 35631866 PMCID: PMC9144029 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction has gained attention since the outbreak of novel coronavirus in 2019. Due to its high specificity and capability for early detection, it is considered a standard method for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. However, the conventional thermocyclers used for nucleic acid amplification are not suitable for point-of-care testing applications, as they require expensive instruments, high-power consumption, and a long turnaround time. To suppress the widespread of the pandemic, there is an urgent need for the development of a rapid, inexpensive, and portable thermal cycler. Therefore, in this paper, we present a conductive silver/carbon fiber film-based thermal cycler with low power consumption (<5 W), efficient heating (~4.5 °C/s), low cost (<USD 200), and handheld size (11.5 × 7.1 × 7.5 mm). The conductive film, which was used as a heating source of the thermal cycler, was fabricated by the electrochemical deposition method. The successful coating of Ag was characterized by a scanning electron microscope and confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The film showed excellent electrical/thermal conductivity and durability. Using our thermal cycler, 35 cycles of amplification were accomplished within 10 min. We also successfully demonstrated the multiplexed detection of various human coronaviruses (e.g., OC43, 229E, and NL63) using our thermal cycler.
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10
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Zhang Z, Zhao S, Jiang L, Wu J, Zhao W, Guo X, Peng N, Hu F. A sample-to-answer DNA detection microfluidic system integrating sample pretreatment and smartphone-readable gradient plasmonic photothermal continuous-flow PCR. Analyst 2022; 147:4876-4887. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a microfluidic system integrating sample pretreatment and smartphone-readable gradient plasmonic photothermal continuous-flow PCR, paving the way for low-cost and rapid implementation of PCR diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Shuhao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Junjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Wenhan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoniu Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Niancai Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
| | - Fei Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University No. 99, Yanxiang Road, Xi'an, 710054, P. R. China
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