1
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Reus MA, Reb LK, Kosbahn DP, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. INSIGHT: in situ heuristic tool for the efficient reduction of grazing-incidence X-ray scattering data. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:509-528. [PMID: 38596722 PMCID: PMC11001412 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576723011159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
INSIGHT is a Python-based software tool for processing and reducing 2D grazing-incidence wide- and small-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS/GISAXS) data. It offers the geometric transformation of the 2D GIWAXS/GISAXS detector image to reciprocal space, including vectorized and parallelized pixel-wise intensity correction calculations. An explicit focus on efficient data management and batch processing enables full control of large time-resolved synchrotron and laboratory data sets for a detailed analysis of kinetic GIWAXS/GISAXS studies of thin films. It processes data acquired with arbitrarily rotated detectors and performs vertical, horizontal, azimuthal and radial cuts in reciprocal space. It further allows crystallographic indexing and GIWAXS pattern simulation, and provides various plotting and export functionalities. Customized scripting offers a one-step solution to reduce, process, analyze and export findings of large in situ and operando data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Reus
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Lennart K. Reb
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David P. Kosbahn
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V. Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Teknikringen 56–58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Chair for Functional Materials, Department of Physics, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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2
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Haymaker A, Nannenga BL. Advances and applications of microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). Curr Opin Struct Biol 2024; 84:102741. [PMID: 38086321 PMCID: PMC10882645 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction, commonly referred to as MicroED, has become a powerful tool for high-resolution structure determination. The method makes use of cryogenic transmission electron microscopes to collect electron diffraction data from crystals that are several orders of magnitude smaller than those used by other conventional diffraction techniques. MicroED has been used on a variety of samples including soluble proteins, membrane proteins, small organic molecules, and materials. Here we will review the MicroED method and highlight recent advancements to the methodology, as well as describe applications of MicroED within the fields of structural biology and chemical crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Haymaker
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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3
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Biswas S, Banerjee S, Shlain MA, Bardin AA, Ulijn RV, Nannenga BL, Rappe AM, Braunschweig AB. Photomechanochemical control over stereoselectivity in the [2 + 2] photodimerization of acenaphthylene. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:266-277. [PMID: 36134559 PMCID: PMC10088556 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00122e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tuning solubility and mechanical activation alters the stereoselectivity of the [2 + 2] photochemical cycloaddition of acenaphthylene. Photomechanochemical conditions produce the syn cyclobutane, whereas the solid-state reaction in the absence of mechanical activation provides the anti. When the photochemical dimerization occurs in a solubilizing organic solvent, there is no selectivity. Dimerization in H2O, in which acenaphthylene is insoluble, provides the anti product. DFT calculations reveal that insoluble and solid-state reactions proceed via a covalently bonded excimer, which drives anti selectivity. Alternatively, the noncovalently bound syn conformer is more mechanosusceptible than the anti, meaning it experiences greater destabilization, thereby producing the syn product under photomechanochemical conditions. Cyclobutanes are important components of biologically active natural products and organic materials, and we demonstrate stereoselective methods for obtaining syn or anti cyclobutanes under mild conditions and without organic solvents. With this work, we validate photomechanochemistry as a viable new direction for the preparation of complex organic scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankarsan Biswas
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sayan Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Milan A Shlain
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrey A Bardin
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Rein V Ulijn
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Adam B Braunschweig
- Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- PhD Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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4
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Andrusenko I, Hall CL, Mugnaioli E, Potticary J, Hall SR, Schmidt W, Gao S, Zhao K, Marom N, Gemmi M. True molecular conformation and structure determination by three-dimensional electron diffraction of PAH by-products potentially useful for electronic applications. IUCRJ 2023; 10:131-142. [PMID: 36598508 PMCID: PMC9812223 DOI: 10.1107/s205225252201154x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The true molecular conformation and the crystal structure of benzo[e]dinaphtho[2,3-a;1',2',3',4'-ghi]fluoranthene, 7,14-diphenylnaphtho[1,2,3,4-cde]bisanthene and 7,16-diphenylnaphtho[1,2,3,4-cde]helianthrene were determined ab initio by 3D electron diffraction. All three molecules are remarkable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The molecular conformation of two of these compounds could not be determined via classical spectroscopic methods due to the large size of the molecule and the occurrence of multiple and reciprocally connected aromatic rings. The molecular structure of the third molecule was previously considered provisional. These compounds were isolated as by-products in the synthesis of similar products and were at the same time nanocrystalline and available only in very limited amounts. 3D electron diffraction data, taken from submicrometric single crystals, allowed for direct ab initio structure solution and the unbiased determination of the internal molecular conformation. Detailed synthetic routes and spectroscopic analyses are also discussed. Based on many-body perturbation theory simulations, benzo[e]dinaphtho[2,3-a;1',2',3',4'-ghi]fluoranthene may be a promising candidate for triplet-triplet annihilation and 7,14-diphenylnaphtho[1,2,3,4-cde]bisanthene may be a promising candidate for intermolecular singlet fission in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Andrusenko
- Center for Material Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Italy
| | - Charlie L. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Center for Material Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Italy
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa 56126, Italy
| | - Jason Potticary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Siyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Kaiji Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Material Interfaces, Electron Crystallography, Instituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera 56025, Italy
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5
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Abstract
![]()
Electron crystallography
has a storied history which rivals that
of its more established X-ray-enabled counterpart. Recent advances
in data collection and analysis have sparked a renaissance in the
field, opening a new chapter for this venerable technique. Burgeoning
interest in electron crystallography has spawned innovative methods
described by various interchangeable labels (3D ED, MicroED, cRED,
etc.). This Review covers concepts and findings relevant to the practicing
crystallographer, with an emphasis on experiments aimed at using electron
diffraction to elucidate the atomic structure of three-dimensional
molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambarneil Saha
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Shervin S Nia
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - José A Rodríguez
- UCLA-DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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6
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Newman JA, Iuzzolino L, Tan M, Orth P, Bruhn J, Lee AY. From Powders to Single Crystals: A Crystallographer's Toolbox for Small-Molecule Structure Determination. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:2133-2141. [PMID: 35576503 PMCID: PMC10152450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the crystal structures of small-molecule compounds are often determined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (scXRD), recent advances in three-dimensional electron diffraction (3DED) and crystal structure prediction (CSP) methods promise to expand the structure elucidation toolbox available to the crystallographer. Herein, a comparative assessment of scXRD, 3DED, and CSP in combination with powder X-ray diffraction is carried out on two former drug candidate compounds and a multicomponent crystal of a key building block in the synthesis of gefapixant citrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Newman
- Department
of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Luca Iuzzolino
- Department
of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Melissa Tan
- Department
of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter Orth
- Department
of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jessica Bruhn
- Nanoimaging
Services, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alfred Y. Lee
- Department
of Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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7
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Studying membrane proteins with MicroED. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:231-239. [PMID: 35191473 PMCID: PMC9022970 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The structural investigation of biological macromolecules is indispensable in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying diseases. Several structural biology techniques have been introduced to unravel the structural facets of biomolecules. Among these, the electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) method microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) has produced atomic resolution structures of important biological and small molecules. Since its inception in 2013, MicroED established a demonstrated ability for solving structures of difficult samples using vanishingly small crystals. However, membrane proteins remain the next big frontier for MicroED. The intrinsic properties of membrane proteins necessitate improved sample handling and imaging techniques to be developed and optimized for MicroED. Here, we summarize the milestones of electron crystallography of two-dimensional crystals leading to MicroED of three-dimensional crystals. Then, we focus on four different membrane protein families and discuss representatives from each family solved by MicroED.
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8
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Clark LJ, Bu G, Nannenga BL, Gonen T. MicroED for the study of protein–ligand interactions and the potential for drug discovery. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:853-858. [PMID: 37117388 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is an electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) technique used to determine molecular structures with crystals that are a millionth the size needed for traditional single-crystal X-ray crystallography. An exciting use of MicroED is in drug discovery and development, where it can be applied to the study of proteins and small molecule interactions, and for structure determination of natural products. The structures are then used for rational drug design and optimization. In this Perspective, we discuss the current applications of MicroED for structure determination of protein-ligand complexes and potential future applications in drug discovery.
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9
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Ghosh R, Bu G, Nannenga BL, Sumner LW. Recent Developments Toward Integrated Metabolomics Technologies (UHPLC-MS-SPE-NMR and MicroED) for Higher-Throughput Confident Metabolite Identifications. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:720955. [PMID: 34540897 PMCID: PMC8445028 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.720955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has emerged as a powerful discipline to study complex biological systems from a small molecule perspective. The success of metabolomics hinges upon reliable annotations of spectral features obtained from MS and/or NMR. In spite of tremendous progress with regards to analytical instrumentation and computational tools, < 20% of spectral features are confidently identified in most untargeted metabolomics experiments. This article explores the integration of multiple analytical instruments such as UHPLC-MS/MS-SPE-NMR and the cryo-EM method MicroED to achieve large-scale and confident metabolite identifications in a higher-throughput manner. UHPLC-MS/MS-SPE allows for the simultaneous automated purification of metabolites followed by offline structure elucidation and structure validation by NMR and MicroED. Large-scale study of complex metabolomes such as that of the model plant legume Medicago truncatula can be achieved using an integrated UHPLC-MS/MS-SPE-NMR metabolomics platform. Additionally, recent developments in MicroED to study structures of small organic molecules have enabled faster, easier and precise structure determinations of metabolites. A MicroED small molecule structure elucidation workflow (e.g., crystal screening, sample preparation, data collection and data processing/structure determination) has been described. Ongoing MicroED methods development and its future scope related to structure elucidation of specialized metabolites and metabolomics are highlighted. The incorporation of MicroED with a UHPLC-MS/MS-SPE-NMR instrumental ensemble offers the potential to accelerate and achieve higher rates of metabolite identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Ghosh
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Guanhong Bu
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Brent L. Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Lloyd W. Sumner
- Division of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- MU Metabolomics Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
- Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
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10
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Hall CL, Andrusenko I, Potticary J, Gao S, Liu X, Schmidt W, Marom N, Mugnaioli E, Gemmi M, Hall SR. 3D Electron Diffraction Structure Determination of Terrylene, a Promising Candidate for Intermolecular Singlet Fission. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1631-1637. [PMID: 34117821 PMCID: PMC8457070 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate the prowess of the 3D electron diffraction approach by unveiling the structure of terrylene, the third member in the series of peri‐condensed naphthalene analogues, which has eluded structure determination for 65 years. The structure was determined by direct methods using electron diffraction data and corroborated by dispersion‐inclusive density functional theory optimizations. Terrylene crystalizes in the monoclinic space group P21/a, arranging in a sandwich‐herringbone packing motif, similar to analogous compounds. Having solved the crystal structure, we use many‐body perturbation theory to evaluate the excited‐state properties of terrylene in the solid‐state. We find that terrylene is a promising candidate for intermolecular singlet fission, comparable to tetracene and rubrene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlie L Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Iryna Andrusenko
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Jason Potticary
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Siyu Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Enrico Mugnaioli
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Mauro Gemmi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Pisa, 56127, Italy
| | - Simon R Hall
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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11
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Levine AM, He G, Bu G, Ramos P, Wu F, Soliman A, Serrano J, Pietraru D, Chan C, Batteas JD, Kowalczyk M, Jang SJ, Nannenga BL, Sfeir MY, Tsai EHR, Braunschweig AB. Efficient Free Triplet Generation Follows Singlet Fission in Diketo-pyrrolopyrrole Polymorphs with Goldilocks Coupling. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:12207-12213. [PMID: 34868444 PMCID: PMC8641251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c02737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystal electron diffraction, grazing incidence wide-angle scattering, and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to determine the unit cell structure and the relative composition of dimethylated diketopyrrolopyrrole (MeDPP) H- and J-polymorphs within thin films subjected to vapor solvent annealing (VSA) for different times. Electronic structure and excited state deactivation pathways of the different polymorphs were examined by transient absorption spectroscopy, conductive probe atomic force microscopy, and molecular modeling. We find VSA initially converts amorphous films into mixtures of H- and J-polymorphs and promotes further conversion from H to J with longer VSA times. Though both polymorphs exhibit efficient SF to form coupled triplets, free triplet yields are higher in J-polymorph films compared to mixed films because coupling in J-aggregates is lower, and, in turn, more favorable for triplet decoupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M. Levine
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Guiying He
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Guanhong Bu
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Pablo Ramos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Fanglue Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Aisha Soliman
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacqueline Serrano
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dorian Pietraru
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher Chan
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - James D. Batteas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - Marta Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
- Department of Natural Sciences, LaGuardia Community College, City University of New York, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Seogjoo J. Jang
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United States
| | - Brent L. Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Matthew Y. Sfeir
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Esther H. R. Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Adam B. Braunschweig
- Nanoscience Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, Graduate Center, City University of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY 10031, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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12
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Danelius E, Halaby S, van der Donk WA, Gonen T. MicroED in natural product and small molecule research. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:423-431. [PMID: 32939523 PMCID: PMC7965795 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00035c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 to 2020The electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) method Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) allows the collection of high-resolution structural data from vanishingly small crystals that appear like amorphous powders or very fine needles. Since its debut in 2013, data collection and analysis schemes have been fine-tuned, and there are currently close to 100 structures determined by MicroED. Although originally developed to study proteins, MicroED is also very powerful for smaller systems, with some recent and very promising examples from the field of natural products. Herein, we review what has been achieved so far and provide examples of natural product structures, as well as demonstrate the expected future impact of MicroED to the field of natural product and small molecule research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Danelius
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Los Angeles, 615 Charles E Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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13
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Halaby S, Martynowycz M, Zhu Z, Tretiak S, Zhugayevych A, Gonen T, Seifrid M. Microcrystal Electron Diffraction for Molecular Design of Functional Non-Fullerene Acceptor Structures. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021; 33:966-977. [PMID: 36942096 PMCID: PMC10024952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationship between molecular structure and solid-state arrangement informs about the design of new organic semiconductor (OSC) materials with improved optoelectronic properties. However, determining their atomic structure remains challenging. Here, we report the lattice organization of two non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) determined using microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) from crystals not traceable by X-ray crystallography. The MicroED structure of o-IDTBR was determined from a powder without crystallization, and a new polymorph of ITIC-Th is identified with the most distorted backbone of any NFA. Electronic structure calculations elucidate the relationships between molecular structures, lattice arrangements, and charge-transport properties for a number of NFA lattices. The high dimensionality of the connectivity of the 3D wire mesh topology is the best for robust charge transport within NFA crystals. However, some examples suffer from uneven electronic coupling. MicroED combined with advanced electronic structure modeling is a powerful new approach for structure determination, exploring polymorphism and guiding the design of new OSCs and NFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Halaby
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Michael Martynowycz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Ziyue Zhu
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Theoretical Division and Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Martin Seifrid
- Center for Polymers and Organic Solids, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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14
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Samkian AE, Kiel GR, Jones CG, Bergman HM, Oktawiec J, Nelson HM, Tilley TD. Elucidation of Diverse Solid-State Packing in a Family of Electron-Deficient Expanded Helicenes via Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2493-2499. [PMID: 33090649 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state packing plays a defining role in the properties of a molecular organic material, but it is difficult to elucidate in the absence of single crystals that are suitable for X-ray diffraction. Herein, we demonstrate the coupling of divergent synthesis with microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) for rapid assessment of solid-state packing motifs, using a class of chiral nanocarbons-expanded helicenes-as a proof of concept. Two highly selective oxidative dearomatizations of a readily accessible helicene provided a divergent route to four electron-deficient analogues containing quinone or quinoxaline units. Crystallization efforts consistently yielded microcrystals that were unsuitable for single-crystal X-ray diffraction, but ideal for MicroED. This technique facilitated the elucidation of solid-state structures of all five compounds with <1.1 Å resolution. The otherwise-inaccessible data revealed a range of notable packing behaviors, including four different space groups, homochirality in a crystal for a helicene with an extremely low enantiomerization barrier, and nanometer scale cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E Samkian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Gavin R Kiel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christopher G Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Harrison M Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hosea M Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - T Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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15
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Gleason PR, Nannenga BL, Mills JH. Rapid Structural Analysis of a Synthetic Non-canonical Amino Acid by Microcrystal Electron Diffraction. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 7:609999. [PMID: 33490105 PMCID: PMC7821094 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.609999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural characterization of small molecules is a crucial component of organic synthesis. In this work, we applied microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) to analyze the structure of the product of an enzymatic reaction that was intended to produce the unnatural amino acid 2,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (24DHF). Characterization of our isolated product with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) suggested that an isomer of 24DHF had been formed. Microcrystals present in the isolated product were then used to determine its structure to 0.62 Å resolution, which confirmed its identity as 2-amino-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid (24DHPA). Moreover, the MicroED structural model indicated that both enantiomeric forms of 24DHPA were present in the asymmetric unit. Notably, the entire structure determination process including setup, data collection, and refinement was completed in ~1 h. The MicroED data not only bolstered previous results obtained using NMR and MS but also immediately provided information about the stereoisomers present in the product, which is difficult to achieve using NMR and MS alone. Our results therefore demonstrate that MicroED methods can provide useful structural information on timescales that are similar to many commonly used analytical methods and can be added to the existing suite of small molecule structure determination tools in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R. Gleason
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Brent L. Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,*Correspondence: Brent L. Nannenga
| | - Jeremy H. Mills
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Center for Molecular Design and Biomimetics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States,Jeremy H. Mills
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16
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Abstract
Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED) enables structure determination of very small crystals that are much too small to be of use for other conventional diffraction techniques. MicroED has been used to determine the structures of many proteins and small organic molecules, and the technique can be performed on most standard cryo-TEM instruments equipped with high-speed detectors capable of collecting electron diffraction data. Here, we present protocols for MicroED sample preparation and data collection for protein microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanhong Bu
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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17
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Samkian AE, Kiel GR, Jones CG, Bergman HM, Oktawiec J, Nelson HM, Tilley TD. Elucidation of Diverse Solid‐State Packing in a Family of Electron‐Deficient Expanded Helicenes via Microcrystal Electron Diffraction (MicroED)**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian E. Samkian
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Gavin R. Kiel
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Christopher G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Harrison M. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hosea M. Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - T. Don Tilley
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Berkeley Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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18
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Zhu L, Bu G, Jing L, Shi D, Lee MY, Gonen T, Liu W, Nannenga BL. Structure Determination from Lipidic Cubic Phase Embedded Microcrystals by MicroED. Structure 2020; 28:1149-1159.e4. [PMID: 32735770 PMCID: PMC7544639 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2020.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The lipidic cubic phase (LCP) technique has proved to facilitate the growth of high-quality crystals that are otherwise difficult to grow by other methods. However, the crystal size optimization process could be time and resource consuming, if it ever happens. Therefore, improved techniques for structure determination using these small crystals is an important strategy in diffraction technology development. Microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) is a technique that uses a cryo-transmission electron microscopy to collect electron diffraction data and determine high-resolution structures from very thin micro- and nanocrystals. In this work, we have used modified LCP and MicroED protocols to analyze crystals embedded in LCP converted by 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol or lipase, including Proteinase K crystals grown in solution, cholesterol crystals, and human adenosine A2A receptor crystals grown in LCP. These results set the stage for the use of MicroED to analyze microcrystalline samples grown in LCP, especially for those highly challenging membrane protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhu
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 551 East University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Guanhong Bu
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Liang Jing
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 551 East University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Dan Shi
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Ming-Yue Lee
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 551 East University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Tamir Gonen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Biological Chemistry and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, 551 East University Drive, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA; School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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19
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Banihashemi F, Bu G, Thaker A, Williams D, Lin JYS, Nannenga BL. Beam-sensitive metal-organic framework structure determination by microcrystal electron diffraction. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 216:113048. [PMID: 32570132 PMCID: PMC7492392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of metal-organic framework (MOF) structure by electron microscopy and electron diffraction offers an alternative to growing large single crystals for high-resolution X-ray diffraction. However, many MOFs are electron beam-sensitive, which can make structural analysis using high-resolution electron microscopy difficult. In this work we use the microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED) method to collect high-resolution electron diffraction data from a model beam-sensitive MOF, ZIF-8. The diffraction data could be used to determine the structure of ZIF-8 to 0.87 Å from a single ZIF-8 nanocrystal, and this refined structure compares well with previously published structures of ZIF-8 determined by X-ray crystallography. This demonstrates that MicroED can be a valuable tool for the analysis of beam-sensitive MOF structures directly from nano and microcrystalline material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Banihashemi
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Guanhong Bu
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Amar Thaker
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Dewight Williams
- John M. Cowley Center for High Resolution Electron Microscopy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Jerry Y S Lin
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, PO Box 876106, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States; Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 727 East Tyler Street, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States.
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20
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Beale EV, Waterman DG, Hecksel C, van Rooyen J, Gilchrist JB, Parkhurst JM, de Haas F, Buijsse B, Evans G, Zhang P. A Workflow for Protein Structure Determination From Thin Crystal Lamella by Micro-Electron Diffraction. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:179. [PMID: 32850967 PMCID: PMC7417479 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroED has recently emerged as a powerful method for the analysis of biological structures at atomic resolution. This technique has been largely limited to protein nanocrystals which grow either as needles or plates measuring only a few hundred nanometers in thickness. Furthermore, traditional microED data processing uses established X-ray crystallography software that is not optimized for handling compound effects that are unique to electron diffraction data. Here, we present an integrated workflow for microED, from sample preparation by cryo-focused ion beam milling, through data collection with a standard Ceta-D detector, to data processing using the DIALS software suite, thus enabling routine atomic structure determination of protein crystals of any size and shape using microED. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the workflow by determining the structure of proteinase K to 2.0 Å resolution and show the advantage of using protein crystal lamellae over nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Beale
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - David G Waterman
- STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom.,CCP4, Research Complex at Harwell, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Hecksel
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Jason van Rooyen
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - James B Gilchrist
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - James M Parkhurst
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Felix de Haas
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bart Buijsse
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Gwyndaf Evans
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom.,Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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