1
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Lyu J, Claraz A, Retailleau P, Masson G. Divergent cyclodimerizations of styrylnaphthols under aerobic visible-light irradiation and Brønsted acid catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:9593-9599. [PMID: 36412533 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01509a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric cyclization reactions show great potential to rapidly form highly substituted complex cyclic molecules from simple starting materials. However, such an appealing process is often hampered by the lack of selectivity. Herein we report two divergent cyclodimerization reactions of 1-styrylnaphthalen-2-ol derivatives under simple and very mild reaction conditions. A stereoselective visible light-induced oxidative (1 + 1 + 4 + 4) homodimerization gave rise to highly substituted 1,5-dioxocanes in moderate yields. This transformation harnessed singlet oxygen as a safe and mild oxidant under photocatalyst-free reaction conditions. Additionally, we demonstrated that the same substrates undergo a (4 + 2) heterodimerization under Brønsted-acid catalysis to produce chromane derivatives featuring 3 contiguous tertiary stereocenters in good to high yields with excellent diastereoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Lyu
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Aurélie Claraz
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France. .,HitCat, Seqens-CNRS Joint Laboratory, Seqens'Lab, Porcheville, France
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2
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Brégier F, Sol V, Champavier Y, Galmiche L, Allain C, Audebert P. First Example of a Heptazine-Porphyrin Dyad; Synthesis and Spectroscopic Properties. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196698. [PMID: 36235234 PMCID: PMC9571928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have prepared the first example of a porphyrin linked to an heptazine photoactive antenna. The two entities, linked with an alkyl spacer, demonstrate the activity of both active moieties. While they behave electrochemically independantly, on the other hand the spectroscopy shows the existence of energy transfer between both partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Brégier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE UR 22722, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (P.A.)
| | - Vincent Sol
- Laboratoire PEIRENE UR 22722, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Yves Champavier
- Laboratoire PEIRENE UR 22722, University of Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- BISCEm, NMR Platform, Centre de Biologie et de Recherche en Santé (CBRS), 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Galmiche
- PPSM, Av. Des Sciences, 91100 Gif s. Yvette, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, CEDEX, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Clémence Allain
- PPSM, Av. Des Sciences, 91100 Gif s. Yvette, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, CEDEX, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, Av. Des Sciences, 91100 Gif s. Yvette, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, CEDEX, 94235 Cachan, France
- XLIM, UMR CNRS 7252 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, CEDEX, 87060 Limoges, France
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (P.A.)
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3
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Essalhi M, Mohan M, Marineau-Plante G, Schlachter A, Maris T, Harvey PD, Duong A. S-Heptazine N-ligand based luminescent coordination materials: synthesis, structural and luminescent studies of lanthanide-cyamelurate networks. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15005-15016. [PMID: 36112083 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01924h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various series of lanthanide metal-organic networks denoted Ln-Cy (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb), were synthesized under solvothermal conditions using potassium cyamelurate (K3Cy) and lanthanide nitrate salts. All obtained materials were fully characterized, and their crystal structures were solved by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Four types of coordination modes were elucidated for the Ln-Cy series with different Ln3+ coordination geometries. Structural studies were performed to compare the various coordination compounds of the Ln-Cy series. Moreover, the cyamelurate linkers of rich π-conjugated and uncoordinated Lewis basic sites were used as an absorbing chromophore to enhance the luminescence quantum efficiency, the band emission and the luminescence lifetime of the coordinated Ln metal centers. Solid-state UV-visible measurements combined with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) calculations were performed to further explore luminescent features of the Ln-Cy series and their origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Essalhi
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et physique, Institut de Recherche sur l'Hydrogène, Laboratory of Functional Materials for Energy and Nanotechnology (DuongLab) and Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | - Midhun Mohan
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et physique, Institut de Recherche sur l'Hydrogène, Laboratory of Functional Materials for Energy and Nanotechnology (DuongLab) and Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada.
| | | | - Adrien Schlachter
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thierry Maris
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pierre D Harvey
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, PQ, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Adam Duong
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et physique, Institut de Recherche sur l'Hydrogène, Laboratory of Functional Materials for Energy and Nanotechnology (DuongLab) and Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada.
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4
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Aizawa N, Pu YJ, Harabuchi Y, Nihonyanagi A, Ibuka R, Inuzuka H, Dhara B, Koyama Y, Nakayama KI, Maeda S, Araoka F, Miyajima D. Delayed fluorescence from inverted singlet and triplet excited states. Nature 2022; 609:502-506. [PMID: 36104553 PMCID: PMC9477729 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05132-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hund's multiplicity rule states that a higher spin state has a lower energy for a given electronic configuration1. Rephrasing this rule for molecular excited states predicts a positive energy gap between spin-singlet and spin-triplet excited states, as has been consistent with numerous experimental observations over almost a century. Here we report a fluorescent molecule that disobeys Hund's rule and has a negative singlet-triplet energy gap of -11 ± 2 meV. The energy inversion of the singlet and triplet excited states results in delayed fluorescence with short time constants of 0.2 μs, which anomalously decrease with decreasing temperature owing to the emissive singlet character of the lowest-energy excited state. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) using this molecule exhibited a fast transient electroluminescence decay with a peak external quantum efficiency of 17%, demonstrating its potential implications for optoelectronic devices, including displays, lighting and lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Aizawa
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan. .,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Japan.
| | - Yong-Jin Pu
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan. .,Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan.
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ryotaro Ibuka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | | | - Barun Dhara
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Yuki Koyama
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.,Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Fumito Araoka
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan
| | - Daigo Miyajima
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Japan.
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5
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Varlet T, Bouchet D, Van Elslande E, Masson G. Decatungstate‐Photocatalyzed Dearomative Hydroacylation of Indoles: Direct Synthesis of 2‐Acylindolines. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201707. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Varlet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS University Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Damien Bouchet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS University Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Elsa Van Elslande
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS University Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Géraldine Masson
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN) CNRS University Paris-Saclay 1 Avenue de la Terrasse 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
- HitCat Seqens-CNRS joint laboratory Seqens'Lab 8 Rue de Rouen 78440 Porcheville France
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Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202110491. [PMID: 34787359 PMCID: PMC9299816 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The two-electron reduced forms of perylene diimides (PDIs) are luminescent closed-shell species whose photochemical properties seem underexplored. Our proof-of-concept study demonstrates that straightforward (single) excitation of PDI dianions with green photons provides an excited state that is similarly or more reducing than the much shorter-lived excited states of PDI radical monoanions, which are typically accessible after biphotonic excitation with blue photons. Thermodynamically demanding photocatalytic reductive dehalogenations and reductive C-O bond cleavage reactions of lignin model compounds have been performed using sodium dithionite acts as a reductant, either in aqueous solution or in biphasic water-acetonitrile mixtures in the presence of a phase transfer reagent. Our work illustrates the concept of multi-electron reduction of a photocatalyst by a sacrificial reagent prior to irradiation with low-energy photons as a means of generating very reactive excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
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7
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Li H, Wenger OS. Photophysics of Perylene Diimide Dianions and Their Application in Photoredox Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Li
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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8
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Brachi M, Buzzetti PHM, Gorgy K, Shan D, Audebert P, le Goff A, Li H, Borsali R, Cosnier S. Trialkoxyheptazine-Based Glyconanoparticles for Fluorescence in Aqueous Solutions and on Surfaces via Controlled Binding in Space. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:135-139. [PMID: 35574794 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent organic 2,5,8-tris((adamantan-1-yl)-methoxy)-heptazine (HTZ-Ad) was solubilized in water by inclusion of adamantane groups into free β-cyclodextrins or a cyclodextrin shell of glyconanoparticles. These glyconanoparticles with average diameters between 40 and 60 nm result from the self-assembly of polystyrene-block-β-cyclodextrin copolymers. Under UV irradiation at 365 nm, the modified nanoparticles exhibit fluorescence emission in aqueous media as well as in their adsorbed state. This constitutes the first spectroscopic characterization of a trialkoxyheptazine in aqueous medium. The specific binding of the glyconanoparticles to a surface was achieved via host-guest interactions with an electrochemically generated poly(pyrrole-adamantane) film. An interdigitated microelectrode modified with poly(pyrrole-adamantane) film and glyconanoparticles was incubated in HTZ-Ad, resulting in a substrate with spatially controlled fluorescence. The same modified electrode was incubated with an aqueous suspension of glyconanoparticles previously functionalized by HTZ-Ad, resulting in a fluorescent 3D assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Brachi
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Karine Gorgy
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Dan Shan
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 8531, ENS Cachan, 61 avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan, France
| | - Alan le Goff
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Hong Li
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Redouane Borsali
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Cosnier
- Université Grenoble Alpes, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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9
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Dickerson SD, Ayare PJ, Vannucci AK, Wiskur SL. Exploration of silicon phthalocyanines as viable photocatalysts for organic transformations. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Pios S, Huang X, Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Triangular boron carbon nitrides: an unexplored family of chromophores with unique properties for photocatalysis and optoelectronics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12968-12975. [PMID: 34059871 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that cycl[3.3.3]azine and heptazine (1,3,4,6,7,9,9b-heptaazaphenalene) as well as related azaphenalenes exhibit inverted singlet and triplet states, that is, the energy of the lowest singlet excited state (S1) is below the energy of the lowest triplet excited state (T1). This feature is unique among all known aromatic chromophores and is of outstanding relevance for applications in photocatalysis and organic optoelectronics. Heptazine is the building block of the polymeric material graphitic carbon nitride which is an extensively explored photocatalyst in hydrogen evolution photocatalysis. Derivatives of heptazine have also been identified as efficient emitters in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). In both areas, the inverted singlet-triplet gap of heptazine is a highly beneficial feature. In photocatalysis, the absence of a long-lived triplet state eliminates the activation of atmospheric oxygen, which is favourable for long-term operational stability. In optoelectronics, singlet-triplet inversion implies the possibility of 100% fluorescence efficiency of electron-hole recombination. However, the absorption and luminescence wavelengths of heptazine and the S1-S0 transition dipole moment are difficult to tune for optimal functionality. In this work, we employed high-level ab initio electronic structure theory to devise and characterize a large family of novel heteroaromatic chromophores, the triangular boron carbon nitrides. These novel heterocycles inherit essential spectroscopic features from heptazine, in particular the inverted singlet-triplet gap, while their absorption and luminescence spectra and transition dipole moments are widely tuneable. For applications in photocatalysis, the wavelength of the absorption maximum can be tuned to improve the overlap with the solar spectrum at the surface of earth. For applications in OLEDs, the colour of emission can be adjusted and the fluorescence yield can be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pios
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany.
| | | | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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11
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Audebert P, Kroke E, Posern C, Lee SH. State of the Art in the Preparation and Properties of Molecular Monomeric s-Heptazines: Syntheses, Characteristics, and Functional Applications. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2515-2544. [PMID: 33449621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an account on the fast expanding field of monomeric (or molecular) heptazines, at the exclusion of their various polymeric forms, often referred to as carbon nitrides. While examples of monomeric heptazines were extremely limited until the beginning of this century, the field has started expanding quickly since then, as has the number of reports on polymeric materials, though previous reviews did not separate these fields. We provide here a detailed report on the synthetic procedures for molecular heptazines. We also extensively report on the different achievements realized from these new molecules, in the fields of physical chemistry, spectroscopy, materials preparation, (photo)catalysis, and devices. After a comprehensive summary and discussion on heptazines syntheses and characteristics, we show that starting from well-defined molecules allows a versatility of approaches and a wide tunability of the expected properties. It comes out that the field of monomeric heptazines is now emerging and possibly heading toward maturity, while diverging from the one of polymeric carbon nitrides. It is likely that this area of research will quickly surge to the forefront of the search for active organic molecules, with special attention to the domains of catalysis and organic-based functional materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Audebert
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France.,XLIM Institute, CNRSUMR 7252, 123 Av Albert Thomas, Limoges 87000, France
| | - Edwin Kroke
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christian Posern
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Physics, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- PPSM, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR 8531, 61, Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235 Cachan cedex, France
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12
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Ibrahim Zamkoye I, El Gbouri H, Antony R, Ratier B, Bouclé J, Galmiche L, Trigaud T, Audebert P. Characterization and Electronic Properties of Heptazine Layers: Towards Promising Interfacial Materials for Organic Optoelectronics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3826. [PMID: 32872522 PMCID: PMC7504471 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, an original compound belonging to the heptazine family has been deposited in the form of thin layers, both by thermal evaporation under vacuum and spin-coating techniques. In both cases, smooth and homogeneous layers have been obtained, and their properties evaluated for eventual applications in the field of organic electronics. The layers have been fully characterized by several concordant techniques, namely UV-visible spectroscopy, steady-state and transient fluorescence in the solid-state, as well as topographic and conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) used in Kelvin probe force mode (KPFM). Consequently, the afferent energy levels, including Fermi level, have been determined, and show that these new heptazines are promising materials for tailoring the electronic properties of interfaces associated with printed electronic devices. A test experiment showing an improved electron transfer rate from a tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq3) photo-active layer in presence of a heptazine interlayer is finally presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issoufou Ibrahim Zamkoye
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Houda El Gbouri
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Remi Antony
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Bernard Ratier
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Johann Bouclé
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Laurent Galmiche
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires UMR 5231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, Rue de la Science, 91190 Gif s. Yvette, France;
| | - Thierry Trigaud
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Pierre Audebert
- University of Limoges, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, XLIM, UMR 7252, F-87000 Limoges, France; (I.I.Z.); (H.E.G.); (R.A.); (B.R.); (J.B.)
- Laboratoire de Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires UMR 5231, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris-Saclay, Rue de la Science, 91190 Gif s. Yvette, France;
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