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Jussila T, Philip A, Rubio-Giménez V, Eklund K, Vasala S, Glatzel P, Lindén J, Motohashi T, Karttunen AJ, Ameloot R, Karppinen M. Chemical Bonding and Crystal Structure Schemes in Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposited Fe-Terephthalate Thin Films. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2024; 36:6489-6503. [PMID: 39005530 PMCID: PMC11238545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.4c00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Advanced deposition routes are vital for the growth of functional metal-organic thin films. The gas-phase atomic/molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD) technique provides solvent-free and uniform nanoscale thin films with unprecedented thickness control and allows straightforward device integration. Most excitingly, the ALD/MLD technique can enable the in situ growth of novel crystalline metal-organic materials. An exquisite example is iron-terephthalate (Fe-BDC), which is one of the most appealing metal-organic framework (MOF) type materials and thus widely studied in bulk form owing to its attractive potential in photocatalysis, biomedicine, and beyond. Resolving the chemistry and structural features of new thin film materials requires an extended selection of characterization and modeling techniques. Here we demonstrate how the unique features of the ALD/MLD grown in situ crystalline Fe-BDC thin films, different from the bulk Fe-BDC MOFs, can be resolved through techniques such as synchrotron grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy, and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) and crystal structure predictions. The investigations of the Fe-BDC thin films, containing both trivalent and divalent iron, converge toward a novel crystalline Fe(III)-BDC monoclinic phase with space group C2/c and an amorphous Fe(II)-BDC phase. Finally, we demonstrate the excellent thermal stability of our Fe-BDC thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topias Jussila
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Anish Philip
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Víctor Rubio-Giménez
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kim Eklund
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Sami Vasala
- ESRF
- The European Synchrotron, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Johan Lindén
- Physics/Faculty
of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi
University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Teruki Motohashi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Kanagawa University, Yokohama 221-8686, Japan
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Rob Ameloot
- Centre
for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy (cMACS), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
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2
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Rodriguez JR, Flores M, Trujillo B, Díaz de León JN, Aguirre SB, Cadena-Nava RD, Félix RM, Sauceda D, Camacho S. Facile one-pot synthesis of lithium metal nanoparticles for superior lithium-ion anode applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 657:953-959. [PMID: 38096778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
A capable one-step method, femtosecond laser ablation of solids in liquids, was successfully applied to prepare lithium metal nanoparticles to mitigate the initial capacity loss and improve the electrochemical performance of a graphite-based electrode as a Li-host anode. Remarkably, according to the physicochemical characterization, this advanced optical method allowed to obtain uniform spheroidal and crystalline Li nanoparticles with an average particle size <20 nm. These novel ultrafine Li nanoparticles significantly decrease the initial capacity loss of a graphite-based anode, leading to reach high coulombic efficiency (>99 %), good specific charge capacity (322 mAh/g), and superior capacity retention (96 %) at an applied current density of 100 mA g-1 after 200 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jassiel R Rodriguez
- Departamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico.
| | - Mariela Flores
- Departamento de Óptica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
| | - Balter Trujillo
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Tijuana, BC 22000, Mexico
| | - J N Díaz de León
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, BC 22860, México
| | - Sandra B Aguirre
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, BC 22873, Mexico
| | - Ruben D Cadena-Nava
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, BC 22860, México
| | - Rosa Maria Félix
- Centro de Graduados e Investigación en Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Tijuana, BC 22000, Mexico
| | - Daniel Sauceda
- Departamento de Electrónica y Telecomunicaciones, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
| | - Santiago Camacho
- Departamento de Óptica, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
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3
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Egorov K, Zhao W, Knemeyer K, Filippin AN, Giraldo A, Battaglia C. Mitigating First-Cycle Capacity Losses in NMC811 via Lithicone Layers Grown by Molecular Layer Deposition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:20075-20080. [PMID: 37040335 PMCID: PMC10141247 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nickel-rich LiNi1-x-yMnxCoyO2 (NMC, 1 - x - y ≥ 0.8) is currently considered one of the most promising cathode materials for high-energy-density automotive lithium-ion batteries. Here, we show that capacity losses occurring in balanced NMC811||graphite cells can be mitigated by lithicone layers grown by molecular layer deposition directly onto porous NMC811 particle electrodes. Lithicone layers with a stoichiometry of LiOC0.5H0.3 as determined by elastic recoil detection analysis and a nominal thickness of 20 nm determined by ellipsometry on a flat reference substrate improve the overall NMC811||graphite cell capacity by ∼5% without negatively affecting the rate capability and long-term cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Egorov
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wengao Zhao
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Corsin Battaglia
- Empa, Swiss Federal
Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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4
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Sullivan M, Tang P, Meng X. Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition as Surface Engineering Techniques for Emerging Alkali Metal Rechargeable Batteries. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196170. [PMID: 36234705 PMCID: PMC9572714 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alkali metals (lithium, sodium, and potassium) are promising as anodes in emerging rechargeable batteries, ascribed to their high capacity or abundance. Two commonly experienced issues, however, have hindered them from commercialization: the dendritic growth of alkali metals during plating and the formation of solid electrolyte interphase due to contact with liquid electrolytes. Many technical strategies have been developed for addressing these two issues in the past decades. Among them, atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD) have been drawing more and more efforts, owing to a series of their unique capabilities. ALD and MLD enable a variety of inorganic, organic, and even inorganic-organic hybrid materials, featuring accurate nanoscale controllability, low process temperature, and extremely uniform and conformal coverage. Consequently, ALD and MLD have paved a novel route for tackling the issues of alkali metal anodes. In this review, we have made a thorough survey on surface coatings via ALD and MLD, and comparatively analyzed their effects on improving the safety and stability of alkali metal anodes. We expect that this article will help boost more efforts in exploring advanced surface coatings via ALD and MLD to successfully mitigate the issues of alkali metal anodes.
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5
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Jain H, Creatore M, Poodt P. Spatial atmospheric pressure molecular layer deposition of alucone films using dimethylaluminum isopropoxide as the precursor. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7918-7927. [PMID: 35537141 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00570k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylaluminum is the most used aluminum precursor in atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD/MLD). It provides high growth-per-cycle (GPC), is highly reactive and is relatively low cost. However, in the deposition of hybrid alucone films, TMA tends to infiltrate into the films requiring very long purge steps and thereby limiting the deposition rate (nm s-1) of the process. From our previous studies, we know that dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI) could be a potential candidate to substitute TMA in alucone depositions as it does not seem to infiltrate into the films. In this study, we perform a more detailed investigation of MLD of alucone on an atmospheric pressure spatial MLD system using DMAI as the aluminum precursor. The effect of deposition temperature and reactant purge times on the overall GPC has been investigated and a decreasing GPC with increasing deposition temperature and increasing EG purge time has been observed. Furthermore, the DMAI alucone films have been compared for their chemical environment and degradation with the films prepared using TMA and EG, showing striking similarities between the two. The results demonstrate that DMAI can be used as an alternative precursor to TMA for MLD of alucone films and this work can be used as a guide for designing efficient MLD processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Jain
- TNO/Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands. .,Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mariadriana Creatore
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Poodt
- TNO/Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands. .,Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Chen C, Liang Q, Chen Z, Zhu W, Wang Z, Li Y, Wu X, Xiong X. Phenoxy Radical-Induced Formation of Dual-Layered Protection Film for High-Rate and Dendrite-Free Lithium-Metal Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26718-26724. [PMID: 34580969 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrollable dendrite growth of Li metal anode leads to poor cycle stability and safety concerns, hindering its utilization in high energy density batteries. Herein, a phenoxy radical Spiro-O8 is proposed as an artificial protection film for Li metal anode owing to its excellent film-forming capability and remarkable ionic conductivity. A spontaneous redox reaction between the Spiro-O8 and Li metal results in the formation of a uniform and highly ionic conductive organic film in the bottom. Meanwhile, the phenoxy radicals on surface of Spiro-O8 facilitate the decomposition of Li salt upon exposed to the ether electrolyte and lead the formation of LiF film on the top. Arising from the synergistic effects of inner high ionic conductive film and outer rigid film, stable Li plating/stripping can be realized at a high current density (4000 cycles at 10 mA cm-2 ) and a high areal capacity of 5 mAh cm-2 for 550 h with an ultrahigh Li utilization rate of 54.6 %. As a proof of concept, this work shows a facile strategy to rationally fabricate dual-layered interfaces for Li metal anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Qianwen Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jishou University, Jishou, 416000, P. R. China
| | - Xunhui Xiong
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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7
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Madadi M, Heiska J, Multia J, Karppinen M. Atomic and Molecular Layer Deposition of Alkali Metal Based Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56793-56811. [PMID: 34825816 PMCID: PMC8662639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is the fastest growing thin-film technology in microelectronics, but it is also recognized as a promising fabrication strategy for various alkali-metal-based thin films in emerging energy technologies, the spearhead application being the Li-ion battery. Since the pioneering work in 2009 for Li-containing thin films, the field has been rapidly growing and also widened from lithium to other alkali metals. Moreover, alkali-metal-based metal-organic thin films have been successfully grown by combining molecular layer deposition (MLD) cycles of the organic molecules with the ALD cycles of the alkali metal precursor. The current literature describes already around 100 ALD and ALD/MLD processes for alkali-metal-bearing materials. Interestingly, some of these materials cannot even be made by any other synthesis route. In this review, our intention is to present the current state of research in the field by (i) summarizing the ALD and ALD/MLD processes so far developed for the different alkali metals, (ii) highlighting the most intriguing thin-film materials obtained thereof, and (iii) addressing both the advantages and limitations of ALD and MLD in the application space of these materials. Finally, (iv) a brief outlook for the future perspectives and challenges of the field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Madadi
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Juho Heiska
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Jenna Multia
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and
Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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8
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Chen C, Liang Q, Chen Z, Zhu W, Wang Z, Li Y, Wu X, Xiong X. Phenoxy Radical‐Induced Formation of Dual‐Layered Protection Film for High‐Rate and Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Anodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- School of Environment and Energy South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Qianwen Liang
- School of Environment and Energy South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Zhongxin Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Weiya Zhu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Xianwen Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Jishou University Jishou 416000 P. R. China
| | - Xunhui Xiong
- School of Environment and Energy South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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9
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Heiska J, Sorsa O, Kallio T, Karppinen M. Benzenedisulfonic Acid as an ALD/MLD Building Block for Crystalline Metal-Organic Thin Films*. Chemistry 2021; 27:8799-8803. [PMID: 33780076 PMCID: PMC8251735 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Two new atomic/molecular layer deposition processes for depositing crystalline metal-organic thin films, built from 1,4-benzenedisulfonate (BDS) as the organic linker and Cu or Li as the metal node, are reported. The processes yield in-situ crystalline but hydrated Cu-BDS and Li-BDS films; in the former case, the crystal structure is of a previously known metal-organic-framework-like structure, while in the latter case not known from previous studies. Both hydrated materials can be readily dried to obtain the crystalline unhydrated phases. The stability and the ionic conductivity of the unhydrated Li-BDS films were characterized to assess their applicability as a thin film solid polymer Li-ion conductor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juho Heiska
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University00076EspooFinland
| | - Olli Sorsa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University00076EspooFinland
| | - Tanja Kallio
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University00076EspooFinland
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto University00076EspooFinland
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Jain H, Poodt P. About the importance of purge time in molecular layer deposition of alucone films. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5807-5818. [PMID: 33949540 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The deposition rate and properties of MLD films are for a large part determined by what happens during the reactant exposure step. In some cases, however, the purge step is of equal importance, for example in MLD of alucone using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and ethylene glycol (EG). We show that infiltration of TMA into the alucone film followed by its continuous outgassing during the subsequent EG exposure step can lead to undesired CVD effects. To avoid the CVD effects, very long TMA purge times are required which in turn significantly impact the obtainable deposition rates. We also developed a kinetic model that correlates process parameters like reactant partial pressures, exposure times, purge time and deposition temperature to the CVD component in the film growth. We observed that the overall GPC decreases exponentially with TMA purge time attributed to the decreasing CVD component and after a long enough purge time reaches a steady-state value of growth only due to the MLD component. It was also observed that the CVD contributions reduced with decreasing partial pressure of TMA and increasing deposition temperature. With an intention to improve the outgassing efficiency of TMA, the influence of purge gas flow on the CVD growth component is also briefly discussed. Moreover, to mitigate the problem of infiltration, we show that a bulkier substitute of TMA like dimethylaluminum isopropoxide (DMAI) shows no infiltration and can improve the alucone deposition rate by at least an order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardik Jain
- TNO/Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands. and Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Poodt
- TNO/Holst Centre, 5656 AE Eindhoven, Netherlands. and Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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