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Puerto Galvis CE, González Ruiz DA, Martínez-Ferrero E, Palomares E. Challenges in the design and synthesis of self-assembling molecules as selective contacts in perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1534-1556. [PMID: 38303950 PMCID: PMC10829004 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04668k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling molecules (SAMs), as selective contacts, play an important role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), determining the performance and stability of these photovoltaic devices. These materials offer many advantages over other traditional materials used as hole-selective contacts, as they can be easily deposited on a large area of metal oxides, can modify the work function of these substrates, and reduce optical and electric losses with low material consumption. However, the most interesting thing about SAMs is that by modifying the chemical structure of the small molecules used, the energy levels, molecular dipoles, and surface properties of this assembled monolayer can be modulated to fine-tune the desired interactions between the substrate and the active layer. Due to the important role of organic chemistry in the field of photovoltaics, in this review, we will cover the current challenges for the design and synthesis of SAMs PSCs. Discussing, the structural features that define a SAM, (ii) disclosing how commercial molecules inspired the synthesis of new SAMs; and (iii) detailing the pros- and cons- of the reported synthetic protocols that have been employed for the synthesis of molecules for SAMs, helping synthetic chemists to develop novel structures and promoting the fast industrialization of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos E Puerto Galvis
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
| | - Dora A González Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
- Departament d'Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica., Universitat Rovira i Virgili Avda. Països Catalans, 26 Tarragona Spain
| | | | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ) Avda. Països Catalans, 16 Tarragona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23 Barcelona Spain
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Seselj N, Alfaro SM, Bompolaki E, Cleemann LN, Torres T, Azizi K. Catalyst Development for High-Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (HT-PEMFC) Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2302207. [PMID: 37151102 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202302207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A constant increase in global emission standard is causing fuel cell (FC) technology to gain importance. Over the last two decades, a great deal of research has been focused on developing more active catalysts to boost the performance of high-temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (HT-PEMFC), as well as their durability. Due to material degradation at high-temperature conditions, catalyst design becomes challenging. Two main approaches are suggested: (i) alloying platinum (Pt) with low-cost transition metals to reduce Pt usage, and (ii) developing novel catalyst support that anchor metal particles more efficiently while inhibiting corrosion phenomena. In this comprehensive review, the most recent platinum group metal (PGM) and platinum group metal free (PGM-free) catalyst development is detailed, as well as the development of alternative carbon (C) supports for HT-PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjeljko Seselj
- Blue World Technologies, Egeskovvej 6C, Kvistgaard, 3490, Denmark
| | - Silvia M Alfaro
- Blue World Technologies, Egeskovvej 6C, Kvistgaard, 3490, Denmark
| | | | - Lars N Cleemann
- Blue World Technologies, Egeskovvej 6C, Kvistgaard, 3490, Denmark
| | - Tomas Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, c/Faraday, 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Kobra Azizi
- Blue World Technologies, Egeskovvej 6C, Kvistgaard, 3490, Denmark
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Truong MA, Funasaki T, Ueberricke L, Nojo W, Murdey R, Yamada T, Hu S, Akatsuka A, Sekiguchi N, Hira S, Xie L, Nakamura T, Shioya N, Kan D, Tsuji Y, Iikubo S, Yoshida H, Shimakawa Y, Hasegawa T, Kanemitsu Y, Suzuki T, Wakamiya A. Tripodal Triazatruxene Derivative as a Face-On Oriented Hole-Collecting Monolayer for Efficient and Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7528-7539. [PMID: 36947735 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Hole-collecting monolayers have drawn attention in perovskite solar cell research due to their ease of processing, high performance, and good durability. Since molecules in the hole-collecting monolayer are typically composed of functionalized π-conjugated structures, hole extraction is expected to be more efficient when the π-cores are oriented face-on with respect to the adjacent surfaces. However, strategies for reliably controlling the molecular orientation in monolayers remain elusive. In this work, multiple phosphonic acid anchoring groups were used to control the molecular orientation of a series of triazatruxene derivatives chemisorbed on a transparent conducting oxide electrode surface. Using infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and metastable atom electron spectroscopy, we found that multipodal derivatives align face-on to the electrode surface, while the monopodal counterpart adopts a more tilted configuration. The face-on orientation was found to facilitate hole extraction, leading to inverted perovskite solar cells with enhanced stability and high-power conversion efficiencies up to 23.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Anh Truong
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Funasaki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lucas Ueberricke
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Wataru Nojo
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Richard Murdey
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamada
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Shuaifeng Hu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Aruto Akatsuka
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Naomu Sekiguchi
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shota Hira
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Lingling Xie
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamura
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Shioya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kan
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Department of Advanced Analytical Science for Materials and Devices, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iikubo
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yoshida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- Molecular Chirality Research Center, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimakawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hasegawa
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Kanemitsu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Takanori Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Wakamiya
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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Freddi S, Marzuoli C, Pagliara S, Drera G, Sangaletti L. Targeting biomarkers in the gas phase through a chemoresistive electronic nose based on graphene functionalized with metal phthalocyanines. RSC Adv 2022; 13:251-263. [PMID: 36605647 PMCID: PMC9769103 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic noses (e-noses) have received considerable interest in the past decade as they can match the emerging needs of modern society such as environmental monitoring, health screening, and food quality tracking. For practical applications of e-noses, it is necessary to collect large amounts of data from an array of sensing devices that can detect interactions with molecules reliably and analyze them via pattern recognition. The use of graphene (Gr)-based arrays of chemiresistors in e-noses is still virtually missing, though recent reports on Gr-based chemiresistors have disclosed high sensing performances upon functionalization of the pristine layer, opening up the possibility of being implemented into e-noses. In this work, with the aim of creating a robust and chemically stable interface that combines the chemical properties of metal phthalocyanines (M-Pc, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Zn) with the superior transport properties of Gr, an array of Gr-based chemiresistor sensors functionalized with drop-cast M-Pc thin layers has been developed. The sensing capability of the array was tested towards biomarkers for breathomics application, with a focus on ammonia (NH3). Exposure to NH3 has been carried out drawing the calibration curve and estimating the detection limit for all the sensors. The discrimination capability of the array has then been tested, carrying out exposure to several gases (hydrogen sulfide, acetone, ethanol, 2-propanol, water vapour and benzene) and analysing the data through principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA pattern recognition results show that the developed e-nose is able to discriminate all the tested gases through the synergic contribution of all sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Freddi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly,Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F3001 LeuvenBelgium
| | - Camilla Marzuoli
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Stefania Pagliara
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Giovanni Drera
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
| | - Luigi Sangaletti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, Surface Science and Spectroscopy Lab@I-Lamp, Università Cattolica del Sacro CuoreVia della Garzetta 4825123 BresciaItaly
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Aktas E, Pudi R, Phung N, Wenisch R, Gregori L, Meggiolaro D, Flatken MA, De Angelis F, Lauermann I, Abate A, Palomares E. Role of Terminal Group Position in Triphenylamine-Based Self-Assembled Hole-Selective Molecules in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:17461-17469. [PMID: 35385253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of self-assembled molecules (SAMs) as a charge selective layer in perovskite solar cells has gained tremendous attention. As a result, highly efficient and stable devices have been released with stand-alone SAMs binding ITO substrates. However, further structural understanding of the effect of SAM in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is required. Herein, three triphenylamine-based molecules with differently positioned methoxy substituents have been synthesized that can self-assemble onto the metal oxide layers that selectively extract holes. They have been effectively employed in p-i-n PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of up to 20%. We found that the perovskite deposited onto SAMs made by para- and ortho-substituted hole selective contacts provides large grain thin film formation increasing the power conversion efficiencies. Density functional theory predicts that para- and ortho-substituted position SAMs might form a well-ordered structure by improving the SAM's arrangement and in consequence enhancing its stability on the metal oxide surface. We believe this result will be a benchmark for the design of further SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Aktas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
- Departament de Química-Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
| | - Rajesh Pudi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
| | - Nga Phung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Wenisch
- PVcomB/Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstraße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Gregori
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marion A Flatken
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Dhahran 34754 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iver Lauermann
- PVcomB/Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstraße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Italy
| | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig LLuís Companys 23, E-08010, Barcelona, Spain
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Low-Symmetry Phthalocyanines Bearing Carboxy-Groups: Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Quantum-Chemical Characterization. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020524. [PMID: 35056834 PMCID: PMC8781019 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of A3B-type phthalocyanines, ZnPc1–4, bearing bulky 2,6-diisopropylphenoxy-groups or chlorine atoms on isoindoline units “A” and either one or two carboxylic anchors on isoindoline unit “B” are reported. A comparison of molecular modelling with the conventional time dependent—density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach and its simplified sTD-DFT approximation provides further evidence that the latter method accurately reproduces the key trends in the spectral properties, providing colossal savings in computer time for quite large molecules. This demonstrates that it is a valuable tool for guiding the rational design of new phthalocyanines for practical applications.
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Ibrahimova V, González-Delgado JA, Levêque M, Torres T, Garanger E, Lecommandoux S. Photooxidation Responsive Elastin-Like Polypeptide Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy Application. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1719-1728. [PMID: 34240853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive recombinant elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are artificial protein polymers derived from the hydrophobic domain of tropoelastin that have attracted significant interest for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. In the present study, we have conjugated a photosensitizer (PS) to a hydrophobic methionine-containing ELP scaffold, which upon reaction with singlet oxygen (1O2) is transformed into a hydrophilic sulfoxide derivative facilitating the disassembly of photosensitizer-delivery particles during the photodynamic therapy (PDT) process. A peripherally substituted carboxy-Zn(II)-phthalocyanine derivative (TT1) bearing a carboxyl group directly linked to the Pc-ring, and presenting an absorption maximum around 680 nm, was selected as PS which simultaneously acted as a photooxidation catalyst. A TT1-ELP[M1V3-40] conjugate was prepared from ELP[M1V3-40] modified with an alkyne group at the N-terminal chain end, and from TT1-amide-C3-azide by copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. This innovative model photooxidation sensitive PS delivery technology offers promising attributes in terms of temperature-controlled particle formation and oxidation-triggered release, narrow molar mass distribution, reproducibility, scalability, non-immunogenicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability for pharmaceutical applications in an effort to improve the clinical effectiveness of PDT treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusala Ibrahimova
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Manon Levêque
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Garanger
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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