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Iannetti L, Cambiaso S, Rasera F, Giacomello A, Rossi G, Bochicchio D, Tinti A. The surface tension of Martini 3 water mixtures. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:084707. [PMID: 39189655 DOI: 10.1063/5.0221199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The Martini model, a coarse-grained forcefield for biomolecular simulations, has experienced a vast increase in popularity in the past decade. Its building-block approach balances computational efficiency with high chemical specificity, enabling the simulation of organic and inorganic molecules. The modeling of coarse-grained beads as Lennard-Jones particles poses challenges for the accurate reproduction of liquid-vapor interfacial properties, which are crucial in various applications, especially in the case of water. The latest version of the forcefield introduces refined interaction parameters for water beads, tackling the well-known artifact of Martini water freezing at room temperature. In addition, multiple sizes of water beads are available for simulating the solvation of small cavities, including the smallest pockets of proteins. This work focuses on studying the interfacial properties of Martini water, including surface tension and surface thickness. Employing the test-area method, we systematically compute the liquid-vapor surface tension across various combinations of water bead sizes and for temperatures from 300 to 350 K. These findings are of interest to the Martini community as they allow users to account for the low interfacial tension of Martini water by properly adjusting observables computed via coarse-grained simulations to allow for accurate matching against all-atom or experimental results. Surface tension data are also interpreted in terms of local enrichment of the various mixture components at the liquid-vapor interface by means of Gibbs' adsorption formalism. Finally, the critical scaling of the Martini surface tension with temperature is reported to be consistent with the critical exponent of the 3D Ising universality class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Iannetti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Sonia Cambiaso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Fabio Rasera
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Giacomello
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Tinti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica ed Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, Via Eudossiana 18, 00184 Roma, Italy
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Parrow A, Kabedev A, Larsson P, Johansson P, Abrahamsson B, Bergström CAS. Drug solubilization in dog intestinal fluids with and without administration of lipid-based formulations. J Control Release 2024; 371:555-569. [PMID: 38844179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The use of animal experiments can be minimized with computational models capable of reflecting the simulated environments. One such environment is intestinal fluid and the colloids formed in it. In this study we used molecular dynamics simulations to investigate solubilization patterns for three model drugs (carvedilol, felodipine and probucol) in dog intestinal fluid, a lipid-based formulation, and a mixture of both. We observed morphological transformations that lipids undergo due to the digestion process in the intestinal environment. Further, we evaluated the effect of bile salt concentration and observed the importance of interindividual variability. We applied two methods of estimating solubility enhancement based on the simulated data, of which one was in good qualitative agreement with the experimentally observed solubility enhancement. In addition to the computational simulations, we also measured solubility in i) aspirated dog intestinal fluid samples and ii) simulated canine intestinal fluid in the fasted state, and found there was no statistical difference between the two. Hence, a simplified dissolution medium suitable for in vitro studies provided physiologically relevant data for the systems explored. The computational protocol used in this study, coupled with in vitro studies using simulated intestinal fluids, can serve as a useful prescreening tool in the process of drug delivery strategies development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Parrow
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksei Kabedev
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Larsson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lim SH, Wong TW, Tay WX. Overcoming colloidal nanoparticle aggregation in biological milieu for cancer therapeutic delivery: Perspectives of materials and particle design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 325:103094. [PMID: 38359673 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Nanoparticles as cancer therapeutic carrier fail in clinical translation due to complex biological environments in vivo consisting of electrolytes and proteins which render nanoparticle aggregation and unable to reach action site. This review identifies the desirable characteristics of nanoparticles and their constituent materials that prevent aggregation from site of administration (oral, lung, injection) to target site. Oral nanoparticles should ideally be 75-100 nm whereas the size of pulmonary nanoparticles minimally affects their aggregation. Nanoparticles generally should carry excess negative surface charges particularly in fasting state and exert steric hindrance through surface decoration with citrate, anionic surfactants and large polymeric chains (polyethylene glycol and polyvinylpyrrolidone) to prevent aggregation. Anionic as well as cationic nanoparticles are both predisposed to protein corona formation as a function of biological protein isoelectric points. Their nanoparticulate surface composition as such should confer hydrophilicity or steric hindrance to evade protein corona formation or its formation should translate into steric hindrance or surface negative charges to prevent further aggregation. Unexpectedly, smaller and cationic nanoparticles are less prone to aggregation at cancer cell interface favoring endocytosis whereas aggregation is essential to enable nanoparticles retention and subsequent cancer cell uptake in tumor microenvironment. Present studies are largely conducted in vitro with simplified simulated biological media. Future aggregation assessment of nanoparticles in biological fluids that mimic that of patients is imperative to address conflicting materials and designs required as a function of body sites in order to realize the future clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Huan Lim
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543; Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor, Puncak Alam 42300, Selangor, Malaysia; UM-UiTM Excipient Development Research Unit (EXDEU), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Malaya, Lembah Pantai 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Wei Xian Tay
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 18 Science Drive 4, Republic of Singapore 117543
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Yong X, Du K. Effects of Shape on Interaction Dynamics of Tetrahedral Nanoplastics and the Cell Membrane. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:1652-1663. [PMID: 36763902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Cellular uptake of nanoplastics is instrumental in their environmental accumulation and transfer to humans through the food chain. Despite extensive studies using spherical plastic nanoparticles, the influence of the morphological characteristics of environmentally released nanoplastics is understudied. Using dissipative particle dynamics simulations, we modeled the interactions between a cell membrane and hydrophobic nanotetrahedra, which feature high shape anisotropy and large surface curvature seen for environmental nanoplastics. We observe robust uptake of nanotetrahedra with sharp vertices and edges by the lipid membrane. Two local energy minimum configurations of nanotetrahedra embedded in the membrane bilayer were identified for particles of large sizes. Further analysis of particle dynamics within the membrane shows that the two interaction states exhibit distinct translational and rotational dynamics in the directions normal and parallel to the plane of the membrane. The membrane confinement significantly arrests the out-of-plane motion, resulting in caged translation and subdiffusive rotation. While the in-plane diffusion remains Brownian, we find that the translational and rotational modes decouple from each other as the particle size increases. The rotational diffusion decreases by a greater extent compared to the translational diffusion, deviating from the continuum theory predictions. These results provide fundamental insights into the shape effect on the nanoparticle dynamics in crowded lipid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Canepa E, Relini A, Bochicchio D, Lavagna E, Mescola A. Amphiphilic Gold Nanoparticles: A Biomimetic Tool to Gain Mechanistic Insights into Peptide-Lipid Interactions. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:673. [PMID: 35877876 PMCID: PMC9324301 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Functional peptides are now widely used in a myriad of biomedical and clinical contexts, from cancer therapy and tumor targeting to the treatment of bacterial and viral infections. Underlying this diverse range of applications are the non-specific interactions that can occur between peptides and cell membranes, which, in many contexts, result in spontaneous internalization of the peptide within cells by avoiding energy-driven endocytosis. For this to occur, the amphipathicity and surface structural flexibility of the peptides play a crucial role and can be regulated by the presence of specific molecular residues that give rise to precise molecular events. Nevertheless, most of the mechanistic details regulating the encounter between peptides and the membranes of bacterial or animal cells are still poorly understood, thus greatly limiting the biomimetic potential of these therapeutic molecules. In this arena, finely engineered nanomaterials-such as small amphiphilic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) protected by a mixed thiol monolayer-can provide a powerful tool for mimicking and investigating the physicochemical processes underlying peptide-lipid interactions. Within this perspective, we present here a critical review of membrane effects induced by both amphiphilic AuNPs and well-known amphiphilic peptide families, such as cell-penetrating peptides and antimicrobial peptides. Our discussion is focused particularly on the effects provoked on widely studied model cell membranes, such as supported lipid bilayers and lipid vesicles. Remarkable similarities in the peptide or nanoparticle membrane behavior are critically analyzed. Overall, our work provides an overview of the use of amphiphilic AuNPs as a highly promising tailor-made model to decipher the molecular events behind non-specific peptide-lipid interactions and highlights the main affinities observed both theoretically and experimentally. The knowledge resulting from this biomimetic approach could pave the way for the design of synthetic peptides with tailored functionalities for next-generation biomedical applications, such as highly efficient intracellular delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Canepa
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Annalisa Relini
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Davide Bochicchio
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Enrico Lavagna
- Department of Physics, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.); (D.B.)
| | - Andrea Mescola
- CNR-Nanoscience Institute-S3, Via Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Marrink SJ, Monticelli L, Melo MN, Alessandri R, Tieleman DP, Souza PCT. Two decades of Martini: Better beads, broader scope. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Paulo C. T. Souza
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
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Li Z, Zhu X, Li J, Zhong J, Zhang J, Fan J. Molecular insights into the resistance of phospholipid heads to the membrane penetration of graphene nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5384-5391. [PMID: 35319035 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07684a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between nanomaterials and phospholipid membranes underlies many emerging biological applications. To what extent hydrophilic phospholipid heads shield the bilayer from the integration of hydrophobic nanomaterials remains unclear, and this open question contains important insights for understanding biological membrane physics. Here, we present molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to clarify the resistance of phospholipid heads to the membrane penetration of graphene nanosheets. With 130 simulation trials, we observed that ∼22% graphene nanosheets penetrate the POPC bilayer. Sharp corners of the nanosheets should have a lower energy barrier than nanosheet edges, but interestingly, the membrane penetration mainly starts from the edge-approaching orientation. We thoroughly analyzed the pentration pathway and propulsion, indicating that the membrane penetration of graphene nanosheets is dominated by the joint effects of nanosheet edges and corners. Furthermore, the molecular origin of the resistance is clarified by evaluating the bilayers of different phospholipids, which successfully correlates the penetration resistance of phospholipid heads with the correlated motions of neighboring phospholipids for the first time. These results are expected to inspire future studies on the dynamic behavior of phospholipids, bio-nano interfaces, and design of biological nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-Fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6316, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China.
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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Singhal A, Agur Sevink GJ. The role of size and nature in nanoparticle binding to a model lung membrane: an atomistic study. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6635-6648. [PMID: 36132649 PMCID: PMC9417560 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00578b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) by different types of cellular membranes plays a pivotal role in the design of NPs for medical applications and in avoiding adverse effects that result in nanotoxicity. Yet, the role of key design parameters, such as the bare NP material, NP size and surface reactivity, and the nature of NP coatings, in membrane remodelling and uptake mechanisms is still very poorly understood, particularly towards the lower range of NP dimensions that are beyond the experimental imaging resolution. The same can be said about the role of a particular membrane composition. Here, we systematically employ biased and unbiased molecular dynamics simulations to calculate the binding energy for three bare materials (Ag/SiO2/TiO2) and three NP sizes (1/3/5 nm diameter) with a representative lung surfactant membrane, and to study their binding kinetics. The calculated binding energies show that irrespective of size, Ag nanoparticles bind very strongly to the bilayer, while the NPs made of SiO2 or TiO2 experience very low to no binding. The unbiased simulations provide insight into how the NPs and membrane affect each other in terms of the solvent-accessible surface area (SASA) of the NPs and the defect types and fluidity of the membrane. Using these systematic fine-grained results in coarsening procedures will pave the way for simulations considering NP sizes that are well beyond the membrane thickness, i.e. closer to experimental dimensions, for which different binding characteristics and more significant membrane remodelling are expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Singhal
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - G J Agur Sevink
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
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9
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Lavagna E, Güven ZP, Bochicchio D, Olgiati F, Stellacci F, Rossi G. Amphiphilic nanoparticles generate curvature in lipid membranes and shape liposome-liposome interfaces. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:16879-16884. [PMID: 34617538 PMCID: PMC8530203 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We show by molecular dynamics that amphiphilic Au nanoparticles (NP) with a diameter of 4 nm generate curvature in phosphatidylcholine lipid membranes. NPs generate negative curvature when they adsorb on the membrane surface but, as they get spontaneously and progressively embedded into the membrane core, the curvature turns positive. As membrane embedding is kinetically slow, both configurations can be observed by Cryo-EM. NP-induced curvature explains the peculiar structure of liposome-liposome interfaces in presence of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lavagna
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Z P Güven
- Institute of Materials and Bioengineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Bochicchio
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
| | - F Olgiati
- Institute of Materials and Bioengineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - F Stellacci
- Institute of Materials and Bioengineering Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Rossi
- Physics Department, University of Genoa, Via Dodecaneso 33, 16146 Genoa, Italy.
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He K, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Chen H, Yuan B, Pang HB, Yang K. Membrane-curvature-mediated co-endocytosis of bystander and functional nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9626-9633. [PMID: 34008687 PMCID: PMC8177723 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01443a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient cellular uptake of nanoparticles (NPs) is necessary for the development of nanomedicine in biomedical applications. Recently, the coadministration of functionalized NPs (FNPs) was shown to stimulate the cellular uptake of nonfunctionalized NPs (termed bystander NPs, BNPs), which presents a new strategy to achieve synergistic delivery. However, a mechanistic understanding of the underlying mechanism is still lacking. In this work, the bystander uptake effect was investigated at the cell membrane level by combining the coarse-grained molecular dynamics, potential of mean force calculation and theoretical energy analysis methods. The membrane internalization efficiency of BNPs was enhanced by co-administered FNPs, and such activity depends on the affinity of both NPs to the membrane and the resultant membrane deformation. The membrane-curvature-mediated attraction and aggregation of NPs facilitated the membrane uptake of BNPs. Furthermore, quantitative suggestions were given to modulate the BNP internalization through controlling the FNP properties such as size, concentration and surface-ligand density. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism of the bystander uptake effect, and offer a practical guide to regulate the cellular internalization of NPs for targeted and efficient delivery to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejie He
- Center for Soft Condensed Matter Physics and Interdisciplinary Research & School of Physical Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China.
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Zhuo S, Zhang X, Luo H, Wang X, Ji Y. The Application of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Chiral Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000404. [PMID: 32935899 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) made their debut in 2005 and caused enthusiastic attention because of their ordered, crystalline structure. They are constructed with pure organic building blocks that are linked together by robust covalent linkages. COFs are applied in numerous fields due to their large surface area, architecture and chemistry stabilities, functional pore walls, and tunable frameworks. Incorporating COFs with chiral compounds can build chiral COFs (CCOFs), which have exhibited significant advantages in the chiral chemistry field. This review focuses on the applications of COFs for chiral catalysis, chiral separation, and chiral sensoring up to now. Furthermore, the synthesis and design strategies of CCOFs are also discussed in this article, since the COFs used in chiral chemistry are generally CCOFs. There also sums up the benefits and defects of COFs used in the chiral field and outlines future opportunities. The studies described in this review demonstrate not only the advantages of COFs in practical use but also novel solutions for the problems in the chirality area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Zhuo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xuehua Wang
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yibing Ji
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210009, China
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