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Wang Y, Chai J, Li Y, Li Q, Du J, Chen Z, Wang L, Tang B. Strategies to mitigate the shuttle effect in room temperature sodium-sulfur batteries: improving cathode materials. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2548-2560. [PMID: 36752364 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00008g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur batteries (RT-Na/S batteries) with high reversible capacity (1675 mA h g-1) and excellent energy density (1274 W h kg-1) based on abundant resources of the metal Na have become a research hotspot recently. However, the intermediate product sodium polysulfides (NaPSs) generated during the charge-discharge process are easily dissolved in the ether electrolyte and transferred from the sulfur cathode to the metallic sodium surface, resulting in rapid capacity decay (shuttle effect), which seriously affects the practical application of RT-Na/S batteries. Herein, the mechanism and recent research progress in suppressing the shuttle effect of the sulfur cathode in RT-Na/S batteries are summarized. Strategies such as carbon-based materials physically fixing NaPSs, polar materials absorbing NaPSs to reduce their dissolution, and catalytic materials accelerating the transformation of NaPSs into final products are provided. Challenges and insights into high-performance sulfur electrodes for optimizing RT-Na/S batteries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Jiali Chai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Yifei Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Qingmeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Jiakai Du
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Longzhen Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Bohejin Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
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Zeng L, Zhu J, Chu PK, Huang L, Wang J, Zhou G, Yu XF. Catalytic Effects of Electrodes and Electrolytes in Metal-Sulfur Batteries: Progress and Prospective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204636. [PMID: 35903947 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal-sulfur (M-S) batteries are promising energy-storage devices due to their advantages such as large energy density and the low cost of the raw materials. However, M-S batteries suffer from many drawbacks. Endowing the electrodes and electrolytes with the proper catalytic activity is crucial to improve the electrochemical properties of M-S batteries. With regard to the S cathodes, advanced electrode materials with enhanced electrocatalytic effects can capture polysulfides and accelerate electrochemical conversion and, as for the metal anodes, the proper electrode materials can provide active sites for metal deposition to reduce the deposition potential barrier and control the electroplating or stripping process. Moreover, an advanced electrolyte with desirable design can catalyze electrochemical reactions on the cathode and anode in high-performance M-S batteries. In this review, recent progress pertaining to the design of advanced electrode materials and electrolytes with the proper catalytic effects is summarized. The current progress of S cathodes and metal anodes in different types of M-S batteries are discussed and future development directions are described. The objective is to provide a comprehensive review on the current state-of-the-art S cathodes and metal anodes in M-S batteries and research guidance for future development of this important class of batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchao Zeng
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Zhu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Licong Huang
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiahong Wang
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Guangmin Zhou
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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Yang Y, Li K, Wang Y, Wu Z, Russell TP, Shi S. MXene-Based Porous Monoliths. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3792. [PMID: 36364567 PMCID: PMC9654234 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, a thriving family of 2D nanomaterials, transition-metal carbides/nitrides (MXenes), have garnered tremendous interest due to its intriguing physical/chemical properties, structural features, and versatile functionality. Integrating these 2D nanosheets into 3D monoliths offers an exciting and powerful platform for translating their fundamental advantages into practical applications. Introducing internal pores, such as isotropic pores and aligned channels, within the monoliths can not only address the restacking of MXenes, but also afford a series of novel and, in some cases, unique structural merits to advance the utility of the MXene-based materials. Here, a brief overview of the development of MXene-based porous monoliths, in terms of the types of microstructures, is provided, focusing on the pore design and how the porous microstructure affects the application performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kaijuan Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhanpeng Wu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Shaowei Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Synthesis and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Gu Q, Qi Y, Chen J, Lu M, Zhang B. Cobalt Nanoparticles Loaded on MXene for Li-S Batteries: Anchoring Polysulfides and Accelerating Redox Reactions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204005. [PMID: 36094790 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalysis is regarded as an effective strategy to fundamentally increase sulfur utilization, accelerating the kinetics of the transformation between lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) and lithium sulfide (Li2 S) on a substrate. However, the intermodulation of catalysts and sulfur species is elusive, which is limited to the comprehensive analysis of electrochemical performance in the dynamic reaction process. Herein, cobalt nanoparticles loaded on MXene nanosheets (Co/Ti2 C) are selected as sulfur hosts and the representative catalyst. By combining ex situ electrochemical results and interfacial structural chemical monitoring, the catalysis process of Co/Ti2 C toward LiPSs conversion is revealed, and the outstanding performance originates from the optimization of chemical adsorption, catalytic activity, and lithium-ion transfer behaviors, which is based on electronic/ion modulation and sufficient interfaces among catalysts and electrolyte. This work can guide the construction of electronic modulation at triple-phase interface catalysis to overcome the shuttle effect and facilitate sulfur redox kinetics in Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhua Gu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yujie Qi
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Junnan Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ming Lu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials of the Ministry of Education, The Joint Laboratory of MXene Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Changchun, 130103, China
| | - Bingsen Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Shenyang, 110016, China
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Cai S, Wu Y, Chen H, Ma Y, Fan T, Xu M, Bao SJ. Why does the capacity of vanadium selenide based aqueous zinc ion batteries continue to increase during long cycles? J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 615:30-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.01.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Huang XL, Liu H, Qiu W, Feng C, Li C, Zhang S, Liu HK, Dou SX, Wang ZM. Nanostructure Engineering Strategies of Cathode Materials for Room-Temperature Na-S Batteries. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5103-5130. [PMID: 35377602 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are considered to be a competitive electrochemical energy storage system, due to their advantages in abundant natural reserves, inexpensive materials, and superb theoretical energy density. Nevertheless, RT Na-S batteries suffer from a series of critical challenges, especially on the S cathode side, including the insulating nature of S and its discharge products, volumetric fluctuation of S species during the (de)sodiation process, shuttle effect of soluble sodium polysulfides, and sluggish conversion kinetics. Recent studies have shown that nanostructural designs of S-based materials can greatly contribute to alleviating the aforementioned issues via their unique physicochemical properties and architectural features. In this review, we review frontier advancements in nanostructure engineering strategies of S-based cathode materials for RT Na-S batteries in the past decade. Our emphasis is focused on delicate and highly efficient design strategies of material nanostructures as well as interactions of component-structure-property at a nanosize level. We also present our prospects toward further functional engineering and applications of nanostructured S-based materials in RT Na-S batteries and point out some potential developmental directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Long Huang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hanwen Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Weiling Qiu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Chi Feng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Ce Li
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronic Engineering, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P.R. China
| | - Hua Kun Liu
- Institute of Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Shi Xue Dou
- Institute of Superconducting and Electronic Materials, Australian Institute for Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Zhiming M Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, P.R. China
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Nahian MS, Jayan R, Kaewmaraya T, Hussain T, Islam MM. Elucidating Synergistic Mechanisms of Adsorption and Electrocatalysis of Polysulfides on Double-Transition Metal MXenes for Na-S Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10298-10307. [PMID: 35167253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple unfavorable features, such as poor electronic conductivity of sulfur cathodes, the dissolution and shuttling of sodium polysulfides (Na2Sn) in electrolytes, and the slower kinetics for the decomposition of solid Na2S, make sodium-sulfur batteries (NaSBs) impractical. To overcome these obstacles, novel double-transition metal (DTM) MXenes, Mo2TiC2T2, (T = O and S) are studied as an anchoring material (AM) to immobilize higher-order polysulfides and to expedite the otherwise slower kinetics of insoluble short-chain polysulfides. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are carried out to justify and compare the effectiveness of Mo2TiC2S2 and Mo2TiC2O2 as AMs by analyzing their interactions with S8/Na2Sn (n = 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8). Mo2TiC2S2 provides moderate adsorption strength compared to Mo2TiC2O2, therefore, it is expected to effectively inhibit Na2Sn dissolution and shuttling without causing decomposition of Na2Sn. The calculated Gibbs free energies of the rate-determining step for sulfur reduction reactions (SRR) are found to be significantly lower (0.791 eV for S and 0.628 eV for O functionalization) than that in vacuum (1.442 eV), suggesting that the SRR is more thermodynamically favorable on Mo2TiC2T2 during discharge. Additionally, both Mo2TiC2S2 and Mo2TiC2O2 demonstrated effective electrocatalytic activity for the decomposition of Na2S, with a substantial reduction in the energy barrier to 1.59 eV for Mo2TiC2S2 and 1.67 eV for Mo2TiC2O2. While Mo2TiC2O2 had superior binding properties, structural distortion is observed in Na2Sn, which may adversely affect cyclability. On the other hand, because of its moderate binding energy, enhanced electronic conductivity, and significantly faster oxidative decomposition kinetics of polysulfides, Mo2TiC2S2 can be considered as an effective AM for suppressing the shuttle effect and improving the performance of NaSBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahriar Nahian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Rahul Jayan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Thanayut Kaewmaraya
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Institute of Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy (IN-RIE), NANOTEC-KKU RNN on Nanomaterials Research and Innovation for Energy, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia
| | - Md Mahbubul Islam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Thatsami N, Tangpakonsab P, Moontragoon P, Umer R, Hussain T, Kaewmaraya T. Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXenes to Inhibit the Shuttle Effect in Sodium Sulfur Batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4187-4195. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05300k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Room-temperature sodium sulfur batteries (RT-NSBs) are among the promising candidates for large-scale energy storage applications because of the natural abundance of the electrode materials and impressive energy density. However, one...
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Liu A, Liang X, Ren X, Guan W, Ma T. Recent Progress in MXene-Based Materials for Metal-Sulfur and Metal-Air Batteries: Potential High-Performance Electrodes. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-021-00110-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Design of an amperometric glucose oxidase biosensor with added protective and adhesion layers. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:312. [PMID: 34458949 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes have demonstrated great potential in the development of advanced electroanalysis devices due to their unique recognition and catalytic properties. However, unsatisfactory stability and limited electron communication of traditional enzyme sensors seriously hinder their large-scale application. In this work, a simple and effective method is proposed to improve the stability of enzyme sensors by using sodium hyaluronate (SH) as a protective film, MXene-Ti3C2/Glucose oxidase (GOD) as the reaction layer, and chitosan (CS) /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the adhesion layer. Results demonstrate that the repeatability of the designed sensor increased by 73.3% after improving the adhesion between the reaction layer and the current collector and that its response ability was greatly enhanced. Moreover, the long-term stability of the electrode surface with SH protective film proved to be superior than that without protective film, which suggests that this design can effectively improve the overall performance of the enzyme biosensor. This work proposed a multi-tier synergistic approach for improving the reliability of enzyme sensors. Graphical abstract Our proposed protective and adhesion layer can greatly improve the stability of enzyme sensor and realize the rapid detection of glucose in serum sample.
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Mou J, Li Y, Liu T, Zhang W, Li M, Xu Y, Zhong L, Pan W, Yang C, Huang J, Liu M. Metal-Organic Frameworks-Derived Nitrogen-Doped Porous Carbon Nanocubes with Embedded Co Nanoparticles as Efficient Sulfur Immobilizers for Room Temperature Sodium-Sulfur Batteries. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100455. [PMID: 34927873 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are considered a promising candidate for energy-storage due to their high energy-density and low-cost. However, the shutting effect of polysulfides and sluggish kinetics of sulfur redox reactions still severely limit their practical implementation. Herein, a new type of 3D hierarchical porous carbonaceous nanocubes is reported as efficient sulfur hosts, composed of carbon nanotubes (CNT) and Co nanoparticles (NPs) uniformly embedded into a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix (NC). Because of the high specific surface area, large degree of graphitization, and the synergetic effects between Co NPs and N-doping, the as-designed CNTs/Co@NC electrodes not only significantly increase polysulfides immobilization, but also efficiently catalyze sulfur redox reactions, as confirmed by experimental results and DFT calculations. When tested in a RT Na-S battery, the S@CNTs/Co@NC-0.25 cathode demonstrates outstanding electrochemical performance, achieving high initial specific capacity of 1200.3 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C, remarkable rate capability up to 5.0 C (474.2 mAh g-1 ), and superior cyclic performance of 450.5 mAh g-1 (292 mAh g-1 ) after 400 cycles at 1.0 C (5.0 C). The integration of a 3D hierarchical porous architecture with well-dispersed Co NPs of an electro-catalyst provides valuable insights based on structure-adsorption-catalysis engineering for advanced RT Na-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirong Mou
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yijuan Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Materials and Energy Storage Devices, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Mei Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuting Xu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Pan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chenghao Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianlin Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, New Energy Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meilin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
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