Electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones through dearomative spirocyclization

Cp2Fe-mediated electrochemical synthesis of a diverse array of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones has been developed, which demonstrated broad substrate scope and good diastereoselectivity. It represents the first example of electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones, circumventing the need for external oxidants and high temperatures. Moreover, a plausible mechanism including radical-initiated dearomative cyclization driven by ferrocenium cations has been provided, which was supported by the related mechanistic study.

Photoredox-Catalyzed Phosphonocarboxylation of Allenes with Phosphine Oxides and CO2

Phosphonocarboxylation of allenes with diarylphosphine oxides and CO2 via visible-light photoredox catalysis was developed for the first time. This work provided practical and sustainable access to highly valuable but otherwise difficult-to-access linear allylic β-phosphonyl carboxylic acids in moderate yields with exclusive regio- and stereoselectivity. This method was also characterized by step and atom economy and transition-metal free and mild conditions. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggested that allyl-methyl carbanion species are the key intermediates.

Recent Advances in Visible Light-Mediated Radical Fluoro-alkylation, -alkoxylation, -alkylthiolation, -alkylselenolation, and -alkylamination

In the last few years, many reagents and protocols have been developed to allow for the efficient fluorofunctionalization of a diverse set of scaffolds ranging from alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and (hetero)arenes. The concomitant rise of organofluorine chemistry and visible light-mediated synthesis have synergistically expanded the fields and have mutually benefitted from developments in both fields. In this context, visible light driven formations of radicals containing fluorine have been a major focus for the discovery of new bioactive compounds. This review details the recent advances and progress made in visible light-mediated fluoroalkylation and heteroatom centered radical generation.

Visible Light-Induced Metal-Free Fluoroalkylations

Fluoroalkylation is a crucial synthetic process that enables the modification of molecules with fluoroalkyl groups, which can enhance the properties of compounds and have potential applications in medicine and materials science. The utilization of visible light-induced, metal-free methods is of particular importance as it provides an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional methods and eliminates the potential risks associated with metal-catalyst toxicity. This Account describes our studies on visible light-induced, metal-free fluoroalkylation processes, which include the use of organic photocatalysts or EDA complexes. We have utilized organophotocatalysts such as Nile red, tri(9-anthryl)borane, and an indole-based tetracyclic complex, as well as catalyst-free EDA chemistry through photoactive halogen bond formation or an unconventional transient ternary complex formation with nucleophilic fluoroalkyl source. A variety of π-systems including arenes/heteroarenes, alkenes, and alkynes have been successfully fluoroalkylated under the developed reaction conditions.

Synthesis of sulfur-containing benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-3,9-diones: blue light promoted radical cyclization process

The selective and controllable construction of spio-tricyclic skeletons through visible light promoted radical cyclization still remains challenging. Herein, a general and convenient protocol for the blue light-promoted radical-mediated cascade spiro-cyclization/Michael addition of N-arylpropiolamides with thiophenols under metal-free conditions was developed. In this protocol, commercially available hydrochloric acid was employed as the cheap promoter and air as the sustainable oxidant. In addition, many functional groups tolerate the reaction conditions and produce a series of sulfur-containing benzo[b]pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]oxazine-3,9-diones.

Visible-light-induced C(sp3)-H thiocyanation of pyrazolin-5-ones: a practical synthesis of 4-thiocyanated 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles

A direct, aerobic and visible light photocatalytic approach to synthesize 4-thiocyanated 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles via cross-coupling of pyrazolin-5-ones with ammonium thiocyanate is described. Under redox-neutral and metal-free conditions, a series of 4-thiocyanated 5-hydroxy-1H-pyrazoles could be easily and efficiently obtained in good to high yields by using low-toxicity and inexpensive ammonium thiocyanate as the thiocyanate source.

Synthesis of Ester-Containing Chroman-4-Ones via Cascade Radical Annulation of 2-(Allyloxy)Arylaldehydes with Oxalates under Metal Free Conditions

A convenient and practical method for the synthesis of bioactive ester-containing chroman-4-ones through the cascade radical cyclization of 2-(allyloxy)arylaldehydes and oxalates is described. The preliminary studies suggest that an alkoxycarbonyl radical might be involved in the current transformation, which was generated via the decarboxylation of oxalates in the presence of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈.

Visible-Light-Induced Cascade Cyclization of 3-(2-(Ethynyl)phenyl)quinazolinones to Phosphorylated Quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinones

3-(2-(Ethynyl)phenyl)quinazolinones were designed and synthesized as a class of novel and efficient skeletons for phosphorylation/cyclization reactions. Under visible light irradiation, a series of phosphorylated quinolino[2,1-b]quinazolinones (35 examples, up to 87% yield) were first synthesized from 3-(2-(ethynyl)phenyl)quinazolinones and diarylphosphine oxides by using 4CzIPN as a photocatalyst under mild conditions. This reaction was also applicable under sunlight irradiation. Moreover, the reaction efficiency could be significantly improved under continuous-flow conditions.

Copper(II)-catalyzed oxidative ipso-annulation of N-arylpropiolamides and biaryl ynones with 1,3-diketones: construction of diketoalkyl spiro-trienones

An unprecedented copper-catalyzed ipso-annulation reaction of N-(p-methoxyaryl)propiolamides with 1,3-diketones has been developed, which enables the assembly of diketoalkylated spiro[4.5]trienones involving oxidative dearomatization in the presence of ammonium persulfate [(NH₄)₂S₂O₈] as the oxidant. This protocol was extended to biaryl ynones, efficiently affording the diketoalkylated spiro[5.5]trienones in good yields. The significance of the diketoalkyl functionality has been illustrated by further transformation into 3-pyrazoyl spiro-trienone, a structurally unique motif.

Visible-Light-Induced Dual C(sp3)-H Bond Functionalization of Tertiary Amine via Hydrogen Transfer to Carbene and Subsequent Cycloaddition

Herein, we describe the dual C(sp³)-H bond functionalization of a tertiary amine through hydride-transfer-induced dehydrogenation, followed by cycloaddition, using an easily preparable diazoester as a new type hydride-acceptor precursor under mild, redox-neutral conditions. With carbene as a hydrogen acceptor, this method was demonstrated by the preparation of a broad range of functionalized isoxazoldines in moderate to good yields.

A Polyniobotungstate-Based Hybrid for Visible-Light-Induced Phosphorylation of N-Aryl-Tetrahydroisoquinoline

A new organic-inorganic hybrid based on a Nb/W mixed-addendum polyoxometalate with the formula H₁₄[(Co(H₂O)₃)₂(C₁₀H₈N₂)₄(P₄W₃₀Nb₆O₁₂₃)]·4(C₁₀H₈N₂)·8H₂O (Co-POM) has been synthesized by the solvothermal method and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-vis absorption spectrum, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Importantly, visible-light-absorption peaks around 525 nm for Co-POM indicated that this material should have potential in visible-light-induced organic reactions. Herein, we disclosed visible-light-promoted phosphorylation of N-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline using Co-POM as an efficient heterogeneous photocatalyst. In this procedure, diverse phosphorus reagents are compatible at room temperature and in an O₂ atmosphere, giving the corresponding products in good to excellent yields (up to 97%). Simultaneously, this heterogeneous photocatalyst can be recycled up to ten times with a negligible decrease in yield, showing outstanding sustainability and recyclability.

Environment Friendly g-C3N4-Based Catalysts and Their Recent Strategy in Organic Transformations

Organic molecules synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner have excellent therapeutic potential. The entire preparation technique was examined in the existence of a light source, implying that light has been replaced by heating and the usage of dangerous chemicals has decreased, resulting in less pollution of the environment. The advantages of these nanocarbon catalysts include high efficiency, environmentally friendly synthesis, eco-friendly, inexpensive, and non-corrodible. In organic transformations, solid metal base/metal-free catalysts produce better results. Here, the metal-free semiconductor g-C₃N₄ was used to demonstrate the catalytic behavior of organic conversions. g-C₃N₄ is a two-dimensional material and a p‑type semiconductor to enhance the photocatalytic activity. The excellent properties of g-C₃N₄ sheet lead to the support of metals to form metal-organic frameworks. Most of the reactions gained positive response under visible light irradiation. This review will inspire readers in widen the applications of g-C₃N₄ based catalyst in various organic transformation reactions.

Recent advances in photochemical and electrochemically induced thiocyanation: a greener approach for SCN-containing compound formation

Techniques utilizing photo- and electrochemically induced reactions have been developed to accelerate organic processes. These techniques use light or electrical energy (electron transfer) as a direct energy source without using an initiator or reagent. Thiocyanates are found in biologically active and pharmacological compounds and can be converted into various functional groups. It is one of the most prominent organic scaffolds. Significant development in photo- and electro-chemically induced thiocyanation procedures has been made in recent years for the conception of carbon-sulfur bonds and synthesis of pharmaceutically important molecules. This review discusses different photo- and electro-chemically driven thiocyanation C(sp3)-SCN, C(sp2)-SCN, and C(sp)-SCN bond conception processes that may be useful to green organothiocyanate synthesis. We focus on the synthetic and mechanistic characteristics of organic photo- and electrochemically accelerated C-SCN bond formation thiocyanation reactions to highlight major advances in this novel green and sustainable research field.

Trifluoromethylthiolative spirocyclization of biaryl ynones without leaving groups on the para-position of dearomatized aryl rings

A direct and efficient strategy for the oxidative spirocyclization of biaryl ynones has been developed, where nonsubstituted groups were on the para-position of the dearomatized aryl rings.

Selectfluor-mediated construction of 3-arylselenenyl and 3,4-bisarylselenenyl spiro[4.5]trienones via cascade annulation of N-phenylpropiolamides with diselenides

A cascade annulation of N-phenylpropiolamides with diselenides leading to the construction of 3-arylselenenyl spiro[4.5]trienones was realized under mild conditions with Selectfluor as the sole oxidant.

Selective polychloromethylation and halogenation of alkynes with polyhaloalkanes

We disclosed a selective polychloromethylation and halogenation reaction of alkynes via a radical addition/spirocyclization cascade sequence, in which applying polyhaloalkanes as the precursor of polyhalomethyl and halogen radical. Across this...

Visible-Light-Induced Tandem Difluoroalkylated Spirocyclization of N-Arylpropiolamides: Access to C3-Difluoroacetylated Spiro[4,5]trienones

A visible-light-catalyzed difluoroacetylated spirocyclization of N-arylpropiolamides with ethyl bromodifluoroacetate as a CF2CO2Et radical precursor is described. This approach allows the formation of two carbon-carbon bonds and one carbon-oxygen bond in...

Recent advances in transition-metal-free trifluoromethylation with Togni's reagents

Transition-metal-free trifluoromethylations have attracted significant research interest driven by the increasing importance of CF3-containing compounds.

Radical-induced denitration of N-(p-nitrophenyl)propiolamides coupled with dearomatization: access to phosphonylated/trifluoromethylated azaspiro[4.5]-trienones

A robust dearomative denitration of nitroarene derivatives induced by a radical ipso-cyclization process has been developed, delivering valuable phosphonated or trifluoromethylated azaspiro[4.5]trienones with good functional group tolerance. This represents a convenient and powerful approach to activate nitroarenes in a radical manner.

Photoredox Cyclization of N-Arylacrylamides for Synthesis of Dihydroquinolinones

Metal- and additive-free photoredox cyclization of N-arylacrylamides is herein reported that provides a concise access to the formation of dihydroquinolinones. In this protocol, sustainable visible light was used as the energy source, and the organic light-emitting molecule 4CzIPN served as the efficient photocatalyst. This reaction system features exclusive 6-endo-trig cyclization selectivity with a generally good yield of a range of functionalized dihydroquinolinones and dihydrobenzoquinolinones. Mechanistical studies reveal the feasibility of both 1,3-H shift and intersystem crossing of the diradical intermediate.

Transition-metal catalyzed oxidative spirocyclization of N-aryl alkynamides with methylarenes under microwave irradiation

A practical synthetic route to construct a variety of 3-benzyl spiro[4,5]trienones was developed via transition-metal Cu/Ag-catalyzed oxidative ipso-annulation of activated alkynes with unactivated toluenes using TBPB as an oxidant under microwave irradiation. This method allows the formation of two carbon-carbon bonds and one carbon-oxygen bond in a single reaction through a sequence of C-H oxidative coupling, ipso-carbocyclization and dearomatization. The advantages of this protocol are its operational simplicity and broad substrate scope, and the ability to afford the desired products in moderate to good yields.

Chalcogenative spirocyclization of N-aryl propiolamides with diselenides/disulfides promoted by Selectfluor

A practical and efficient synthetic route to construct a variety of 3-arylselenenyl/3-arylthio spiro[4.5]trienones was developed using Selectfluor reagent as a mild oxidant. This reaction proceeds via a sequence of electrophilic cation addition, spirocyclization and dearomatization, then offers an approach to introduce Se/S-centered cation into the C–C triple bonds. The utility of this protocol were justified by the excellent compatibility of a wide range of functional groups, good yields and scalability under mild reaction conditions.

Iron-Catalyzed Dearomatization of Biaryl Ynones with Aldehydes via Double C-H Functionalization in Eco-Benign Solvents: Highly Atom-Economical Synthesis of Acylated Spiro[5.5]trienones

The multiple C-H bonds of biaryl ynones render the 6-exo-trig regioselective C-H activation dearomatization to spiro[5.5]trienones challenging since the competing reactions of C-H bonds on Ar¹ or the ortho-C-H bonds on Ar³ may result in 5-exo-trig cyclization to indenones or 6-exo-trig ortho-dearomatization, respectively. We here report an unprecendented dearomatization of biaryl ynones with aldehydes via double C-H functionalization where a regiospecific remote unactivated para-C-H functionalization of biaryl ynones efficiently furnishes acylated spiro[5.5]trienones. This cascade cyclization features a green catalyst and solvent and high atom- and step-economy.

Metal-Free Photosynthesis of Alkylated Benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6(5H)-ones and Indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones in PEG-200

A visible-light-induced decarboxylation reaction was developed for the synthesis of alkylated benzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline-6(5H)-ones and indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones under metal-free conditions. Impressively, metal catalysts and traditionally volatile organic solvents could be effectively avoided.

Visible-light-induced ligand to metal charge transfer excitation enabled phosphorylation of aryl halides

We herein described a visible light induced nickel(II)-catalyzed cross-coupling of secondary phosphine oxides with aryl halides. The Ni(I) species and chlorine atom radical Cl˙ were generated via the ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) process of the NiCl2(PPh3)2, which allows nickel(IV)-phosphorus species in situ formation, giving various tertiary phosphine oxides under photocatalyst-free conditions.

Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) compounds used in photocatalysis

Organic compounds that show Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) have become wildly popular as next-generation emitters in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Since 2016, a subset of these have found increasing use as photocatalysts. This review comprehensively highlights their potential by documenting the diversity of the reactions where an organic TADF photocatalyst can be used in lieu of a noble metal complex photocatalyst. Beyond the small number of TADF photocatalysts that have been used to date, the analysis conducted within this review reveals the wider potential of organic donor-acceptor TADF compounds as photocatalysts. A discussion of the benefits of compounds showing TADF for photocatalysis is presented, which paints a picture of a very promising future for organic photocatalyst development.