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Ma DX, Yin GZ, Ye W, Jiang Y, Wang N, Wang DY. Exploiting Waste towards More Sustainable Flame-Retardant Solutions for Polymers: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2266. [PMID: 38793331 PMCID: PMC11123196 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable flame retardants is gaining momentum due to their enhanced safety attributes and environmental compatibility. One effective strategy is to use waste materials as a primary source of chemical components, which can help mitigate environmental issues associated with traditional flame retardants. This paper reviews recent research in flame retardancy for waste flame retardants, categorizing them based on waste types like industrial, food, and plant waste. The paper focuses on recent advancements in this area, focusing on their impact on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of polymeric materials. The study also provides a summary of functionalization methodologies used and key factors involved in modifying polymer systems. Finally, their major challenges and prospects for the future are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xin Ma
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (D.-X.M.); (Y.J.); (N.W.)
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Wen Ye
- Sino-Spanish Joint Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200062, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Functional FR Materials, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200062, China
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yan Jiang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (D.-X.M.); (Y.J.); (N.W.)
- Shenyang Research Institute of Industrial Technology for Advanced Coating Materials, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Na Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (D.-X.M.); (Y.J.); (N.W.)
- Shenyang Research Institute of Industrial Technology for Advanced Coating Materials, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - De-Yi Wang
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
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Zheng NC, Chien HW. UV-crosslinking of chitosan/spent coffee ground composites for enhanced durability and multifunctionality. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:128215. [PMID: 37992943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) have numerous applications and are often blended with polymers to create composites. However, SCGs are physically trapped within the polymer matrix, lacking strong chemical bonding. Therefore, this study has developed a new method for UV crosslinking composites using phenyl azide to address the issue of SCG leakage and limited durability of the composites. The main approach involves grafting phenyl azide onto chitosan, which is then combined with SCGs. When exposed to UV light, the SCGs become covalently linked to the chitosan chains. This method not only resolves the problem of chitosan's porous material fragility but also prevents SCG detachment, surpassing the performance of glutaraldehyde-crosslinked composites. Regarding applications, CS/SCG composites exhibit rapid heating and photothermal stability, making them suitable for use as thermal pads in evaporative water purification, enabling for the collection of pure water from contaminated sources. Furthermore, SCGs have the ability to adsorb metal ions, significantly enhancing the Cu2+ adsorption capacity of CS/SCG composites compared to pure CS, with an increase of more than twofold. This research not only presents a practical solution for stabilizing fillers within polymer matrices but also demonstrates the reusability of SCGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Ci Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Wen Chien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; Photo-Sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center (Photo-SMART Center), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan.
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Bouhzam I, Cantero R, Margallo M, Aldaco R, Bala A, Fullana-i-Palmer P, Puig R. Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Spent Coffee Grounds Using Ethanol and Acetone Aqueous Solutions. Foods 2023; 12:4400. [PMID: 38137204 PMCID: PMC10742567 DOI: 10.3390/foods12244400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Given global coffee consumption, substantial quantities of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) are generated annually as a by-product of brewing coffee. SCG, although rich in bioactive compounds, is nowadays disposed of. The objective of this study is to compare, for the first time and from the same SCG, the efficiency of ethanol-water mixtures and acetone-water mixtures for the recovery of total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid, and caffeine. Acetone at 20% (m/m) was the most convenient solvent to extract all three bioactive compounds simultaneously, yielding 4.37 mg of GAE/g SCG for total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid (0.832 mg 5-CQA/g SCG), and caffeine (1.47 mg/g SCG). Additionally, this study aims to address some challenges associated with the industrial-scale utilization of SCG as a raw material, encompassing factors such as pre-treatment conditions (natural drying and oven drying), storage duration, and the kinetics of the extraction process. No significant difference was observed between the natural drying and oven drying of SCG. In terms of storage duration, it is advisable to process the SCG within less than 3-4 months of storage time. A significant decline of 82% and 70% in chlorogenic acid (5-CQA) and caffeine contents, respectively, was observed after eight months of storage. Furthermore, the kinetic study for the recovery of total polyphenols revealed that the optimal extraction times were 10 min for acetone at 20% and 40 min for water, with a yield increase of 28% and 34%, respectively. What is remarkable from the present study is the approach considered, using the simplest operating conditions (minimal time and solvent-to-solid ratio, and ambient temperature); hence, at an industrial scale, energy and resource consumption and equipment dimensions can be together reduced, leading to a more industrially sustainable extraction process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibtissam Bouhzam
- Department of Industrial and building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), Pla de la Massa, 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain; (I.B.); (R.C.)
| | - Rosa Cantero
- Department of Industrial and building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), Pla de la Massa, 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain; (I.B.); (R.C.)
| | - María Margallo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rubén Aldaco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. de Los Castros s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain; (M.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Alba Bala
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (P.F.-i.-P.)
| | - Pere Fullana-i-Palmer
- UNESCO Chair in Life Cycle and Climate Change ESCI-UPF, Pg. Pujades 1, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (P.F.-i.-P.)
| | - Rita Puig
- Department of Industrial and building Engineering, University of Lleida (UdL), Pla de la Massa, 8, 08700 Igualada, Spain; (I.B.); (R.C.)
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Song W, Yang Y, Cheng X, Jiang M, Zhang R, Militky J, Cai Y. Utilization of spent coffee grounds as fillers to prepare polypropylene composites for food packaging applications. Microsc Res Tech 2023; 86:1475-1483. [PMID: 37458113 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.24367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived wastes as the additive of nondegradable plastics have been paid more attention due to the ever-growing environmental pollution and energy crisis. Herein, the spent coffee grounds (SCG) have been used as fillers in polypropylene (PP) after the heat treatment to realize its recycling utilization. The effect of the heat treatment atmosphere on the properties of the obtained SCG and SCG/PP composites has been investigated systematically. The results show that the residual coffee oil can be removed more thoroughly under an air atmosphere than under a nitrogen atmosphere at a relatively low cost and an eco-friendly process. The lower residual oil rate of SCG is beneficial to improve the comminution and further enhance the affinity with the PP matrix. The obtained SCG/PP composites hold lower water absorption, higher hydrophobicity, and better mechanical properties, implying their potential applications in the field of food packaging. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Spent coffee grounds have been used as fillers in PP after the heat treatment. The heat treatment in the air is more favorable for the removal of the coffer oil of SCG. The low residual oil rate in SCG can improve its comminution and affinity with PP. The SCG/PP composites hold excellent performances for food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Song
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuncong Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwen Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- R&D Department, NMG Composites Co. Ltd., Tongxiang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiri Militky
- Faculty of Textile, Technical University of Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Yurong Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology of Ministry of Education, National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Martín C, Rodríguez A, Montagnaro F. Introduction to the RSC Advances themed collection Chemistry in Biorefineries. RSC Adv 2023; 13:28561-28563. [PMID: 37780740 PMCID: PMC10540034 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra90087h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Professor Carlos Martín, Professor Alejandro Rodríguez and Professor Fabio Montagnaro introduce the RSC Advances themed collection Chemistry in Biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martín
- Department of Biotechnology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences N-2317 Hamar Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University SE-901 87 Umeå Sweden
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez
- BioPrEn Group, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente, Chemical Engineering Department, Universidad de Córdoba 14014 Córdoba Spain
| | - Fabio Montagnaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario di Monte Sant'Angelo 80126 Naples Italy
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Dordevic D, Dordevic S, Abdullah FAA, Mader T, Medimorec N, Tremlova B, Kushkevych I. Edible/Biodegradable Packaging with the Addition of Spent Coffee Grounds Oil. Foods 2023; 12:2626. [PMID: 37444364 DOI: 10.3390/foods12132626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following petroleum, coffee ranks as the second most extensively exchanged commodity worldwide. The definition of spent coffee ground (SCG) can be outlined as the waste generated after consuming coffee. The aims of the study are to produce edible/biodegradable packaging with the addition of spent coffee grounds (SCG) oil and to investigate how this fortification can affect chemical, textural, and solubility properties of experimentally produced films. METHODS The produced films were based on κ-carrageenan and pouring-drying techniques in petri dishes. Two types of emulsifiers were used: Tween 20 and Tween 80. The films were analyzed by antioxidant and textural analysis, and their solubility was also tested. RESULTS Edible/biodegradable packaging samples produced with the addition of SCG oil showed higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant capacity in comparison with control samples produced without the addition of SCG oil. The results of the research showed that the fortification of edible/biodegradable packaging with the addition of SCG oil changed significantly (p < 0.05) both chemical and physical properties of the films. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings obtained, it was indicated that films manufactured utilizing SCG oil possess considerable potential to serve as an effective and promising material for active food packaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dani Dordevic
- Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simona Dordevic
- Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Fouad Ali Abdullah Abdullah
- Department of Meat Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Duhok Polytechnic University, Duhok 42001, Iraq
| | - Tamara Mader
- University North, Dr. Zarka Dolinar Square 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Nino Medimorec
- University North, Dr. Zarka Dolinar Square 1, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Bohuslava Tremlova
- Department of Plant Origin Food Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Palackého tř. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kushkevych
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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7
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Wang J, Zhao D, Jiang G, Wu Y, Shen Y, Wang T. Bioinspired Tannic Acid-Modified Coffee Grounds as Sustainable Fillers: Effect on the Properties of Polybutylene Adipate Terephthalate Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2769. [PMID: 37447415 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing composites from gricultural waste with biodegradable polymers is one of the strategies used to ensure the long-term sustainability of such materials. However, due to the differences in their chemical properties, biomass fillers often exhibit poor interfacial adhesion with polymer matrices. Inspired by mussel foot silk, this work focused on the surface modification of coffee grounds (CGs) using a combination of tannic acid (TA) and alkali treatment. CGs were used as a biomass filler to prepare polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT)/CG composites. The modification of CGs was demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the water contact angle, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The effect of CGs on the rheological, tensile, and thermal properties of the PBAT/CG composites was investigated. The results showed that the addition of CGs increased the complex viscosity, and the surface modification enhanced the matrix-filler adhesion. Compared with unmodified CG composites, the tensile strength and the elongation at break of the composite with TA-modified alkali-treated CGs increased by 47.0% and 53.6%, respectively. Although the addition of CGs slightly decreased the thermal stability of PBAT composites, this did not affect the melting processing of PBAT, which often occurs under 200 °C. This approach could provide a novel method for effectively using biomass waste, such as coffee grounds, as fillers for the preparation of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Guodong Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Nanjing Wurui Biodegradable New Material Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yucai Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tingwei Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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Kasbaji M, Mennani M, Grimi N, Oubenali M, Mbarki M, Zakhem HEL, Moubarik A. Adsorption of cationic and anionic dyes onto coffee grounds cellulose/sodium alginate double-network hydrogel beads: Isotherm analysis and recyclability performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124288. [PMID: 37023876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation of new eco-friendly adsorbents with a simple method. Gel beads of coffee grounds cellulose (CGC) and sodium alginate (SA) were prepared for wastewater treatment. Upon their synthesis, the physicochemical properties, performances and efficiency were analyzed by means of various structural and morphological characterizations. Kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption approaches evaluated the removal capacity of these beads which reached equilibrium in 20 min for Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR). Also, the kinetics shows that the results can be explained by the pseudo-second-order model (PSO). Furthermore, the isotherm assessments showed that Langmuir-Freundlich can fit the adsorption data of both contaminants. Accordingly, the maximum adsorption capacities reached by the Langmuir-Freundlich model are 400.50 and 411.45 mg/g for MB and CR, respectively. It is interesting to note that the bio-adsorption capabilities of MB and CR on bead hydrogels decreased with temperature. Besides, the results of the thermodynamic study evidenced that the bio-adsorption processes are favorable, spontaneous and exothermic. The CGC/SA gel beads are therefore outstanding bio-adsorbents, offering a great adsorptive performance and regenerative abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Kasbaji
- Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Applied Materials, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592, Beni-Mellal, Morocco; Laboratory of Engineering in Chemistry and Physics of Matter, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco; Materials Science, Energy and Nanoengineering (MSN) Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660-Hay Moulay Rachid, 43150 Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Mehdi Mennani
- Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Applied Materials, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Nabil Grimi
- Sorbonne University, University of Technology of Compiegne, Integrated Transformations of Renewable Matter Laboratory (UTC/ESCOM, EA 4297 TIMR), Royally Research Centre, CS 60 319, 60 203 Compiegne Cedex, France
| | - Mustapha Oubenali
- Laboratory of Engineering in Chemistry and Physics of Matter, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Mbarki
- Laboratory of Engineering in Chemistry and Physics of Matter, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Henri E L Zakhem
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of Balamand, POBox 33, Amioun EL KOURA, Lebanon
| | - Amine Moubarik
- Laboratory of Chemical Processes and Applied Materials, Polydisciplinary Faculty, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 592, Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
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Bevilacqua E, Cruzat V, Singh I, Rose’Meyer RB, Panchal SK, Brown L. The Potential of Spent Coffee Grounds in Functional Food Development. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040994. [PMID: 36839353 PMCID: PMC9963703 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is a popular and widely consumed beverage worldwide, with epidemiological studies showing reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancers and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. However, few studies have investigated the health effects of the post-brewing coffee product, spent coffee grounds (SCG), from either hot- or cold-brew coffee. SCG from hot-brew coffee improved metabolic parameters in rats with diet-induced metabolic syndrome and improved gut microbiome in these rats and in humans; further, SCG reduced energy consumption in humans. SCG contains similar bioactive compounds as the beverage including caffeine, chlorogenic acids, trigonelline, polyphenols and melanoidins, with established health benefits and safety for human consumption. Further, SCG utilisation could reduce the estimated 6-8 million tonnes of waste each year worldwide from production of coffee as a beverage. In this article, we explore SCG as a major by-product of coffee production and consumption, together with the potential economic impacts of health and non-health applications of SCG. The known bioactive compounds present in hot- and cold-brew coffee and SCG show potential effects in cardiovascular disease, cancer, liver disease and metabolic disorders. Based on these potential health benefits of SCG, it is expected that foods including SCG may moderate chronic human disease while reducing the environmental impact of waste otherwise dumped in landfill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Bevilacqua
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Vinicius Cruzat
- Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Gold Coast, QLD 4225, Australia
| | - Indu Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Roselyn B. Rose’Meyer
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Sunil K. Panchal
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Lindsay Brown
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-433-062-123
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Lauberts M, Mierina I, Pals M, Latheef MAA, Shishkin A. Spent Coffee Grounds Valorization in Biorefinery Context to Obtain Valuable Products Using Different Extraction Approaches and Solvents. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:30. [PMID: 36616167 PMCID: PMC9823728 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The valuable products that can be isolated from spent coffee ground (SCG) biomass consist of a high number of bioactive components, which are suitable for further application as raw materials in various production chains. This paper presents the potential value of the SCG obtained from large and local coffee beverage producers, for the production of valuable, biologically active products. Despite its high potential, SCG has not been utilized to its full potential value, but is instead discarded as waste in landfills. During its decomposition, SCG emits a large amount of CO2 and methane each year. The main novelty of our work is the implementation of sequential extraction with solvents of increased polarity that allows for the maximal removal of the available extractives. In addition, we have compared different extraction techniques, such as conventional and Soxhlet extraction, with more effective accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), which has seen relatively little use in terms of SCG extraction. By comparing these extraction methods and highlighting the key differences between them in terms of extraction yield and obtained extract composition, this work offers key insights for further SCG utilization. By using sequential and one-step accelerated solvent extraction, it is possible to obtain a significant number of extractives from SCG, with a yield above 20% of the starting biomass. The highest yield is for coffee oil, which is obtained with n-hexane ranging between 12% and 14% using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) according to the scheme: n-hexane→ethyl acetate→60% ethanol. Using single-stage extraction, increasing the ethanol concentration also increases the total phenolic content (TPC) and it ranges between 18.7-23.9 Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) mg/g. The iodine values in the range of 164-174 using ASE and Soxhlet extraction shows that the hexane extracts contain a significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids; coffee oils with a low acid number, in the range of 4.74-6.93, contain few free fatty acids. The characterization of separated coffee oil has shown that it mainly consists of linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and a small number of phenolic-type compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maris Lauberts
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Inese Mierina
- Institute of Technology of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Str. 3, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Matiss Pals
- Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Mohammed Ammar Abdul Latheef
- Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, K-3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Andrei Shishkin
- Riga Biomaterials Innovations and Development Centre of RTU, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Pulka 3, K-3, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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11
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Kawana H, Miwa T, Honda Y, Furuya T. Sustainable Approach for Peroxygenase-Catalyzed Oxidation Reactions Using Hydrogen Peroxide Generated from Spent Coffee Grounds and Tea Leaf Residues. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:20259-20266. [PMID: 35721909 PMCID: PMC9201881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxygenases are promising catalysts for use in the oxidation of chemicals as they catalyze the direct oxidation of a variety of compounds under ambient conditions using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. Although the use of peroxygenases provides a simple method for oxidation of chemicals, the anthraquinone process currently used to produce H2O2 requires significant energy input and generates considerable waste, which negatively affects process sustainability and production costs. Thus, generating H2O2 for peroxygenases on site using an environmentally benign method would be advantageous. Here, we utilized spent coffee grounds (SCGs) and tea leaf residues (TLRs) for the production of H2O2. These waste biomass products reacted with molecular oxygen and effectively generated H2O2 in sodium phosphate buffer. The resulting H2O2 was utilized by the bacterial P450 peroxygenase, CYP152A1. Both SCG-derived and TLR-derived H2O2 promoted the CYP152A1-catalyzed oxidation of 4-methoxy-1-naphthol to Russig's blue as a model reaction. In addition, when CYP152A1 was incubated with styrene, the SCG and TLR solutions enabled the synthesis of styrene oxide and phenylacetaldehyde. This new approach using waste biomass provides a simple, cost-effective, and sustainable oxidation method that should be readily applicable to other peroxygenases for the synthesis of a variety of valuable chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kawana
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toru Miwa
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Honda
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology, and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiki Furuya
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Tokyo University
of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-8510, Chiba, Japan
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de Bomfim ASC, de Oliveira DM, Voorwald HJC, Benini KCCDC, Dumont MJ, Rodrigue D. Valorization of Spent Coffee Grounds as Precursors for Biopolymers and Composite Production. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:437. [PMID: 35160428 PMCID: PMC8840223 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a current subject in many works since coffee is the second most consumed beverage worldwide; however, coffee generates a high amount of waste (SCG) and can cause environmental problems if not discarded properly. Therefore, several studies on SCG valorization have been published, highlighting its waste as a valuable resource for different applications, such as biofuel, energy, biopolymer precursors, and composite production. This review provides an overview of the works using SCG as biopolymer precursors and for polymer composite production. SCG are rich in carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and minerals. In particular, carbohydrates (polysaccharides) can be extracted and fermented to synthesize lactic acid, succinic acid, or polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA). On the other hand, it is possible to extract the coffee oil and to synthesize PHA from lipids. Moreover, SCG have been successfully used as a filler for composite production using different polymer matrices. The results show the reasonable mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties of SCG to support their applications, from food packaging to the automotive industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Shayene Campos de Bomfim
- Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, São Paulo, Brazil; (A.S.C.d.B.); (D.M.d.O.); (H.J.C.V.); (K.C.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Daniel Magalhães de Oliveira
- Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, São Paulo, Brazil; (A.S.C.d.B.); (D.M.d.O.); (H.J.C.V.); (K.C.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Herman Jacobus Cornelis Voorwald
- Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, São Paulo, Brazil; (A.S.C.d.B.); (D.M.d.O.); (H.J.C.V.); (K.C.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Kelly Cristina Coelho de Carvalho Benini
- Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Guaratinguetá 12516-410, São Paulo, Brazil; (A.S.C.d.B.); (D.M.d.O.); (H.J.C.V.); (K.C.C.d.C.B.)
| | - Marie-Josée Dumont
- Bioresource Engineering Department, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada;
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERMA, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
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Hybrid Biocomposites Based on Used Coffee Grounds and Epoxy Resin: Mechanical Properties and Fire Resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/1919344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies on using biomaterials hybridized with other materials to produce biomaterials have been paid more attention due to their low cost, abundance, renewability, and degradability. Therefore, these materials are ecofriendly and nontoxic to humans. A large number of used coffee grounds (SCGs) are often discarded and replacements are necessary for dealing with environmental problems. This work developed sustainable materials by reusing SCGs. Used coffee grounds were mixed with epoxy resin at different amounts: 30 wt %, 40 wt %, 50 wt %, and 60 wt %. SCGs were treated with 0.5 N NaOH, at SCGs/NaOH ratio of 1 : 2. SEM images showed that the material with 30 wt % SCGs has good compatibility without phase division on the SCGs-epoxy interface. Results of mechanical properties of epoxy composites with 30 wt % SCGs are as follows: tensile strength of 44.81 ± 10 MPa, flexural strength of 80.07 ± 0.16 MPa, compressive strength of 112.56 ± 0.11 MPa, and Izod strength and impact of 8.21 ± 0.19 kJ/m2. In terms of flame-retardant properties, the oxygen index is limited to 20.8% ± 0.20 and the burning rate according to UL94HB is 27.02 ± 0.29 mm/min. The obtained results indicate that it is possible to produce biohybrid composites from epoxy resin and SCGs. This work offers an ecofriendly alternative method to use the waste of the coffee industry. It contributes to improvements of the general characteristics of composites such as mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant properties. This work proved that SCGs have a high potential to be used in a wide range of composite materials for civil engineering applications.
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Gaidukova G, Platnieks O, Aunins A, Barkane A, Ingrao C, Gaidukovs S. Spent coffee waste as a renewable source for the production of sustainable poly(butylene succinate) biocomposites from a circular economy perspective. RSC Adv 2021; 11:18580-18589. [PMID: 35480919 PMCID: PMC9033479 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03203h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Turning waste products into useable resources is a necessity for the sustainable future of our planet. Such is the case with popular beverage coffee that produces solid waste in the form of spent coffee grounds (SCG). There is an opportunity to use SCG material as a cheap, sustainable, and biodegradable polymer filler that is received as waste from espresso machines. There have been relatively many studies that prove the concept of various agricultural and forestry waste, which can be integrated into modern green materials. Building upon this concept, we have selected a promising polyester poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) as a matrix owing to its bio-based and biodegradable nature. High loadings of SCG from 20 to 60 wt% were tested for optimal composition performance. Tensile, dynamic mechanical, thermal, and structural properties of the composites were examined, while their biodegradation in composting conditions was also analyzed. SCG filler showed different performance from various cellulose fiber-based composites, and properties significantly varied depending on loading. Compared to neat PBS, biodegradation occurred twice as fast for composite materials with high SGC loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University P. Valdena 3/7 Riga LV-1048 Latvia
| | - Arturs Aunins
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University P. Valdena 3/7 Riga LV-1048 Latvia
| | - Anda Barkane
- Latvian Maritime Academy Flotes3-7 Riga LV-1016 Latvia
| | - Carlo Ingrao
- Department of Economics, University of Foggia Via Romolo Caggese 1 - 71121 Foggia Italy
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Institute of Polymer Materials, Riga Technical University P. Valdena 3/7 Riga LV-1048 Latvia
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