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Robinson AD, Hill-Casey F, Duckett SB, Halse ME. Quantitative reaction monitoring using parahydrogen-enhanced benchtop NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14317-14328. [PMID: 38695736 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06221j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The parahydrogen-induced polarisation (PHIP) NMR signal enhancement technique is used to study H2 addition to Vaska's complex (trans-[IrCl(CO)(PPh3)2]) with both standard high-field (9.4 T) NMR and benchtop (1 T) NMR detection. Accurate and repeatable rate constants of (0.84 ± 0.03) dm3 mol-1 s-1 and (0.89 ± 0.03) dm3 mol-1 s-1 were obtained for this model system using standard high-field and benchtop NMR, respectively. The high-field NMR approach is shown to be susceptible to systematic errors associated with interference from non-hyperpolarised signals, which can be overcome through a multiple-quantum filtered acquisition scheme. This challenge is avoided when using benchtop NMR detection because the non-hyperpolarised signals are much weaker due to the lower magnetic field, enabling the use of a simpler and more efficient single RF pulse detection scheme. Method validation against several experimental parameters (NMR relaxation, %pH2 enrichment and temperature) demonstrates the robustness of the benchtop NMR approach but also highlights the need for sample temperature control throughout reaction monitoring. A simple temperature equilibration protocol, coupled with use of an insulated sample holder while manipulating the sample outside the spectrometer, is found to provide sufficient temperature stabilisation to ensure that accurate and repeatable rate constants are obtained. Finally, the benchtop NMR reaction monitoring protocol is applied to the analysis of a complex mixture, where multiple reaction products form simultaneously. H2 addition to a mixture of three Vaska's complex derivatives was monitored, revealing the presence of competitive reaction pathways within the mixture.
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2
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Leveraging first-principles and empirical models for disturbance detection in continuous pharmaceutical syntheses. J Flow Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-023-00266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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3
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Wakabayashi S, Takumi M, Kamio S, Wakioka M, Ohki Y, Nagaki A. Flow-Chemistry-Enabled Synthesis of 5-Diethylboryl-2,3'-bipyridine and Its Self-Assembly Dynamics. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202882. [PMID: 36394125 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
5-Diethylboryl-2,3'-bipyridine (1), which is inaccessible by conventional batch methods, was synthesized by using a flow microreactor. Compound 1 was obtained as an equilibrium mixture of a cyclic trimer and a cyclic tetramer in solution, the latter of which was crystallized in benzene by vapor diffusion of hexane at 7 °C. The dynamic nature of this system was confirmed by solvent- and concentration-dependent experiments. Notably, the dynamics was verified by using flow NMR spectroscopy, which revealed that the time required to reach equilibrium was influenced by the solvent ratio (<18 s, 24-28 s, and 34-42 s in 2 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 : 2 mixtures of [D6 ]acetone and C6 D6 , respectively). Compound 1 and 3-[4'-(diethylboryl)phenyl]pyridine (2) exhibited different self-assembly behavior in solution and crystals. Density functional theory calculations suggested that this difference was largely due to enhanced planarity between two consecutive aromatic rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeharu Wakabayashi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, 510-0293, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takumi
- Department of Synthetic and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8510, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kamio
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masayuki Wakioka
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ohki
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Aiichiro Nagaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
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4
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Sagmeister P, Ort FF, Jusner CE, Hebrault D, Tampone T, Buono FG, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Autonomous Multi-Step and Multi-Objective Optimization Facilitated by Real-Time Process Analytics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105547. [PMID: 35106974 PMCID: PMC8981902 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Autonomous flow reactors are becoming increasingly utilized in the synthesis of organic compounds, yet the complexity of the chemical reactions and analytical methods remains limited. The development of a modular platform which uses rapid flow NMR and FTIR measurements, combined with chemometric modeling, is presented for efficient and timely analysis of reaction outcomes. This platform is tested with a four variable single-step reaction (nucleophilic aromatic substitution), to determine the most effective optimization methodology. The self-optimization approach with minimal background knowledge proves to provide the optimal reaction parameters within the shortest operational time. The chosen approach is then applied to a seven variable two-step optimization problem (imine formation and cyclization), for the synthesis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient edaravone. Despite the exponentially increased complexity of this optimization problem, the platform achieves excellent results in a relatively small number of iterations, leading to >95% solution yield of the intermediate and up to 5.42 kg L-1 h-1 space-time yield for this pharmaceutically relevant product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - Florian F. Ort
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | - Clemens E. Jusner
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - Dominique Hebrault
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Thomas Tampone
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Frederic G. Buono
- Chemical Development USBoehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.900 Ridgebury RoadRidgefieldConnecticut06877USA
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazNAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 13Graz8010Austria
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5
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Taylor CJ, Manson JA, Clemens G, Taylor BA, Chamberlain TW, Bourne RA. Modern advancements in continuous-flow aided kinetic analysis. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00467k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although kinetic analysis has traditionally been conducted in a batch vessel, continuous-flow aided kinetic analysis continues to swell in popularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Taylor
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jamie A. Manson
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Graeme Clemens
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Brian A. Taylor
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | - Thomas W. Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry and School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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6
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Sagandira CR, Nqeketo S, Mhlana K, Sonti T, Gaqa S, Watts P. Towards 4th industrial revolution efficient and sustainable continuous flow manufacturing of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The convergence of end-to-end continuous flow synthesis with downstream processing, process analytical technology (PAT), artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and automation in ensuring improved accessibility of quality medicines on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sinazo Nqeketo
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Kanyisile Mhlana
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Thembela Sonti
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni Gaqa
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Paul Watts
- Nelson Mandela University, University Way, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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7
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Hammer AS, Leonov AI, Bell NL, Cronin L. Chemputation and the Standardization of Chemical Informatics. JACS AU 2021; 1:1572-1587. [PMID: 34723260 PMCID: PMC8549037 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The explosion in the use of machine learning for automated chemical reaction optimization is gathering pace. However, the lack of a standard architecture that connects the concept of chemical transformations universally to software and hardware provides a barrier to using the results of these optimizations and could cause the loss of relevant data and prevent reactions from being reproducible or unexpected findings verifiable or explainable. In this Perspective, we describe how the development of the field of digital chemistry or chemputation, that is the universal code-enabled control of chemical reactions using a standard language and ontology, will remove these barriers allowing users to focus on the chemistry and plug in algorithms according to the problem space to be explored or unit function to be optimized. We describe a standard hardware (the chemical processing programming architecture-the ChemPU) to encompass all chemical synthesis, an approach which unifies all chemistry automation strategies, from solid-phase peptide synthesis, to HTE flow chemistry platforms, while at the same time establishing a publication standard so that researchers can exchange chemical code (χDL) to ensure reproducibility and interoperability. Not only can a vast range of different chemistries be plugged into the hardware, but the ever-expanding developments in software and algorithms can also be accommodated. These technologies, when combined will allow chemistry, or chemputation, to follow computation-that is the running of code across many different types of capable hardware to get the same result every time with a low error rate.
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9
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Morin MA, Zhang W(P, Mallik D, Organ MG. Sampling and Analysis in Flow: The Keys to Smarter, More Controllable, and Sustainable Fine‐Chemical Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A. Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- Department of Chemistry Carleton University 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa ON K1S 5B6 Canada
| | - Wenyao (Peter) Zhang
- Department of Chemistry York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
| | - Debasis Mallik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
| | - Michael G. Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI) University of Ottawa 10 Marie Curie Ottawa ON K1N 6N5 Canada
- Department of Chemistry York University 4700 Keele Street Toronto ON M3J 1P3 Canada
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10
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Morin MA, Zhang WP, Mallik D, Organ MG. Sampling and Analysis in Flow: The Keys to Smarter, More Controllable, and Sustainable Fine-Chemical Manufacturing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20606-20626. [PMID: 33811800 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Process analytical technology (PAT) is a system designed to help chemists better understand and control manufacturing processes. PAT systems operate through the combination of analytical devices, reactor control elements, and mathematical models to ensure the quality of the final product through a quality by design (QbD) approach. The expansion of continuous manufacturing in the pharmaceutical and fine-chemical industry requires the development of PAT tools suitable for continuous operation in the environment of flow reactors. This requires innovative approaches to sampling and analysis from flowing media to maintain the integrity of the reactor content and the analyte of interest. The following Review discusses examples of PAT tools implemented in flow chemistry for the preparation of small organic molecules, and applications of self-optimization tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu A Morin
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, 203 Steacie Building, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Wenyao Peter Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Debasis Mallik
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Michael G Organ
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation (CCRI), University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
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11
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Kikuchi J, Yamada S. The exposome paradigm to predict environmental health in terms of systemic homeostasis and resource balance based on NMR data science. RSC Adv 2021; 11:30426-30447. [PMID: 35480260 PMCID: PMC9041152 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra03008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment, from microbial ecosystems to recycled resources, fluctuates dynamically due to many physical, chemical and biological factors, the profile of which reflects changes in overall state, such as environmental illness caused by a collapse of homeostasis. To evaluate and predict environmental health in terms of systemic homeostasis and resource balance, a comprehensive understanding of these factors requires an approach based on the "exposome paradigm", namely the totality of exposure to all substances. Furthermore, in considering sustainable development to meet global population growth, it is important to gain an understanding of both the circulation of biological resources and waste recycling in human society. From this perspective, natural environment, agriculture, aquaculture, wastewater treatment in industry, biomass degradation and biodegradable materials design are at the forefront of current research. In this respect, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offers tremendous advantages in the analysis of samples of molecular complexity, such as crude bio-extracts, intact cells and tissues, fibres, foods, feeds, fertilizers and environmental samples. Here we outline examples to promote an understanding of recent applications of solution-state, solid-state, time-domain NMR and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to the complex evaluation of organisms, materials and the environment. We also describe useful databases and informatics tools, as well as machine learning techniques for NMR analysis, demonstrating that NMR data science can be used to evaluate the exposome in both the natural environment and human society towards a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kikuchi
- Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University 1-7-29 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
| | - Shunji Yamada
- Environmental Metabolic Analysis Research Team, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku Yokohama 230-0045 Japan
- Prediction Science Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
- Data Assimilation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Computational Science 7-1-26 Minatojima-minami-machi, Chuo-ku Kobe 650-0047 Japan
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12
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Abstract
Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy uses small permanent magnets to generate magnetic fields and therefore offers the advantages of operational simplicity and reasonable cost, presenting a viable alternative to high-field NMR spectroscopy. In particular, the use of benchtop NMR spectroscopy for rapid in-field analysis, e.g., for quality control or forensic science purposes, has attracted considerable attention. As benchtop NMR spectrometers are sufficiently compact to be operated in a fume hood, they can be efficiently used for real-time reaction and process monitoring. This review introduces the recent applications of benchtop NMR spectroscopy in diverse fields, including food science, pharmaceuticals, process and reaction monitoring, metabolomics, and polymer materials.
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13
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Soheilmoghaddam F, Rumble M, Cooper-White J. High-Throughput Routes to Biomaterials Discovery. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10792-10864. [PMID: 34213880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many existing clinical treatments are limited in their ability to completely restore decreased or lost tissue and organ function, an unenviable situation only further exacerbated by a globally aging population. As a result, the demand for new medical interventions has increased substantially over the past 20 years, with the burgeoning fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine showing promise to offer solutions for full repair or replacement of damaged or aging tissues. Success in these fields, however, inherently relies on biomaterials that are engendered with the ability to provide the necessary biological cues mimicking native extracellular matrixes that support cell fate. Accelerating the development of such "directive" biomaterials requires a shift in current design practices toward those that enable rapid synthesis and characterization of polymeric materials and the coupling of these processes with techniques that enable similarly rapid quantification and optimization of the interactions between these new material systems and target cells and tissues. This manuscript reviews recent advances in combinatorial and high-throughput (HT) technologies applied to polymeric biomaterial synthesis, fabrication, and chemical, physical, and biological screening with targeted end-point applications in the fields of gene therapy, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Limitations of, and future opportunities for, the further application of these research tools and methodologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soheilmoghaddam
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Madeleine Rumble
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
| | - Justin Cooper-White
- Tissue Engineering and Microfluidics Laboratory (TEaM), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072.,School of Chemical Engineering, University Of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia 4072
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14
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Sagandira MB, Sagandira CR, Watts P. Continuous flow synthesis of xylidines via biphasic nitration of xylenes and nitro-reduction. J Flow Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s41981-020-00134-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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15
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Sagmeister P, Kaldre D, Sedelmeier J, Moessner C, Püntener K, Kummli D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Intensified Continuous Flow Synthesis and Workup of 1,5-Disubstituted Tetrazoles Enhanced by Real-Time Process Analytics. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dainis Kaldre
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Sedelmeier
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Moessner
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Püntener
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Kummli
- Department of Process Chemistry & Catalysis, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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16
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real-Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8139-8148. [PMID: 33433918 PMCID: PMC8048486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In multistep continuous flow chemistry, studying complex reaction mixtures in real time is a significant challenge, but provides an opportunity to enhance reaction understanding and control. We report the integration of four complementary process analytical technology tools (NMR, UV/Vis, IR and UHPLC) in the multistep synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient, mesalazine. This synthetic route exploits flow processing for nitration, high temperature hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions, as well as three inline separations. Advanced data analysis models were developed (indirect hard modeling, deep learning and partial least squares regression), to quantify the desired products, intermediates and impurities in real time, at multiple points along the synthetic pathway. The capabilities of the system have been demonstrated by operating both steady state and dynamic experiments and represents a significant step forward in data-driven continuous flow synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbHWollsdorf 1548181St. Ruprecht a. d. RaabAustria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and ControlGraz University of TechnologyInffeldgasse 21b8010GrazAustria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW)Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE)Inffeldgasse 138010GrazAustria
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Graz, NAWI GrazHeinrichstrasse 288010GrazAustria
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17
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Sagmeister P, Lebl R, Castillo I, Rehrl J, Kruisz J, Sipek M, Horn M, Sacher S, Cantillo D, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Advanced Real‐Time Process Analytics for Multistep Synthesis in Continuous Flow**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sagmeister
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - René Lebl
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Ismael Castillo
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jakob Rehrl
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Julia Kruisz
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Martin Sipek
- Evon GmbH Wollsdorf 154 8181 St. Ruprecht a. d. Raab Austria
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Automation and Control Graz University of Technology Inffeldgasse 21b 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Stephan Sacher
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW) Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE) Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry University of Graz, NAWI Graz Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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von Keutz T, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Flash Chemistry Approach to Organometallic C-Glycosylation for the Synthesis of Remdesivir. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timo von Keutz
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jason D. Williams
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010 Graz, Austria
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19
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Araneda JF, Hui P, Leskowitz GM, Riegel SD, Mercado R, Green C. Lithium-7 qNMR as a method to quantify lithium content in brines using benchtop NMR. Analyst 2021; 146:882-888. [PMID: 33236728 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel 7Li quantitative NMR (qNMR) method to analyze lithium was developed to determine the lithium content in real brine samples using benchtop NMR instruments. The method was validated, and limits of detection and quantification of 40 and 100 ppm, respectively, were determined. Linearity, precision, and bias were also experimentally determined, and the results are presented herein. The results were compared to those obtained using atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy, currently one of the few validated methods for the quantification of lithium. The method provides both accurate and precise results, as well as excellent correlation with AA. The absence of matrix effects, combined with no need for sample preparation or deuterated solvents, shows potential applicability in the mining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Araneda
- Nanalysis Corp., 1-4600 5 St NE, Calgary, AB T2E 7C3, Canada.
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20
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Eyke NS, Koscher BA, Jensen KF. Toward Machine Learning-Enhanced High-Throughput Experimentation. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Kleijwegt RJT, Henricks VC, Winkenwerder W, Baan W, van der Schaaf J. Renewable dimethyl carbonate for tertiary amine quaternisation: kinetic measurements and process optimisation. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00191d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper has successfully optimised tertiary amine quaternisation with dimethyl carbonate. Intensification of the conventionally quite moderate operating conditions has resulted in substantially higher production capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel J. T. Kleijwegt
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | - Vera C. Henricks
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB, The Netherlands
| | | | - Wim Baan
- Nouryon, Zutphenseweg 10, 7418 AJ Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - John van der Schaaf
- Laboratory of Chemical Reactor Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB, The Netherlands
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22
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Köckinger M, Wyler B, Aellig C, Roberge DM, Hone CA, Kappe CO. Optimization and Scale-Up of the Continuous Flow Acetylation and Nitration of 4-Fluoro-2-methoxyaniline to Prepare a Key Building Block of Osimertinib. Org Process Res Dev 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.0c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Köckinger
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Benjamin Wyler
- Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | - Christof Aellig
- Microreactor Technology, Lonza AG, CH-3930 Visp, Switzerland
| | | | - Christopher A. Hone
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, A-8010 Graz, Austria
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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23
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Abstract
AbstractOscillatory flow reactors (OFRs) superimpose an oscillatory flow to the net movement through a flow reactor. OFRs have been engineered to enable improved mixing, excellent heat- and mass transfer and good plug flow character under a broad range of operating conditions. Such features render these reactors appealing, since they are suitable for reactions that require long residence times, improved mass transfer (such as in biphasic liquid-liquid systems) or to homogeneously suspend solid particles. Various OFR configurations, offering specific features, have been developed over the past two decades, with significant progress still being made. This review outlines the principles and recent advances in OFR technology and overviews the synthetic applications of OFRs for liquid-liquid and solid-liquid biphasic systems.
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24
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Duan X, Tu J, Teixeira AR, Sang L, Jensen KF, Zhang J. An automated flow platform for accurate determination of gas–liquid–solid reaction kinetics. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00191k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An automated flow platform based on a tube-in-tube contactor and micro-packed bed reactor is developed to measure the kinetics of gas–liquid–solid hydrogenation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Jiacheng Tu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Andrew R. Teixeira
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Worcester Polytechnic Institute
- Worcester
- USA
| | - Le Sang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
- Cambridge
- USA
| | - Jisong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
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