1
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Machida H, Kanemoto K. N-Terminal-Specific Dual Modification of Peptides through Copper-Catalyzed [3+2] Cycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202320012. [PMID: 38282290 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202320012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Site-specific introduction of multiple components into peptides is greatly needed for the preparation of densely functionalized and structurally uniform peptides. In this regard, N-terminal-specific peptide modification is attractive, but it can be difficult due to the presence of highly nucleophilic lysine ϵ-amine. In this work, we developed a method for the N-terminal-specific dual modification of peptides through a three-component [3+2] cycloaddition with aldehydes and maleimides under mild copper catalysis. This approach enables exclusive functionalization at the glycine N-terminus of iminopeptides, regardless of the presence of lysine ϵ-amine, thus affording the cycloadducts in excellent yields. Tolerating a broad range of functional groups and molecules, the present method provides the opportunity to rapidly construct doubly functionalized peptides using readily accessible aldehyde and maleimide modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Machida
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kanemoto
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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2
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Zielke FM, Rutjes FPJT. Recent Advances in Bioorthogonal Ligation and Bioconjugation. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:35. [PMID: 37991570 PMCID: PMC10665463 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
The desire to create biomolecules modified with functionalities that go beyond nature's toolbox has resulted in the development of biocompatible and selective methodologies and reagents, each with different scope and limitations. In this overview, we highlight recent advances in the field of bioconjugation from 2016 to 2023. First, (metal-mediated) protein functionalization by exploiting the specific reactivity of amino acids will be discussed, followed by novel bioorthogonal reagents for bioconjugation of modified biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian M Zielke
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Tantipanjaporn A, Wong MK. Development and Recent Advances in Lysine and N-Terminal Bioconjugation for Peptides and Proteins. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031083. [PMID: 36770752 PMCID: PMC9953373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for creation of protein diversity and regulation of protein function through native protein modification and post-translational modification has ignited the development of selective chemical modification methods for peptides and proteins. Chemical bioconjugation offers selective functionalization providing bioconjugates with desired properties and functions for diverse applications in chemical biology, medicine, and biomaterials. The amino group existing at the lysine residue and N-terminus of peptides and proteins has been extensively studied in bioconjugation because of its good nucleophilicity and high surface exposure. Herein, we review the development of chemical methods for modification of the amino groups on lysine residue and N-terminus featuring excellent selectivity, mild reaction conditions, short reaction time, high conversion, biocompatibility, and preservation of protein integrity. This review is organized based on the chemoselectivity and site-selectivity of the chemical bioconjugation reagents to the amino acid residues aiming to provide guidance for the selection of appropriate bioconjugation methods.
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4
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Ding Y, Pedersen SS, Lin A, Qian R, Ball ZT. Direct formation and site-selective elaboration of methionine sulfoximine in polypeptides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14101-14105. [PMID: 36540816 PMCID: PMC9728511 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04220g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfoximines are emerging moieties for medicinal and biological chemistry, due in part to their efficacy in selective inhibition of amide-forming enzymes such as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. While small-molecule sulfoximines such as methionine sulfoximine (MSO) and its derivatives are well studied, structures with methionine sulfoximine residues within complex polypeptides have been generally inaccessible. This paper describes a straightforward means of late-stage one-step oxidation of methionine residues within polypeptides to afford NH-sulfoximines. We also present chemoselective subsequent elaboration, most notably by copper(ii)-mediated N-H cross-coupling at methionine sulfoximine residues with arylboronic acid reagents. This development serves as a strategy to incorporate diverse sulfoximine structures within natural polypeptides, and also identifies the methionine sulfoximine residue as a new site for bioorthogonal, chemoselective bioconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Simon S Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC), Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Alex Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Ruoyu Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University Houston Texas 77005 USA
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5
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Lin X, Haimov E, Redko B, Vigalok A. Selective Stepwise Arylation of Unprotected Peptides by Pt IV Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205368. [PMID: 35536102 PMCID: PMC9400855 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
LPtIVF(Aryl) complexes bearing a bulky bidentate 2‐[bis(adamant‐1‐yl)phosphino]phenoxide ligand (L) demonstrate excellent reactivity and selectivity in the arylation of X−H (X=S, N) bonds of amino acid residues in unprotected peptides under mild, including aqueous, conditions. Stepwise addition of these complexes allowed a convenient one‐pot introduction of different aromatic groups in the X−H bonds of Cys and N terminus. PtIV reagents can also be used to further arylate N−H bonds in Lys and Trp providing access to peptides bearing multiple aromatic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Elvira Haimov
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Boris Redko
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
| | - Arkadi Vigalok
- School of Chemistry, The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel
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6
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Lin X, Haimov E, Redko B, Vigalok A. Selective Stepwise Arylation of Unprotected Peptides by Pt
IV
Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxi Lin
- School of Chemistry The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Elvira Haimov
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Boris Redko
- Blavatnik Center for Drug Discovery Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Arkadi Vigalok
- School of Chemistry The Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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7
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Roy SK, Purkait A, Shome R, Das S, Das D, Ghosh SS, Jana CK. Proline selective labeling via on-site construction of naphthoxazole (NapOx). Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5909-5912. [PMID: 35475487 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01268e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective construction of naphthoxazoles (NapOx) via a three-component annulation reaction enables proline selective labeling of peptides in solution or in solid-phase synthesis. The fluorogenic peptides possess low cytotoxicity, efficient cell membrane permeability and excellent bioimaging potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhra Kanti Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Anisha Purkait
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Rajib Shome
- Department of Biosciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Saurav Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Debapratim Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
| | - Siddhartha Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India
| | - Chandan K Jana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, India.
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8
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Jiang H, Chen W, Wang J, Zhang R. Selective N-terminal modification of peptides and proteins: Recent progresses and applications. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Tan Y, Wu J, Song L, Zhang M, Hipolito CJ, Wu C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Yin Y. Merging the Versatile Functionalities of Boronic Acid with Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312958. [PMID: 34884766 PMCID: PMC8657650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides inherently feature the favorable properties of being easily synthesized, water-soluble, biocompatible, and typically non-toxic. Thus, boronic acid has been widely integrated with peptides with the goal of discovering peptide ligands with novel biological activities, and this effort has led to broad applications. Taking the integration between boronic acid and peptide as a starting point, we provide an overview of the latest research advances and highlight the versatile and robust functionalities of boronic acid. In this review, we summarize the diverse applications of peptide boronic acids in medicinal chemistry and chemical biology, including the identification of covalent reversible enzyme inhibitors, recognition, and detection of glycans on proteins or cancer cell surface, delivery of siRNAs, development of pH responsive devices, and recognition of RNA or bacterial surfaces. Additionally, we discuss boronic acid-mediated peptide cyclization and peptide modifications, as well as the facile chemical synthesis of peptide boronic acids, which paved the way for developing a growing number of peptide boronic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Junjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lulu Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Christopher John Hipolito
- Screening & Compound Profiling, Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA;
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Youming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yizhen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; (Y.T.); (J.W.); (L.S.); (M.Z.); (C.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (S.W.); (Y.Y.)
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10
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Miller MK, Swierczynski MJ, Ding Y, Ball ZT. Boronic Acid Pairs for Sequential Bioconjugation. Org Lett 2021; 23:5334-5338. [PMID: 34212723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boronic acids can play diverse roles when applied in biological environments, and employing boronic acid structures in tandem could provide new tools for multifunctional probes. This Letter describes a pair of boronic acid functional groups, 2-nitro-arylboronic acid (NAB) and (E)-alkenylboronic acid (EAB), that enable sequential cross-coupling through stepwise nickel- and copper-catalyzed processes. The selective coupling of NAB groups enables the preparation of stapled peptides, protein-protein conjugates, and other bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Miller
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | | | - Yuxuan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Zachary T Ball
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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11
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Miller MK, Ball ZT. Boronic Acid Reagents for Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Cross‐Coupling with Proteins and Peptides. Isr J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K. Miller
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main Houston TX 77005 USA
| | - Zachary T. Ball
- Department of Chemistry Rice University 6100 Main Houston TX 77005 USA
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12
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Mallek AJ, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Selective N‐Arylation of
p
‐Aminophenylalanine in Unprotected Peptides with Organometallic Palladium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. Mallek
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Bradley L. Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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13
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Mallek AJ, Pentelute BL, Buchwald SL. Selective N-Arylation of p-Aminophenylalanine in Unprotected Peptides with Organometallic Palladium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16928-16931. [PMID: 34015170 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The selective N-arylation of p-aminophenylalanine in polypeptides with pre-formed palladium oxidative addition complexes is described. The depressed pKa of the aniline NH2 group enables chemoselective C-N bond formation on peptides containing multiple other aliphatic amino groups at lysines or the N-terminus via Curtin-Hammett control under mild conditions. Using palladium complexes derived from electron-poor aryl halides, p-aminophenylalanine is fully arylated in aqueous buffer in as little as one hour at micromolar concentrations. A complementary protocol using the non-nucleophilic, organic base 1,5-diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non-5-ene (DBN), expands the substrate scope to tolerate electron-rich functional groups provides up to 97 % conversion. These procedures enable the chemoselective conjugation of functionally diverse small molecule pharmaceuticals to p-aminophenylalanine containing derivatives of cell-penetrating peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J Mallek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Bradley L Pentelute
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Stephen L Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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14
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Stauber JM, Rheingold AL, Spokoyny AM. Gold(III) Aryl Complexes as Reagents for Constructing Hybrid Peptide-Based Assemblies via Cysteine S-Arylation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5054-5062. [PMID: 33739101 PMCID: PMC8078169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic complexes have recently gained attention as competent bioconjugation reagents capable of introducing a diverse array of substrates to biomolecule substrates. Here, we detail the synthesis and characterization of an aminophosphine-supported Au(III) platform that provides rapid and convenient access to a wide array of peptide-based assemblies via cysteine S-arylation. This strategy results in the formation of robust C-S covalent linkages and is an attractive method for the modification of complex biomolecules due to the high functional group tolerance, chemoselectivity, and rapid reaction kinetics associated with these arylation reactions. This work expands upon existing metal-mediated cysteine arylation by introducing a class of air-stable organometallic complexes that serve as robust bioconjugation reagents enabling the synthesis of conjugates of higher structural complexity including macrocyclic stapled and bicyclic peptides as well as a peptide-functionalized multivalent hybrid nanocluster. This organometallic-based approach provides a convenient, one-step method of peptide functionalization and macrocyclization, and has the potential to contribute to efforts directed toward developing efficient synthetic strategies of building new and diverse hybrid peptide-based assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M. Stauber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092
| | - Arnold L. Rheingold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92092
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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15
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Doyle MGJ, Lundgren RJ. Oxidative cross-coupling processes inspired by the Chan-Lam reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2724-2731. [PMID: 33623942 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00213a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The Cu-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling of N- and O-nucleophiles with aryl boronic acids (the Chan-Lam reaction) remains among the most useful approaches to prepare aniline and phenol derivatives. The combination of high chemoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and the ability to use simple Cu-salts as catalysts makes this process a valuable alternative to aromatic substitutions and Pd-catalyzed reactions of aryl electrophiles (Buchwald-Hartwig coupling). Despite the widespread use of Chan-Lam reactions in synthesis, the analogous carbon-carbon bond forming variant of this process had not been developed prior to our work. This feature article describes our discovery and application of Cu-catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions of activated methylene derivatives or carboxylic acids with nucleophiles including aryl boronic esters and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G J Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
| | - Rylan J Lundgren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada.
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16
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Ofori S, Gukathasan S, Awuah SG. Gold-Based Pharmacophore Inhibits Intracellular MYC Protein. Chemistry 2021; 27:4168-4175. [PMID: 33275307 PMCID: PMC8605874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Direct targeting of intrinsically disordered proteins, including MYC, by small molecules for biomedical applications would resolve a longstanding issue in chemical biology and medicine. Thus, we developed gold-based small-molecule MYC reagents that engage MYC inside cells and modulate MYC transcriptional activity. Lead compounds comprise an affinity ligand and a gold(I) or gold(III) warhead capable of protein chemical modification. Cell-based MYC target engagement studies via CETSA and co-immunoprecipitation reveal specific interaction of compounds with MYC in cells. The lead gold(I) reagent, 1, demonstrates superior cell-killing potential (up to 35-fold) in a MYC-dependent manner when compared to 10058-F4 in cells including the TNBC, MDA-MB-231. Subsequently, 1 suppresses MYC transcription factor activity via functional colorimetric assays, and gene-profiling using whole-cell transcriptomics reveals significant modulation of MYC target genes by 1. These findings point to metal-mediated ligand affinity chemistry (MLAC) based on gold as a promising strategy to develop chemical probes and anticancer therapeutics targeting MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ofori
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
| | - Sailajah Gukathasan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
| | - Samuel G. Awuah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 505 Rose Street, Lexington Kentucky, 40506
- Center for Pharmaceutical and Research Innovation, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington Kentucky, 40536
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