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Mattioli EJ, Cipriani B, Zerbetto F, Marforio TD, Calvaresi M. Interaction of Au(III) with amino acids: a vade mecum for medicinal chemistry and nanotechnology. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5162-5170. [PMID: 38687242 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00204k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Au(III) is highly reactive. At odds with its reduced counterpart, Au(I), it is hardly present in structural databases. And yet, it is the starting reactant to form gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) and the constitutive component of a new class of drugs. Its reactivity is a world apart from that of the iso-electronic Pt(II) species. Rather than DNA, it targets proteins. Its interaction with amino acid residues is manifold. It can strongly interact with the residue backbones, amino acid side chains and protein ends, it can form appropriate complexes whose stabilization energy reaches up to more than 40 kcal mol-1, it can affect the pKa of amino acid residues, and it can promote charge transfer from the residues to the amount that it is reduced. Here, quantum chemical calculations provide quantitative information on all the processes where Au(III) can be involved. A myriad of structural arrangements are examined in order to determine the strongest interactions and quantify the amount of charge transfer between protonated and deprotonated residues and Au(III). The calculated interaction energies of the amino acid side chains with Au(III) quantitatively reproduce the experimental tendency of Au(III) to interact with selenocysteine, cysteine and histidine and negatively charged amino acids such as Glu and Asp. Also, aromatic residues such as tyrosine and tryptophan strongly interact with Au(III). In proteins, basic pH plays a role in the deprotonation of cysteine, lysine and tyrosine and strongly increases the binding affinity of Au(III) toward these amino acids. The amino acid residues in the protein can also trigger the reduction of Au(III) ions. Sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) and selenocysteine provide almost one electron to Au(III) upon binding. Tyrosine also shows a considerable tendency to act as a reductant. Other amino acids, commonly identified in Au-protein adducts, such as Ser, Trp, Thr, Gln, Glu, Asn, Asp, Lys, Arg and His, possess a notable reducing power toward Au(III). These results and their discussion form a vade mecum that can find application in medicinal chemistry and nanotech applications of Au(III).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Cipriani
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Tainah Dorina Marforio
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica ''G. Ciamician'', Alma Mater Studiorum - Universita di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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Yang L, Hou P, Wei J, Li B, Gao A, Yuan Z. Recent Advances in Gold Nanocluster-Based Biosensing and Therapy: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:1574. [PMID: 38611853 PMCID: PMC11013830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) with bright emission and unique chemical reactivity characters have been widely applied for optical sensing and imaging. With a combination of surface modifications, effective therapeutic treatments of tumors are realized. In this review, we summarize the recently adopted biosensing and therapy events based on Au NCs. Homogeneous and fluorometric biosensing systems toward various targets, including ions, small molecules, reactive oxygen species, biomacromolecules, cancer cells, and bacteria, in vitro and in vivo, are presented by turn-off, turn-on, and ratiometric tactics. The therapy applications are concluded in three aspects: photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and as a drug carrier. The basic mechanisms and performances of these systems are introduced. Finally, this review highlights the challenges and future trend of Au NC-based biosensing and therapy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aijun Gao
- College of Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhiqin Yuan
- College of Chemistry, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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3
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Chiou YR, Pang HM, Huang YF, Chen CF. A Semi-Automatic Environmental Monitoring Device for Mercury and Cobalt Ion Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2303871. [PMID: 37817349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
A syringe-based, semi-automatic environmental monitoring device is developed for on-site detection of harmful heavy metal ions in water. This portable device consists of a spring-embedded syringe and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane-based flow regulator for semi-automatic fix-and-release fluidic valve actuation, and a paper-based analytical device (PAD) with two kinds of gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) for sensitive Hg2+ and Co2+ ion detection, respectively. The thickness of the elastic PDMS membrane can be adjusted to stabilize and modulate the flow rates generated by the pushing force provided by the spring attached to the plunger. Also, different spring constants can drastically alter the response time. People of all ages can extract the fix-volume sample solutions and then release them to automatically complete the detection process, ensuring high reliability and repeatability. The PAD comprises two layers of modified paper, and each layer is immobilized with bovine serum albumin-capped gold nanoclusters (R-AuNCs) and glutathione-capped gold clusters (G-AuNCs), respectively. The ligands functionalized on the surface of the AuNCs not only can fine-tune the optical properties of the nanoclusters but also enable specific and simultaneous detection of Hg2+ and Co2+ ions via metallophilic Au+ -Hg2+ interaction and the Co2+ -thiol complexation effect, respectively. The feasibility of the device for detecting heavy metal ions at low concentrations in various environmental water samples is demonstrated. The Hg2+ and Co2+ ions can be seen simultaneously within 20 min with detection limits as low as 1.76 nm and 0.27 µm, respectively, lower than those of the regulatory restrictions on water by the US Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union. we expect this sensitive, selective, portable, and easy-to-use device to be valid for on-site multiple heavy metal ion pollution screenings in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ru Chiou
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Ming Pang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fen Huang
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Advanced Technology, National Taiwan University, 106, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Akyüz Ö, Mißun M, Rosenberg R, Scheffner M, Marx A, Cölfen H. Thermostable protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters as a peroxidase mimic. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6061-6068. [PMID: 37941944 PMCID: PMC10629000 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00566f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are fascinating nanostructures with exciting properties owing to their ultra-small sizes and functional shell. However, their applications under extreme conditions are still complicated, waiting for programmable solutions. Therefore, the design of a multi-functional protein stabilizer for specific purposes gains attention to improve the stability and functionality of AuNCs. Herein, we exploited the thermostability of genetically engineered KlenTaq DNA polymerase containing five cysteine residues (KTQ5C) to synthesize heat-stable AuNCs (AuNC@KTQ5C) and characterize optical, structural, and hydrodynamic properties. Besides their excellent photophysical properties, AuNC@KTQ5C also exhibit superior peroxidase-like (POD-like) catalytic activity following typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics together with a high affinity towards the POD substrate 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)-diammonium salt (ABTS). Moreover, FTIR and relative catalytic activity analysis of AuNC@KTQ5C reveal that KTQ5C is resistant to changes in protein secondary structure while the AuNCs conserve 70-80% of their catalytic performance after heat treatments up to more than 80 °C. Our findings show that stabilizing AuNCs with thermostable KTQ5C not only preserves the advantages of protein-stabilized AuNCs but can also promote the resistance of AuNCs against aggregation due to protein denaturation under extreme reaction temperatures, protecting their fluorescent emission or catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Akyüz
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Maite Mißun
- Organic Chemistry/Cellular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Rose Rosenberg
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Martin Scheffner
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Andreas Marx
- Organic Chemistry/Cellular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
| | - Helmut Cölfen
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz 78457 Konstanz Germany
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Chen M, Ning Z, Ge X, Yang E, Sun Q, Yin F, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Shen Y. Ligands engineering of gold nanoclusters with enhanced photoluminescence for deceptive information encryption and glutathione detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114805. [PMID: 36279824 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoclusters (Au NCs) have appeared as an essential alternative to traditional quantum dots and fluorescent molecules for the development of intelligent stimuli-responsive photoluminescence (PL), but the low PL emission of Au NCs restricts their broad applications. Herein, we reported a simple yet effective strategy for preparing Au NCs with high PL by ligands engineering of 4-hydroxy-2-mercapto-6-methylpyrimidine (MTU) and L-Arginine (Arg). Owing to the rigidified shell and the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) effects, it was found that the assembly of Arg ligand on MTU-protected Au NCs (Arg/MTU-Au NCs) led to a significantly enhanced PL in the alkaline solution up to 30 times. Moreover, utilizing the tunable LMCT, the Arg/MTU-Au NCs displayed rapid responses to multi-type ionic interaction in a reversible manner, such as H+/OH- and Cu2+/glutathione (GSH) pairs. Inspired by these intriguing ions-responsive LMCT and the associated switchable PL emission, the Arg/MTU-Au NCs were successfully used as excellent stimuli-responsive PL probes for intriguing deceptive information encryption and biosensing as well. This work would provide new insight into regulating the PL emission of Au NCs by ligands engineering and advance their potential applications in information encryption and bioassay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhenqiang Ning
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xue Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Erli Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qian Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fei Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanjian Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yanfei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Center of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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6
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Mahmood Khan I, Niazi S, Akhtar W, Yue L, Pasha I, Khan MKI, Mohsin A, Waheed Iqbal M, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Surface functionalized AuNCs optical biosensor as an emerging food safety indicator: Fundamental mechanism to future prospects. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Dual ligand-capped gold nanoclusters for the smart detection of specific reactive oxygen species. Mikrochim Acta 2022; 190:14. [PMID: 36477862 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-022-05583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative detection of different types of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is vital for understanding the crucial roles of them in biological processes. However, few researches achieved the detection of multiple types of ROS with one probe until now. Given this, we designed and prepared fluorescent gold nanoclusters capped by dual ligand bovine serum albumin and lysozyme (BSA-LYS-AuNCs), which could detect 3 specific types of ROS based on its different fluorescent responses to H2O2, •OH and ClO-, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) of H2O2, •OH, and ClO- was as low as 0.82 μM, 0.45 μM, and 0.62 μM. Moreover, as an important ROS type, ClO- was detected with high sensitivity and low LOD by BSA-LYS-AuNCs. It was also proved that the crosslinking of protein mainly contributed to the unique fluorescent characteristics of the probe exposing to ClO-. Furthermore, the fluorescent probe achieved the smart detection of hROS (including •OH and ClO-) and wROS (the form of H2O2) in the real sample, which could also been applied specifically to the detection of antioxidants, e.g. ascorbic acid. The gold nanoclusters developed have high potential for the smart detection of multiple ROS in the body fluid of organisms.
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8
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Pan Y, Han Z, Chen S, Wei K, Wei X. Metallic nanoclusters: From synthetic challenges to applications of their unique properties in food contamination detection. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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9
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The Recent Development of Multifunctional Gold Nanoclusters in Tumor Theranostic and Combination Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112451. [PMID: 36432642 PMCID: PMC9696200 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising incidence and severity of malignant tumors threaten human life and health, and the current lagged diagnosis and single treatment in clinical practice are inadequate for tumor management. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) are nanomaterials with small dimensions (≤3 nm) and few atoms exhibiting unique optoelectronic and physicochemical characteristics, such as fluorescence, photothermal effects, radiosensitization, and biocompatibility. Here, the three primary functions that AuNCs play in practical applications, imaging agents, drug transporters, and therapeutic nanosystems, are characterized. Additionally, the promise and remaining limitations of AuNCs for tumor theranostic and combination therapy are discussed. Finally, it is anticipated that the information presented herein will serve as a supply for researchers in this area, leading to new discoveries and ultimately a more widespread use of AuNCs in pharmaceuticals.
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Jarockyte G, Stasys M, Poderys V, Buivydaite K, Pleckaitis M, Bulotiene D, Matulionyte M, Karabanovas V, Rotomskis R. Biodistribution of Multimodal Gold Nanoclusters Designed for Photoluminescence-SPECT/CT Imaging and Diagnostic. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193259. [PMID: 36234387 PMCID: PMC9565908 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly biocompatible nanostructures for multimodality imaging are critical for clinical diagnostics improvements in the future. Combining optical imaging with other techniques may lead to important advances in diagnostics. The purpose of such a system would be to combine the individual advantages of each imaging method to provide reliable and accurate information at the site of the disease bypassing the limitations of each. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate biodistribution of the biocompatible technetium-99m labelled bovine serum albumin-gold nanoclusters (99mTc-BSA-Au NCs) as photoluminescence-SPECT/CT agent in experimental animals. It was verified spectroscopically that radiolabelling with 99mTc does not influence the optical properties of BSA-Au NCs within the synthesized 99mTc-BSA-Au NCs bioconjugates. Biodistribution imaging of the 99mTc-BSA-Au NCs in Wistar rats was performed using a clinical SPECT/CT system. In vivo imaging of Wistar rats demonstrated intense cardiac blood pool activity, as well as rapid blood clearance and accumulation in the kidneys, liver, and urinary bladder. Confocal images of kidney, liver and spleen tissues revealed no visible uptake indicating that the circulation lifetime of 99mTc-BSA-Au NCs in the bloodstream might be too short for accumulation in these tissues. The cellular uptake of 99mTc-BSA-Au NCs in kidney cells was also delayed and substantial accumulation was observed only after 24-h incubation. Based on our experiments, it was concluded that 99mTc-BSA-Au NCs could be used as a contrast agent and shows promise as potential diagnostic agents for bloodstream imaging of the excretory organs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Jarockyte
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marius Stasys
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilius Poderys
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kornelija Buivydaite
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marijus Pleckaitis
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Danute Bulotiene
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Marija Matulionyte
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vitalijus Karabanovas
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ricardas Rotomskis
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Du P, Zhang J, Ma J, Chu Z, Cao F, Liu J. Synthesis of Copper Nanoclusters and Their Application for Environmental Pollutant Probes: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1416-1429. [PMID: 36037057 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2116555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) as a new type of probe for environmental contaminants are gaining increasing attention because of its low cost, superior water dispersibility, wide availability and excellent optical properties. Compared with the other probes such as quantum dots and organic dyes, CuNCs show much more potential in practical application for their excellent photostability, large Stokes shift, low toxicity and other preponderance, especially in the fields of biosensing and environmental monitoring. Recently, the template-assisted synthesis of metal nanoclusters (MNCs) has been widely studied. A variety of templates such as proteins, small thiol molecules, polymers, and DNA with different spatial configuration have been used for the preparation of MNCs so far. This review primarily described recent advances in CuNCs in terms of the synthesis of CuNCs from different templates, the methods to improve the fluorescence (FL) properties of CuNCs, as well as the basic detection mechanisms based on the FL properties or catalytic properties. Finally, to promote the practical application of CuNCs probes, the challenges and prospects of CuNCs multifunctional probes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Du
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Jieyu Ma
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengkun Chu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Cao
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
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12
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Abstract
Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have become a promising material for bioimaging detection because of their tunable photoluminescence, large Stokes shift, low photobleaching, and good biocompatibility. Last decade, great efforts have been made to develop AuNCs for enhanced imaging contrast and multimodal imaging. Herein, an updated overview of recent advances in AuNCs was present for visible fluorescence (FL) imaging, near-infrared fluorescence (NIR-FL) imaging, two-photon near-infrared fluorescence (TP-NIR-FL) imaging, computed tomography (CT) imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and photoacoustic (PA) imaging. The justification of AuNCs applied in bioimaging mentioned above applications was discussed, the performance location of different AuNCs were summarized and highlighted in an unified parameter coordinate system of corresponding bioimaging, and the current challenges, research frontiers, and prospects of AuNCs in bioimaging were discussed. This review will bring new insights into the future development of AuNCs in bio-diagnostic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaobing Gao
- General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenrui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng He
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Guanbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Taolei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan 430070, China
- Corresponding author
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Dheyab MA, Aziz AA, Moradi Khaniabadi P, Jameel MS, Oladzadabbasabadi N, Mohammed SA, Abdullah RS, Mehrdel B. Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles: A Review on Synthesis and Their Application in Modern Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7400. [PMID: 35806405 PMCID: PMC9266776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are becoming increasingly popular as drug carriers due to their unique properties such as size tenability, multivalency, low toxicity and biocompatibility. AuNPs have physical features that distinguish them from bulk materials, small molecules and other nanoscale particles. Their unique combination of characteristics is just now being fully realized in various biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on the research accomplishments and new opportunities in this field, and we describe the rising developments in the use of monodisperse AuNPs for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. This study addresses the key principles and the most recent published data, focusing on monodisperse AuNP synthesis, surface modifications, and future theranostic applications. Moving forward, we also consider the possible development of functionalized monodisperse AuNPs for theranostic applications based on these efforts. We anticipate that as research advances, flexible AuNPs will become a crucial platform for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Dheyab
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (M.S.J.); (S.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Azlan Abdul Aziz
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (M.S.J.); (S.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Pegah Moradi Khaniabadi
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, College of Medicine and Health Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 112, Oman;
| | - Mahmood S. Jameel
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (M.S.J.); (S.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
- Nano-Biotechnology Research and Innovation (NanoBRI), Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Nazila Oladzadabbasabadi
- Food Biopolymer Research Group, Food Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia;
| | | | - Raja Saleh Abdullah
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia; (M.S.J.); (S.A.M.); (R.S.A.)
| | - Baharak Mehrdel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy & Health Science, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA;
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14
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Lopes RC, Rocha BG, Maçôas EM, Marques EF, Martinho JM. Combining metal nanoclusters and carbon nanomaterials: Opportunities and challenges in advanced nanohybrids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102667. [PMID: 35462268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of functional materials with uniquely advanced properties lies at the core of nanoscience and nanotechnology. From the myriad possible combinations of organic and/or inorganic blocks, hybrids combining metal nanoclusters and carbon nanomaterials have emerged as highly attractive colloidal materials for imaging, sensing (optical and electrochemical) and catalysis, among other applications. While the metal nanoclusters provide extraordinary luminescent and electronic properties, the carbon nanomaterials (of zero, one or two dimensions) convey versatility, as well as unique interfacial, electronic, thermal, optical, and mechanical properties, which altogether can be put to use for the desired application. Herein, we present an overview of the field, for experts and non-experts, encompassing the basic properties of the building blocks, a systematic view of the chemical preparation routes and physicochemical properties of the hybrids, and a critical analysis of their ongoing and emerging applications. Challenges and opportunities, including directions towards green chemistry approaches, are also discussed.
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Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Liu B, Tan YN. Emerging Strategies in Enhancing Singlet Oxygen Generation of Nano-Photosensitizers Toward Advanced Phototherapy. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:123. [PMID: 35513555 PMCID: PMC9072609 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The great promise of photodynamic therapy (PDT) has thrusted the rapid progress of developing highly effective photosensitizers (PS) in killing cancerous cells and bacteria. To mitigate the intrinsic limitations of the classical molecular photosensitizers, researchers have been looking into designing new generation of nanomaterial-based photosensitizers (nano-photosensitizers) with better photostability and higher singlet oxygen generation (SOG) efficiency, and ways of enhancing the performance of existing photosensitizers. In this paper, we review the recent development of nano-photosensitizers and nanoplasmonic strategies to enhance the SOG efficiency for better PDT performance. Firstly, we explain the mechanism of reactive oxygen species generation by classical photosensitizers, followed by a brief discussion on the commercially available photosensitizers and their limitations in PDT. We then introduce three types of new generation nano-photosensitizers that can effectively produce singlet oxygen molecules under visible light illumination, i.e., aggregation-induced emission nanodots, metal nanoclusters (< 2 nm), and carbon dots. Different design approaches to synthesize these nano-photosensitizers were also discussed. To further enhance the SOG rate of nano-photosensitizers, plasmonic strategies on using different types of metal nanoparticles in both colloidal and planar metal-PS systems are reviewed. The key parameters that determine the metal-enhanced SOG (ME-SOG) efficiency and their underlined enhancement mechanism are discussed. Lastly, we highlight the future prospects of these nanoengineering strategies, and discuss how the future development in nanobiotechnology and theoretical simulation could accelerate the design of new photosensitizers and ME-SOG systems for highly effective image-guided photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yen Nee Tan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, 138634, Singapore.
- Faculty of Science, Agriculture and Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
- Newcastle Research and Innovation Institute, Newcastle University in Singapore, 80 Jurong East Street 21, #05-04, Singapore, 609607, Singapore.
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Jarockyte G, Poderys V, Barzda V, Karabanovas V, Rotomskis R. Blood Plasma Stabilized Gold Nanoclusters for Personalized Tumor Theranostics. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081887. [PMID: 35454798 PMCID: PMC9030650 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is a disease that has a high fatality rate over the world. Nanotechnology is one of the most promising current approaches for developing novel diagnostic and treatment methods in accomplishing more personalized medicine. Personalized gold nanoclusters have potential to be used in cancer theranostics. We demonstrate that biocompatible gold nanoclusters could be synthesized directly in human blood plasma. Such gold nanoclusters have a wide photoluminescence band in the optical tissue window and generate reactive oxygen species under irradiation with visible light, thus are suitable for cancer theranostics. Abstract Personalized cancer theranostics has a potential to increase efficiency of early cancer diagnostics and treatment, and to reduce negative side-effects. Protein-stabilized gold nanoclusters may serve as theranostic agents. To make gold nanoclusters personalized and highly biocompatible, the clusters were stabilized with human plasma proteins. Optical properties of synthesized nanoclusters were investigated spectroscopically, and possible biomedical application was evaluated using standard cell biology methods. The spectroscopic investigations of human plasma proteins stabilized gold nanoclusters revealed that a wide photoluminescence band in the optical tissue window is suitable for cancer diagnostics. High-capacity generation of singlet oxygen and other reactive oxygen species was also observed. Furthermore, the cluster accumulation in cancer cells and the photodynamic effect were evaluated. The results demonstrate that plasma proteins stabilized gold nanoclusters that accumulate in breast cancer cells and are non-toxic in the dark, while appear phototoxic under irradiation with visible light. The results positively confirm the utility of plasma protein stabilized gold nanoclusters for the use in cancer diagnostics and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Jarockyte
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.J.); (V.P.); (R.R.)
- Life Science Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Vilius Poderys
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.J.); (V.P.); (R.R.)
| | - Virginijus Barzda
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Toronto, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Vitalijus Karabanovas
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.J.); (V.P.); (R.R.)
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardas Rotomskis
- Biomedical Physics Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania; (G.J.); (V.P.); (R.R.)
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Physics, Vilnius University, LT-10223 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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Photoluminescent nanocluster-based probes for bioimaging applications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:787-801. [PMID: 35032005 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the continuous search for versatile and better performing probes for optical bioimaging and biosensing applications, many research efforts have focused on the design and optimization of photoluminescent metal nanoclusters. They consist of a metal core composed by a small number of atoms (diameter < 2-3 nm), usually coated by a shell of stabilizing ligands of different nature, and are characterized by molecule-like quantization of electronic states, resulting in discrete and tunable optical transitions in the UV-Vis and NIR spectral regions. Recent advances in their size-selective synthesis and tailored surface functionalization have allowed the effective combination of nanoclusters and biologically relevant molecules into hybrid platforms, that hold a large potential for bioimaging purposes, as well as for the detection and tracking of specific markers of biological processes or diseases. Here, we will present an overview of the latest combined imaging or sensing nanocluster-based systems reported in the literature, classified according to the different families of coating ligands (namely, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and biocompatible polymers), highlighting for each of them the possible applications in the biomedical field.
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18
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Wei DZ, Li D, Zheng DM, An ZN, Xing XJ, Jiang DW, Mei XF, Liu C. Curcumin Conjugated Gold Nanoclusters as Perspective Therapeutics for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. Front Chem 2021; 9:763892. [PMID: 34765588 PMCID: PMC8576376 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.763892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of lipids in the myocardium contributes to the development of cardiac dysfunctions and various chronic diseases, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Curcumin (Cur) can relieve lipid accumulation problems, but its efficiency is limited by poor water solubility and biocompatibility. Herein, gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were used to improve the efficiency of Cur, and the conjugates Curcumin-AuNCs (AuCur) were developed. In the treatment of high-fat-induced myocardial cell damage, we found that AuCur could effectively reduce intracellular lipid accumulation, the increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the increase of mitochondrial division, and the increase of apoptosis compared with Cur. AuCur decreased the expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α subtype (PPARα), and the therapeutic effect of AuCur was canceled when the expression of PPARα was enhanced. For the above reasons, AuCur treated the toxic effect of high lipid on cardiomyocytes by regulating PPARα, providing a new idea and method for the treatment of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhuo Wei
- Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Li
- Public Basic Academy, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Dan-Meng Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ni An
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Ding-Wen Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xi-Fan Mei
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
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Kundu S, Ghosh M, Sarkar N. State of the Art and Perspectives on the Biofunctionalization of Fluorescent Metal Nanoclusters and Carbon Quantum Dots for Targeted Imaging and Drug Delivery. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9281-9301. [PMID: 34297580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interface of nanobio science and cancer nanomedicine is one of the most important current frontiers in research, being full of opportunities and challenges. Ultrasmall fluorescent metal nanoclusters (MNCs) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have emerged as promising fluorescent nanomaterials due to their unique physicochemical and optical properties, facile surface functionalization, good photostability, biocompatibility, and aqueous dispersity. These characteristics make them advantageous over conventional fluorophores such as organic dye molecules and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) for the detection, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Recently, researchers have focused on the biofunctionalization strategy of the MNCs and CQDs which can tailor their physicochemical and biological properties and, in turn, can empower these biofunctionalized nanoprobes for diverse applications including imaging, drug delivery, theranostics, and other biomedical applications. In this invited feature article, we first discuss some fundamental structural and physicochemical characteristics of the fluorescent biocompatible quantum-sized nanomaterials which have some outstanding features for the development of multiplexed imaging probes, delivery vehicles, and cancer nanomedicine. We then demonstrate the diverse surface engineering of these fluorescent nanomaterials with reactive target specific functional groups which can help to construct multifunctional nanoprobes with improved targeting capabilities having minimal toxicity. The promising future of the biofunctionalized fluorescent quantum-sized nanomaterials in the field of bioanalytical and biomedical research is elaborately demonstrated, showing selected recent works with relevant applications. This invited feature article finally ends with a short discussion of the current challenges and future prospects of the development of these bioconjugated/biofunctionalized nanomaterials to provide insight into this burgeoning field of MNC- and CQD-based diagnostics and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, WB India
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Wang L, Li S, Zhong L, Li Q, Liu S, Zheng W, Jiang X. Evaluation of the in vivo behavior of antibacterial gold nanoparticles for potential biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3025-3031. [PMID: 33885664 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics is a critical factor determining the clinical applicability of nanomaterials. Systematic study of the pharmacokinetics of functional nanomaterials is thus significant for promoting their applications. Herein, we take aminophenylboronic acid and mercaptophenylboronic acid-co-modified gold nanoparticles (A/M-Au NPs) with potent and tunable antibacterial activity as an example to study their behaviors in vitro and in vivo. The maximum concentration (Cmax, 2 mg L-1), the time to reach the maximum concentration (Tmax, 6 h), and the half-life (T1/2, 12 h) in the plasma of mice reflect appropriate pharmacokinetics of the gold nanoparticles as an ideal nano-antibiotic. Strikingly, the A/M-Au NPs show an extremely high median lethal dose (920 mg kg-1), which is about 100 times their effective dose (7.2 mg kg-1), suggesting their outstanding biosafety. The adequate pharmacokinetic profile and the high biosafety of the gold nanoparticles pave the way for their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, 2 Yikuang Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
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21
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Li Q, Zhou R, Sun Y, Xiao D, Liu M, Zhao D, Peng S, Chen Y, Lin Y. Synthesis and Antitumor Application of Antiangiogenetic Gold Nanoclusters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:11708-11720. [PMID: 33656845 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Conventional antiangiogenetic inhibitors suffered from poor delivery problems that result in unsatisfactory antitumor treatment efficacy. Although the liposomes or nanomaterial-based delivery systems can improve the therapeutic efficacy of antiangiogenic molecules, the assembly process is far too complex. Herein, a nanomaterial or a new nanodrug that could work without the help of a carrier and could be easily synthesized is needed. Au nanoclusters (AuNCs) are a kind of ideal nanostructures that could spontaneously enter into the cell and could be synthesized by a relatively easy one-pot method. Here, changing the traditional ligand glutathione (GSH) into an anti-Flt1 peptide (AF) has enriched the newly synthesized AF@AuNCs with targeted antiangiogenic properties. Based on the specific binding between AF and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1), the interaction between VEGFR1 and its ligands could be blocked. Furthermore, the expression of VEGFR2 could be downregulated. Compared with pure AF peptide- and GSH-participated AuNCs (GSH@AuNCs), AF@AuNCs were more effective in inhibiting both tube formation and migration of the endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, the in vivo chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) experiment and antitumor experiment were conducted to further verify the enhanced antiangiogenesis and tumor inhibition effect of AF@AuNCs. Our findings provide promising evidence of a carrier-free nanodrug for tumors and other vascular hyperproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Oral Pathology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ronghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dexuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shuanglin Peng
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- West China School of Stomatology, Oral Pathology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yunfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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