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Yu Z, Sun W, Wang L, Yang Z, Ren Y, Li Y, Liu G, Zhang Q. Bioinspired Sulfobetaine Borneol Fluorinated Amphiphilic Polymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling Release Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:46690-46702. [PMID: 39165173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c06525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of nontoxic antifouling coatings in static marine environments is urgent. Herein, the successful synthesis of sulfobetaine borneol fluorinated polymers (PEASBF) by a free radical polymerization method is reported. The PEASBF coatings exhibit outstanding antifouling activity, which effectively resists the adhesion of Bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA adhesion rate: 0.5%), Pseudomonas sp. (Biofilm: 1.3 absorbance) and Navicula sp. (Diatom attachment rate: 33%). More importantly, the PEASBF coatings display outstanding fouling release properties, achieving a release rate of 98% for Navicula sp., and the absorbance of the Pseudomonas sp. biofilm is only 0.2 under 10 Pa shear stress. XPS and MD studies showed that the fluorinated/isobornyl groups induce more sulfobetaine groups to migrate toward polymer surfaces for intensify antifouling. Additionally, the chiral stereochemical structure of borneol enhances antifouling and fouling release ability of amphiphilic polymers. Therefore, the PEASBF has the potential for static marine antifouling applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiang Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Wen Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Lida Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Zhengqing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Yine Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Yanke Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Guichang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, PR China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Shandong Chambroad HoldingGroup Co Ltd, Binzhou, Boxing City 256599, PR China
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2
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Guo Y, Yan M, Zhao W. Cinnamaldehyde grafted porous Aerogel-Organ gel liquid infused surface for achieving difunctional long-term dynamic antifouling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 653:833-843. [PMID: 37769362 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofouling caused a number of questions about energy consumption and safety. While there were still some challenges in developing an environmentally friendly, non-toxic and long-term antifouling slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS). Here, we proposed a difunctional antifouling strategy via constructing porous polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surface with a layer of aerogel by sol-gel method and grafted cinnamaldehyde chemically. The improvement in structure enhanced the liquid storage stability of coating, which in turn increases its anti-bioadhesive ability. In addition, the grafted cinnamaldehyde could also be used to act as a chemical antibacterial and is intelligently released in the face of harsh fouling environments, which played a key role in prolonging the antibacterial lifespan of the coating. After the 120-hour anti-bacteria experiment and the 25-day anti-algae experiment, the anti-Escherichia coli (anti-E. coli) rate and the anti-algae rate of the coating reached 99.6% and 99.9%, respectively, which was attributed to the excellent long-term antifouling properties of the coating. The combination of physical and chemical antifouling property made the coating achieve long-term fouling prevention for marine engineering equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China; College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Minglong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.
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3
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Guazzelli E, Pisano G, Turriani M, Biver T, Kriechbaum M, Uhlig F, Galli G, Martinelli E. The Nanostructured Self-Assembly and Thermoresponsiveness in Water of Amphiphilic Copolymers Carrying Oligoethylene Glycol and Polysiloxane Side Chains. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1703. [PMID: 37376151 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15061703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic copolymer self-assembly is a straightforward approach to obtain responsive micelles, nanoparticles, and vesicles that are particularly attractive for biomedicine, i.e., for the delivery of functional molecules. Here, amphiphilic copolymers of hydrophobic polysiloxane methacrylate and hydrophilic oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate with different lengths of oxyethylenic side chains were synthesized via controlled RAFT radical polymerization and characterized both thermally and in solution. In particular, the thermoresponsive and self-assembling behavior of the water-soluble copolymers in water was investigated via complementary techniques such as light transmittance, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. All the copolymers synthesized were thermoresponsive, displaying a cloud point temperature (Tcp) strongly dependent on macromolecular parameters such as the length of the oligo(ethylene glycol) side chains and the content of the SiMA counits, as well as the concentration of the copolymer in water, which is consistent with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type behavior. SAXS analysis revealed that the copolymers formed nanostructures in water below Tcp, whose dimension and shape depended on the content of the hydrophobic components in the copolymer. The hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) determined by DLS increased with the amount of SiMA and the associated morphology at higher SiMA contents was found to be pearl-necklace-micelle-like, composed of connected hydrophobic cores. These novel amphiphilic copolymers were able to modulate thermoresponsiveness in water in a wide range of temperatures, including the physiological temperature, as well as the dimension and shape of their nanostructured assemblies, simply by varying their chemical composition and the length of the hydrophilic side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pisano
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Turriani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tarita Biver
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Manfred Kriechbaum
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Uhlig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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4
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Liu D, Shu H, Zhou J, Bai X, Cao P. Research Progress on New Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings in Marine Settings: A Review. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8020200. [PMID: 37218786 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Any equipment submerged in the ocean will have its surface attacked by fouling organisms, which can cause serious damage. Traditional antifouling coatings contain heavy metal ions, which also have a detrimental effect on the marine ecological environment and cannot fulfill the needs of practical applications. As the awareness of environmental protection is increasing, new environmentally friendly and broad-spectrum antifouling coatings have become the current research hotspot in the field of marine antifouling. This review briefly outlines the formation process of biofouling and the fouling mechanism. Then, it describes the research progress of new environmentally friendly antifouling coatings in recent years, including fouling release antifouling coatings, photocatalytic antifouling coatings and natural antifouling agents derived from biomimetic strategies, micro/nanostructured antifouling materials and hydrogel antifouling coatings. Highlights include the mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides and the means of preparation of modified surfaces. This category of antifouling materials has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and environmental friendliness and is expected to be a new type of marine antifouling coating with desirable antifouling functions. Finally, the future research directions of antifouling coatings are prospected, which are intended to provide a reference for the development of efficient, broad-spectrum and green marine antifouling coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Haobo Shu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jiangwei Zhou
- School of International Education, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiuqin Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Maritime Technology and Safety, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
| | - Pan Cao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
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Li M, Nan L, Zhang B, Kong J, Wang Y, Ba M. Polyether-Thiourea-Siloxane Copolymer Based on H-Bonding Interaction for Marine Antifouling. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083574. [PMID: 37110807 PMCID: PMC10144924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By introducing thiourea and ether groups into MQ silicone resin polymer via free radical polymerization, a polyether-thiourea-siloxane (PTS) copolymer was synthesized. The characterization of the synthesized copolymer indicated the occurrence of H-bonding interactions and a narrow molecular weight polydispersity index. Antifouling coatings were produced by incorporating the synthesized copolymer and phenylmethylsilicone oil (PSO). The addition of a minute amount of copolymer enhanced the hydrophobicity of the coating by increasing its surface roughness. However, excessive addition of copolymer resulted in a significant deterioration of the coating surface smoothness. The copolymer improved the mechanical properties of the coating, but excessive addition decreased the crosslinking density and weakened the mechanical performance. With increasing copolymer addition, the leaching of PSO was significantly improved due to the change in the storage form of PSO in the coating caused by the copolymer. Based on the H-bonding interaction of the copolymer, the adhesion strength between the coating and the substrate was significantly improved. However, excessive addition of copolymer did not infinitely enhance the adhesion strength. The antifouling performance demonstrated that an appropriate amount of copolymer could obtain adequate PSO leaching efficiency, thereby effectively enhancing the antifouling performance of the coating. In this study, the prepared coating P12 (12 g of PTS in 100 g of PDMS) showed the most effective antifouling performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Li
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Liyang Nan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Boxuan Zhang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Junjun Kong
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Miao Ba
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Changshu 215500, China
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6
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Medhi R, Cintora A, Guazzelli E, Narayan N, Leonardi AK, Galli G, Oliva M, Pretti C, Finlay JA, Clare AS, Martinelli E, Ober CK. Nitroxide-Containing Amphiphilic Random Terpolymers for Marine Antifouling and Fouling-Release Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:11150-11162. [PMID: 36802475 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two types of amphiphilic random terpolymers, poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate)-ran-poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate)-ran-poly(polydimethyl siloxane methacrylate) (PEGMEMA-r-PTMA-r-PDMSMA), were synthesized and evaluated for antifouling (AF) and fouling-release (FR) properties using diverse marine fouling organisms. In the first stage of production, the two respective precursor amine terpolymers containing (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate) units (PEGMEMA-r-PTMPM-r-PDMSMA) were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization using various comonomer ratios and two initiators: alkyl halide and fluoroalkyl halide. In the second stage, these were selectively oxidized to introduce nitroxide radical functionalities. Finally, the terpolymers were incorporated into a PDMS host matrix to create coatings. AF and FR properties were examined using the alga Ulva linza, the barnacle Balanus improvisus, and the tubeworm Ficopomatus enigmaticus. The effects of comonomer ratios on surface properties and fouling assay results for each set of coatings are discussed in detail. There were marked differences in the effectiveness of these systems against the different fouling organisms. The terpolymers had distinct advantages over monopolymeric systems across the different organisms, and the nonfluorinated PEG and nitroxide combination was identified as the most effective formulation against B. improvisus and F. enigmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhiman Medhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Nila Narayan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amanda K Leonardi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Giancarlo Galli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata "G. Bacci", Livorno 57128, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - John A Finlay
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Anthony S Clare
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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7
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Oligo(2-alkyl-2-oxazoline)-Based Graft Copolymers for Marine Antifouling Coatings. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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8
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Oliva M, Martinelli E, Guazzelli E, Cuccaro A, De Marchi L, Fumagalli G, Monni G, Vasarri M, Degl'Innocenti D, Pretti C. Posidonia oceanica (L.) (Delile, 1813) extracts as a potential booster biocide in fouling-release coatings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:18480-18490. [PMID: 36215022 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Since the banning of tributyltin, the addition of inorganic (metal oxides) and organic (pesticides, herbicides) biocides in antifouling paint has represented an unavoidable step to counteract biofouling and the resulting biodeterioration of submerged surfaces. Therefore, the development of new methods that balance antifouling efficacy with environmental impact has become a topic of great importance. Among several proposed strategies, natural extracts may represent one of the most suitable alternatives to the widely used toxic biocides. Posidonia oceanica is one of the most representative organisms of the Mediterranean Sea and contains hundreds of bioactive compounds. In this study, we prepared, characterized, and assessed a hydroalcoholic extract of P. oceanica and then compared it to three model species. Together, these four species belong to relevant groups of biofoulers: bacteria (Aliivibrio fischeri), diatoms (Phaeodactylum tricornutum), and serpulid polychaetes (Ficopomatus enigmaticus). We also added the same P. oceanica extract to a PDMS-based coating formula. We tested this coating agent with Navicula salinicola and Ficopomatus enigmaticus to evaluate both its biocidal performance and its antifouling properties. Our results indicate that our P. oceanica extract provides suitable levels of protection against all the tested organisms and significantly reduces adhesion of N. salinicola cells and facilitates their release in low-intensity waterflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy.
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Guazzelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Giorgia Fumagalli
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Vasarri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Donatella Degl'Innocenti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology and Applied Ecology "G. Bacci" (CIBM), Viale N. Sauro 4, 57128, Livorno, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Polyethylene Glycol-b-poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) Hydrolyzable Block Copolymers for Eco-Friendly Self-Polishing Marine Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214589. [PMID: 36365584 PMCID: PMC9656287 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrolyzable block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene glycol (PEG) first block and a random poly(trialkylsilyl methacrylate (TRSiMA, R = butyl, isopropyl)-co-methyl methacrylate (MMA)) second block were synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Two PEGs with different molar masses (Mn = 750 g/mol (PEG1) and 2200 g/mol (PEG2)) were used as macro-chain transfer agents and the polymerization conditions were set in order to obtain copolymers with a comparable mole content of trialkylsilyl methacrylate (~30 mole%) and two different PEG mole percentages of 10 and 30 mole%. The hydrolysis rates of PEG-b-(TRSiMA-co-MMA) in a THF/basic (pH = 10) water solution were shown to drastically depend on the nature of the trialkylsilyl groups and the mole content of the PEG block. Films of selected copolymers were also found to undergo hydrolysis in artificial seawater (ASW), with tunable erosion kinetics that were modulated by varying the copolymer design. Measurements of the advancing and receding contact angles of water as a function of the immersion time in the ASW confirmed the ability of the copolymer film surfaces to respond to the water environment as a result of two different mechanisms: (i) the hydrolysis of the silylester groups that prevailed in TBSiMA-based copolymers; and (ii) a major surface exposure of hydrophilic PEG chains that was predominant for TPSiMA-based copolymers. AFM analysis revealed that the surface nano-roughness increased upon immersion in ASW. The erosion of copolymer film surfaces resulted in a self-polishing, antifouling behavior against the diatom Navicula salinicola. The amount of settled diatoms depended on the hydrolysis rate of the copolymers.
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Guazzelli E, Lusiani N, Monni G, Oliva M, Pelosi C, Wurm FR, Pretti C, Martinelli E. Amphiphilic Polyphosphonate Copolymers as New Additives for PDMS-Based Antifouling Coatings. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3414. [PMID: 34641229 PMCID: PMC8512855 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based methacrylic copolymers containing polysiloxane methacrylate (SiMA) co-units are proposed as surface-active additives as alternative solutions to the more investigated polyzwitterionic and polyethylene glycol counterparts for the fabrication of novel PDMS-based coatings for marine antifouling applications. In particular, the same hydrophobic SiMA macromonomer was copolymerized with a methacrylate carrying a poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate) (PEtEPMA), a phosphorylcholine (MPC), and a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGMA) side chain to obtain non-water soluble copolymers with similar mole content of the different hydrophilic units. The hydrolysis of poly(ethyl ethylene phosphonate)-based polymers was also studied in conditions similar to those of the marine environment to investigate their potential as erodible films. Copolymers of the three classes were blended into a condensation cure PDMS matrix in two different loadings (10 and 20 wt%) to prepare the top-coat of three-layer films to be subjected to wettability analysis and bioassays with marine model organisms. Water contact angle measurements showed that all of the films underwent surface reconstruction upon prolonged immersion in water, becoming much more hydrophilic. Interestingly, the extent of surface modification appeared to be affected by the type of hydrophilic units, showing a tendency to increase according to the order PEGMA < MPC < PEtEPMA. Biological tests showed that Ficopomatus enigmaticus release was maximized on the most hydrophilic film containing 10 wt% of the PEtEP-based copolymer. Moreover, coatings with a 10 wt% loading of the copolymer performed better than those containing 20 wt% for the removal of both Ficopomatus and Navicula, independent from the copolymer nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Guazzelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Niccolò Lusiani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Gianfranca Monni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Biologia Marina e Ecologia Applicata ‘‘G. Bacci’’, 57128 Livorno, Italy;
| | - Chiara Pelosi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiteit Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (G.M.); (C.P.)
| | - Elisa Martinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (E.G.); (N.L.); (C.P.)
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11
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Fouling Release Coatings Based on Acrylate-MQ Silicone Copolymers Incorporated with Non-Reactive Phenylmethylsilicone Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183156. [PMID: 34578057 PMCID: PMC8469071 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Copolymers containing MQ silicone and acrylate were synthesized by controlling the additive amount of compositions. Subsequently, fouling release coatings based on the copolymer with the incorporation of non-reactive phenylmethylsilicone oil were prepared. The surface properties of the coating (CAMQ40) were consistent with that of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, which ensured good hydrophobicity. Moreover, the seawater volume swelling rate of all prepared coatings was less than 5%, especially for CAMQ40 with only 1.37%. Copolymers enhanced the mechanical properties of the coatings, while the enhancement was proportional to the molar content of structural units from acrylate in the copolymer. More importantly, the adhesion performance between the prepared coatings and substrates indicated that pull-off strength values were more than 1.6 MPa, meaning a high adhesion strength. The phenylmethylsilicone oil leaching observation determined that the oil leaching efficiency increased with the increase in the structural unit’s molar content from MQ silicone in the copolymer, which was mainly owing to the decrease in compatibility between oil and the cured coating, as well as the decrease in mechanical properties. High oil leaching efficiency could make up for the decrease in the biofouling removal rate due to the enhancement of the elastic modulus. For CAMQ40, it had an excellent antifouling performance at 30 days of exposure time with more than 92% of biofouling removal rate, which was confirmed by biofilm adhesion assay.
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12
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Lin X, Xie Q, Ma C, Zhang G. Self-healing, highly elastic and amphiphilic silicone-based polyurethane for antifouling coatings. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1384-1394. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic silicone-based polyurethane coatings with room temperature self-healing ability, high elasticity, excellent fouling release and fouling resistance have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Xie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Chunfeng Ma
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Guangzhao Zhang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| |
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