1
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Johnson CL, Storm DJ, Sajjad MA, Gyton MR, Duckett SB, Macgregor SA, Weller AS, Navarro M, Campos J. A Gold(I)-Acetylene Complex Synthesised using Single-Crystal Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404264. [PMID: 38699962 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Using single-crystal to single-crystal solid/gas reactivity the gold(I) acetylene complex [Au(L1)(η2-HC≡CH)][BArF 4] is cleanly synthesized by addition of acetylene gas to single crystals of [Au(L1)(CO)][BArF 4] [L1=tris-2-(4,4'-di-tert-butylbiphenyl)phosphine, ArF=3,5-(CF3)2C6H3]. This simplest gold-alkyne complex has been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy and periodic DFT. Bonding of HC≡CH with [Au(L1)]+ comprises both σ-donation and π-backdonation with additional dispersion interactions within the cavity-shaped phosphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Daniel J Storm
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - M Arif Sajjad
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Matthew R Gyton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Miquel Navarro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesús Campos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and University of Sevilla, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
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2
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Brown S, Warren MR, Kubicki DJ, Fitzpatrick A, Pike SD. Photoinitiated Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Redox Transformations of Titanium-Oxo Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17325-17333. [PMID: 38865257 PMCID: PMC11212046 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Titanium-oxo clusters can undergo photochemical reactions under UV light, resulting in the reduction of the titanium-oxo core and oxidation of surface ligands. This is an important step in photocatalytic processes in light-absorbing Ti/O-based clusters, metal-organic frameworks, and (nano)material surfaces; however, studying the direct outcome of this photochemical process is challenging due to the fragility of the immediate photoproducts. In this report, titanium-oxo clusters [TiO(OiPr)(L)]n (n = 4, L = O2PPh2, or n = 6, L = O2CCH2tBu) undergo a two-electron photoredox reaction in the single-crystal state via an irreversible single-crystal to single-crystal (SC-SC) transformation initiated by a UV laser. The process is monitored by single crystal X-ray diffraction revealing the photoreduction of the cluster with coproduction of an (oxidized) acetone ligand, which is retained in the structure as a ligand to Ti(3+). The results demonstrate that photochemistry of inorganic molecules can be studied in the single crystal phase, allowing characterization of photoproducts which are unstable in the solution phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen
E. Brown
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Mark R. Warren
- Diamond
Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Ann Fitzpatrick
- RAL
Space, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Sebastian D. Pike
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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3
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Dias HVR, Parasar D, Yakovenko AA, Stephens PW, Muñoz-Castro Á, Vanga M, Mykhailiuk P, Slobodyanyuk E. In situ studies of reversible solid-gas reactions of ethylene responsive silver pyrazolates. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2019-2025. [PMID: 38332831 PMCID: PMC10848740 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Solid-gas reactions and in situ powder X-ray diffraction investigations of trinuclear silver complexes {[3,4,5-(CF3)3Pz]Ag}3 and {[4-Br-3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Ag}3 supported by highly fluorinated pyrazolates reveal that they undergo intricate ethylene-triggered structural transformations in the solid-state producing dinuclear silver-ethylene adducts. Despite the complexity, the chemistry is reversible producing precursor trimers with the loss of ethylene. Less reactive {[3,5-(CF3)2Pz]Ag}3 under ethylene pressure and low-temperature conditions stops at an unusual silver-ethylene complex in the trinuclear state, which could serve as a model for intermediates likely present in more common trimer-dimer reorganizations described above. Complete structural data of three novel silver-ethylene complexes are presented together with a thorough computational analysis of the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- H V Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019 USA
| | - Devaborniny Parasar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019 USA
| | - Andrey A Yakovenko
- X-Ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory Argonne Illinois 60439 USA
| | - Peter W Stephens
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY 11794-3800 USA
| | - Álvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Arquitectura y Diseño, Universidad San Sebastián Bellavista 7 Santiago 8420524 Chile
| | - Mukundam Vanga
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington Arlington Texas 76019 USA
| | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Winston Churchill Street 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Faculty of Chemistry Volodymyrska 60 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
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4
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Goodall JC, Sajjad MA, Thompson EA, Page SJ, Kerrigan AM, Jenkins HT, Lynam JM, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. In crystallo lattice adaptivity triggered by solid-gas reactions of cationic group 7 pincer complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10749-10752. [PMID: 37602809 PMCID: PMC10484290 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03201a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The group 7 complexes [M(κ3-2,6-(R2PO)2C5H3N)(CO)2L][BArF4] [M = Mn, R = iPr, L = THF; M = Re, R = tBu, L = vacant site] undergo in crystallo solid-gas reactivity with CO to form the products of THF substitution or CO addition respectively. There is a large, local, adaptive change of [BArF4] anions for M = Mn, whereas for M = Re the changes are smaller and also remote to the site of reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe C Goodall
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - M Arif Sajjad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | | | - Samuel J Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Adam M Kerrigan
- The York-JEOL Nanocentre, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5BR, UK
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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5
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Sajjad MA, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. A comparison of non-covalent interactions in the crystal structures of two σ-alkane complexes of Rh exhibiting contrasting stabilities in the solid state. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:222-240. [PMID: 37096331 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions surrounding the cationic Rh σ-alkane complexes within the crystal structures of [(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)Rh(NBA)][BArF4], [1-NBA][BArF4] (NBA = norbornane, C7H12; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3), and [1-propane][BArF4] are analysed using Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) and Independent Gradient Model approaches, the latter under a Hirshfeld partitioning scheme (IGMH). In both structures the cations reside in an octahedral array of [BArF4]- anions within which the [1-NBA]+ cation system exhibits a greater number of C-H⋯F contacts to the anions. QTAIM and IGMH analyses indicate these include the strongest individual atom-atom non-covalent interactions between the cation and the anion in these systems. The IGMH approach highlights the directionality of these C-H⋯F contacts that contrasts with the more diffuse C-H⋯π interactions. The accumulative effects of the latter lead to a more significant stabilizing contribution. IGMH %δGatom plots provide a particularly useful visual tool to identify key interactions and highlight the importance of a -{C3H6}- propylene moiety that is present within both the propane and NBA ligands (the latter as a truncated -{C3H4}- unit) and the cyclohexyl rings of the phosphine substituents. The potential for this to act as a privileged motif that confers stability on the crystal structures of σ-alkane complexes in the solid-state is discussed. The greater number of C-H⋯F inter-ion interactions in the [1-NBA][BArF4] system, coupled with more significant C-H⋯π interactions are all consistent with greater non-covalent stabilisation around the [1-NBA]+ cation. This is also supported by larger computed δGatom indices as a measure of cation-anion non-covalent interaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Arif Sajjad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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6
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Paikar A, Van Trieste GP, Das A, Wang CW, Sill TE, Bhuvanesh N, Powers DC. Development of Nonclassical Photoprecursors for Rh 2 Nitrenes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:12557-12564. [PMID: 37499228 PMCID: PMC10862545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of reactive intermediates in C-H functionalization is challenging due to the fleeting lifetimes of these species. Synthetic photochemistry provides a strategy to generate post-turnover-limiting-step intermediates in catalysis under cryogenic conditions that enable characterization. We have a long-standing interest in the structure and reactivity of Rh2 nitrene intermediates, which are implicated as transient intermediates in Rh2-catalyzed C-H amination. Previously, we demonstrated that Rh2 complexes bearing organic azide ligands can serve as solid-state and in crystallo photoprecursors in the synthesis of transient Rh2 nitrenoids. Complementary solution-phase experiments have not been available due to the weak binding of most organic azides to Rh2 complexes. Furthermore, the volatility of the N2 that is evolved during in crystallo nitrene synthesis from these precursors has prevented the in crystallo observation of C-H functionalization from lattice-confined nitrenes. Motivated by these challenges, here we describe the synthesis and photochemistry of nonclassical nitrene precursors based on sulfilimine ligands. Sulfilimines bind to Rh2 carboxylate complexes more tightly than the corresponding azides, which has enabled the full solid-state and solution-phase characterization of these new complexes. The higher binding affinity of sulfilimine ligands as compared with organic azides has enabled both solution-phase and solid-state nitrene photochemistry. Cryogenic photochemical studies of Rh2 sulfilimine complexes confined within polystyrene thin films demonstrate that sulfilimine photochemistry can be accomplished at low temperature but that C-H amination is rapid at temperatures compatible with N═S photoactivation. The potential of these structures to serve as platforms for multistep in crystallo cascades is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Paikar
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Gerard P. Van Trieste
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Anuvab Das
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Chih-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Tiffany E. Sill
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nattamai Bhuvanesh
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C. Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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7
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Jung H, Kweon J, Suh JM, Lim MH, Kim D, Chang S. Mechanistic snapshots of rhodium-catalyzed acylnitrene transfer reactions. Science 2023:eadh8753. [PMID: 37471480 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh8753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Rhodium acylnitrene complexes are widely implicated in catalytic C-H amidation reactions but have eluded isolation and structural characterization. To overcome this challenge, we designed a chromophoric octahedral rhodium complex with a bidentate dioxazolone ligand, in which photoinduced metal-to-ligand charge transfer initiates catalytic C-H amidation. X-ray photocrystallographic analysis of the Rh-dioxazolone complex allowed structural elucidation of the targeted Rh-acylnitrenoid and provided firm evidence that the singlet nitrenoid species is primarily responsible for acylamino transfer reactions. We also monitored in crystallo reaction of a nucleophile with the in situ generated Rh-acylnitrenoid, providing a crystallographically traceable reaction system to capture mechanistic snapshots of nitrenoid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoimin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeonguk Kweon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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8
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Martínez-Peña F, Infante-Tadeo S, Sánchez Costa J, Pizarro AM. Reversible Chromism of Tethered Ruthenium(II) Complexes in the Solid State. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:6779-6785. [PMID: 37079909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Tethered ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(η6:κ1-arene:N)Cl2] (where arene:N is 2-aminobiphenyl (1) and 2-benzylpyridine (2)) can convert into their open-tethered chlorido counterparts [Ru(η6-arene:NH)Cl3], 1·HCl and 2·HCl, at room temperature via solid-state reaction in the presence of HCl vapors. The reaction is accompanied by a change in color, is fully reversible, and crystallinity is maintained in both molecular materials. Organoruthenium tethers are presented as nonporous materials capable of capturing and releasing HCl reversibly in the crystalline solid state.
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9
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Samudrala KK, Conley MP. Effects of surface acidity on the structure of organometallics supported on oxide surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4115-4127. [PMID: 36912586 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Well-defined organometallics supported on high surface area oxides are promising heterogeneous catalysts. An important design factor in these materials is how the metal interacts with the functionalities on an oxide support, commonly anionic X-type ligands derived from the reaction of an organometallic M-R with an -OH site on the oxide. The metal can either form a covalent M-O bond or form an electrostatic M+⋯-O ion-pair, which impacts how well-defined organometallics will interact with substrates in catalytic reactions. A less common reaction pathway involves the reaction of a Lewis site on the oxide with the organometallic, resulting in abstraction to form an ion-pair, which is relevant to industrial olefin polymerization catalysts. This Feature Article views the spectrum of reactivity between an organometallic and an oxide through the prism of Brønsted and/or Lewis acidity of surface sites and draws analogies to the molecular frame where Lewis and Brønsted acids are known to form reactive ion-pairs. Applications of the well-defined sites developed in this article are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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10
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Kooij B, Varava P, Fadaei-Tirani F, Scopelliti R, Pantazis DA, Van Trieste GP, Powers DC, Severin K. Copper Complexes with Diazoolefin Ligands and their Photochemical Conversion into Alkenylidene Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202214899. [PMID: 36445783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homometallic copper complexes with alkenylidene ligands are discussed as intermediates in catalysis but the isolation of such complexes has remained elusive. Herein, we report the structural characterization of copper complexes with bridging and terminal alkenylidene ligands. The compounds were obtained by irradiation of CuI complexes with N-heterocyclic diazoolefin ligands. The complex with a terminal alkenylidene ligand required isolation in a crystalline matrix, and its structural characterization was enabled by in crystallo photolysis at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan Kooij
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Varava
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Royle CG, Sotorrios L, Gyton MR, Brodie CN, Burnage AL, Furfari SK, Marini A, Warren MR, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Addition of H 2 to [Ir( iPr-PONOP)(propene)][BAr F4] and Comparison Between Solid-State and Solution Reactivity. Organometallics 2022; 41:3270-3280. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron G. Royle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Lia Sotorrios
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Matthew R. Gyton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Claire N. Brodie
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Arron L. Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | | | - Anna Marini
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | | | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, York, U.K
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12
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Bekyarova E, Conley MP. The coordination chemistry of oxide and nanocarbon materials. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8557-8570. [PMID: 35586978 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how a ligand affects the steric and electronic properties of a metal is the cornerstone of the inorganic chemistry enterprise. What happens when the ligand is an extended surface? This question is central to the design and implementation of state-of-the-art functional materials containing transition metals. This perspective will describe how these two very different sets of extended surfaces can form well-defined coordination complexes with metals. In the Green formalism, functionalities on oxide surfaces react with inorganics to form species that contain X-type or LX-type interactions between the metal and the oxide. Carbon surfaces are neutral L-type ligands; this perspective focuses on carbons that donate six electrons to a metal. The nature of this interaction depends on the curvature, and thereby orbital overlap, between the metal and the extended π-system from the nanocarbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bekyarova
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
| | - Matthew P Conley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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13
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Doyle LR, Thompson EA, Burnage AL, Whitwood AC, Jenkins HT, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. MicroED characterization of a robust cationic σ-alkane complex stabilized by the [B(3,5-(SF 5) 2C 6H 3) 4] - anion, via on-grid solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3661-3665. [PMID: 35156982 PMCID: PMC8902584 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00335j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcrystalline (∼1 μm) [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornadiene)][S-BArF4], [S-BArF4] = [B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4]−, reacts with H2 in a single-crystal to single-crystal transformation to form the σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norbornane)][S-BArF4], for which the structure was determined by microcrystal Electron Diffraction (microED), to 0.95 Å resolution, via an on-grid hydrogenation, and a complementary single-crystal X-ray diffraction study on larger, but challenging to isolate, crystals. Comparison with the [BArF4]− analogue [ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2(C6H3)] shows that the [S-BArF4]− anion makes the σ-alkane complex robust towards decomposition both thermally and when suspended in pentane. Subsequent reactivity with dissolved ethene in a pentane slurry, forms [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(ethene)2][S-BArF4], and the catalytic dimerisation/isomerisation of ethene to 2-butenes. The increased stability of [S-BArF4]− salts is identified as being due to increased non-covalent interactions in the lattice, resulting in a solid-state molecular organometallic material with desirable stability characteristics. The thermally and chemically robust σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2PCH2CH2PCy2)(norborane)][B(3,5-(SF5)2C6H3)4] is characterized by micro-electron diffraction using on-grid single-crystal to single-crystal reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Emily A Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Arron L Burnage
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Huw T Jenkins
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Stuart A Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Andrew S Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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14
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Doyle LR, Galpin MR, Furfari SK, Tegner BE, Martínez-Martínez AJ, Whitwood AC, Hicks SA, Lloyd-Jones GC, Macgregor SA, Weller AS. Inverse Isotope Effects in Single-Crystal to Single-Crystal Reactivity and the Isolation of a Rhodium Cyclooctane σ-Alkane Complex. Organometallics 2022; 41:284-292. [PMID: 35273423 PMCID: PMC8900153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
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The
sequential solid/gas single-crystal to single-crystal reaction
of [Rh(Cy2P(CH2)3PCy2)(COD)][BArF4] (COD = cyclooctadiene) with H2 or
D2 was followed in situ by solid-state 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy (SSNMR) and ex situ by solution quenching
and GC-MS. This was quantified using a two-step Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kologoromov
(JMAK) model that revealed an inverse isotope effect for the second
addition of H2, that forms a σ-alkane complex [Rh(Cy2P(CH2)3PCy2)(COA)][BArF4]. Using D2, a temporal window is determined
in which a structural solution for this σ-alkane complex is
possible, which reveals an η2,η2-binding mode to the Rh(I) center, as supported by periodic density
functional theory (DFT) calculations. Extensive H/D exchange occurs
during the addition of D2, as promoted by the solid-state
microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence R. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin R. Galpin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha K. Furfari
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Bengt E. Tegner
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian C. Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A. Hicks
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Guy C. Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart A. Macgregor
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S. Weller
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Ogle J, Powell D, Flannery L, Whittaker-Brooks L. Interplay between Morphology and Electronic Structure in Emergent Organic and π-d Conjugated Organometal Thin Film Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ogle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Laura Flannery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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