Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks: from controlled synthesis to cancer therapy

Green synthesis of manganese ferrite magnetic nanoparticle and its modification with metallic-organic frameworks for the tetracycline adsorption from aqueous solutions: A mathematical study of kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics

In the current investigation, MnFe2O4/ZIF-8 nanocomposite was generated as a magnetic nanoadsorber using the extract of Dracocephalum plant and characterized by XRD, FTIR, VSM, BET, FESEM, EDS-mapping, TEM, XPS, TPD-NH3, and TGA analyses. Also, to determine its efficiency in the adsorption process of tetracycline, the effect of pH (3-9), nanocomposite dose (0.025-2 g/L), initial pollutant concentration (5-100 mg/L), contact time (5-200 min), and temperature (5-50 °C) were studied. The results of the morphological properties of the magnetic nanocomposite confirmed the spherical shape of this nanoadsorber with an average size of 54 ± 31 nm. BET analysis showed that modification of MnFe2O4 material with ZIF-8 as a new nanoadsorber leads to excellent modification of SBET (143.8 m2/g) and VTotal (0.44 cm3/g). The highest removal efficiency of tetracycline in optimal conditions (pH = 7, contact time = 120 min, nanocomposite dose = 1.5 g/L, and temperature = 20 °C for a tetracycline concentration of 20 mg/L) was 90.11%. As the temperature increased, the removal efficiency increased from 40.46% to 95.06% during 120 min, which indicates that the adsorption reaction is endothermic. In addition, the data obtained from the isotherms of Langmuir (R2 = 0.958), Freundlich (R2 = 0.534), and Temkin (R2 = 0.747) showed that the tetracycline adsorption is monolayer and on the homogeneous surface of the synthesized magnetic nanoadsorber. The elimination process of tetracycline by nanoadsorber followed the pseudo-second order model (R2 = 0.998). Investigating the effect of interfering ions also confirmed the decrease in the adsorption efficiency. Also, the investigation of the reusability of the synthesized magnetic nanoadsorber in tetracycline adsorption indicates that after eight cycles, the efficiency decreases by %16.51. According to the results, the magnetic nanocomposite synthesized in this work can be a suitable and economical adsorber for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous environments.

A novel strategy for the synthesis of samarium/europium-metal organic frameworks, and their utilization for detection of Cr3+, Pb2+, and acetone as a luminescent sensor with superior selectivity and sensitivity properties

With outstanding detection selectivity and sensitivity characteristics, samarium/europium-metal organic frameworks (Sm/Eu-MOF) is capable of functioning as a versatile light-emitting sensor particularly for detecting acetone, Cr3+, and Pb2+ in aqueous environment. While considering maximum detectable concentrations of 0.85 μM, 0.46 μM, and 1.04 μM, respectively, competitive energy interactions for acetone, absorption of energy for Cr3+, and substitution of ions for Pb2+ are the elucidated mechanisms of detecting these substances by Sm/Eu-MOF. Successful formulation and synthesis of a core-shell structured Sm/Eu-MOF, which has endurance to acid/alkali conditions and hydration/heat-stability, can be accomplished by utilizing Samarium and Europium nitrate ions, terephthalic acid, and 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid. The recovery rate of acetone, Cr3+, and Pb2+ detection from real samples were 95.0-101.0 %, 99.8-101.0 %, and 99.9-104.0 %, respectively.

Non-aggregated and water soluble non-peripherally octa substituted Co(II) and Cu(II) phthalocyanines: Synthesis and α-glucosidase inhibitory effects

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disease associated with high blood sugar levels that affects 537 million people worldwide. This study aim is to investigate the potential for use in the treatment of T2DM by examining the in vitro glucosidase inhibitory effects of novel synthesized metallophthalocyanines. For this reason, we have synthesized cobalt(II), copper(II) phthalocyanines (3PY-ON-CoQ, 3PY-ON-CuQ) that are both water-soluble and do not aggregate in water. These compounds were characterized by using various spectroscopic methods. The α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of 3PY-ON-CoQ and 3PY-ON-CuQ were carried out using the spectrophotometric method. Then, Lineweaver-Burk and Dixon plots were examined to determine the inhibitory type and constant (Ki). The IC50 values of 3PY-ON-CoQ and 3PY-ON-CuQ were 6.85 ± 1.25 μM and 55.09 ± 2.64 μM, respectively. Both compounds displayed mixed inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase according to Lineweaver-Burk plots. The Ki values of 3PY-ON-CoQ and 3PY-ON-CuQ were calculated as 6.30 ± 1.55 μM and 54.25 ± 1.20 μM, respectively. The results of this work may lead to the discovery of new compounds for the treatment of T2DM.

Novel thymohydroquinone gallate derivative loaded ligand modified quantum dots as pH-sensitive multi-modal theragnostic agent for cancer treatment

BACKGROUND

Nanomedicine, as the combination of radiopharmaceutical and nanocarrier (QDs), is developed for treating cancer. Gallic acid is antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic. Typical retention time of gallic acid is approximately 4 to 8 h. To increase the retention time gallic acid is converted to prodrug by adding lipophilic moieties, encapsulating in lipophilic nanoparticles, or liposome formation. Similarly, thymoquinone is powerful antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effect, with reduced DNA damage.

METHODS

In this study, a hydrophilic drug (gallic acid) is chemically linked to the hydrophobic drug (thymohydroquinone) to overcome the limitations of co-delivery of drugs. Thymohydroquinone (THQG) as the combination of gallic acid (GA) and thymoquinone (THQ) is loaded onto the PEI functionalized antimonene quantum dots (AM-QDs) and characterized by FTIR, UV-visible spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Zeta sizer, SEM and AFM, in-vitro and in-vivo assay, and hemolysis.

RESULTS

The calculated drug loading efficiency is 90 %. Drug release study suggests the drug combination is pH sensitive and it can encounters acidic pH, releasing the drug from the nanocarrier. The drug and drug-loaded nanocarrier possesses low cytotoxicity and cell viability on MCF-7 and Cal-27 cell lines. The proposed drug delivery system is radiolabeled with Iodine-131 (131I) and Technetium (99mTc) and its deposition in various organs of rats' bodies is examined by SPECT-CT and gamma camera. Hemolytic activity of 2, 4, 6, and 8 μg/mL is 1.78, 4.16, 9.77, and 15.79 %, respectively, reflecting low levels of hemolysis. The system also sustains oxidative stress in cells and environment, decreasing ROS production to shield cells and keep them healthy.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that the proposed drug carrier system can be used as a multi-modal theragnostic agent in cancer treatment.

Targeting the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in osteosarcoma: The potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutics

Osteosarcoma (OS) is a bone cancer which stems from several sources and presents with diverse clinical features, making evaluation and treatment difficult. Chemotherapy tolerance and restricted treatment regimens hinder progress in survival rates, requiring new and creative therapeutic strategies. The Wnt/β-catenin system has been recognised as an essential driver of OS development, providing potential avenues for therapy. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and microRNAs (miRNAs), are essential in modulating the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in OS. MiRNAs control the system by targeting vital elements, while lncRNAs and circRNAs interact with system genes, impacting OS growth and advancement. This paper thoroughly analyses the intricate interplay between ncRNAs and the Wnt/β-catenin cascade in OS. We examine how uncontrolled levels of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs lead to an abnormal Wnt/β-catenin network, which elevates the development, spread, and susceptibility to the treatment of OS. We emphasise the potential of ncRNAs as diagnostic indicators and avenues for treatment in OS care. The review offers valuable insights for academics and clinicians studying OS aetiology and creating new treatment techniques for the ncRNA-Wnt/β-catenin cascade. Utilising the oversight roles of ncRNAs in the Wnt/β-catenin system shows potential for enhancing the outcomes of patients and progressing precision medicine in OS therapy.

Unveiling the potential of FOXO3 in lung cancer: From molecular insights to therapeutic prospects

Lung cancer poses a significant challenge regarding molecular heterogeneity, as it encompasses a wide range of molecular alterations and cancer-related pathways. Recent discoveries made it feasible to thoroughly investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer, giving rise to the possibility of novel therapeutic strategies relying on molecularly targeted drugs. In this context, forkhead box O3 (FOXO3), a member of forkhead transcription factors, has emerged as a crucial protein commonly dysregulated in cancer cells. The regulation of the FOXO3 in reacting to external stimuli plays a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis as a component of the molecular machinery that determines whether cells will survive or dies. Indeed, various extrinsic cues regulate FOXO3, affecting its subcellular location and transcriptional activity. These regulations are mediated by diverse signaling pathways, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), and protein interactions that eventually drive post-transcriptional modification of FOXO3. Nevertheless, while it is no doubt that FOXO3 is implicated in numerous aspects of lung cancer, it is unclear whether they act as tumor suppressors, promotors, or both based on the situation. However, FOXO3 serves as an intriguing possible target in lung cancer therapeutics while widely used anti-cancer chemo drugs can regulate it. In this review, we describe a summary of recent findings on molecular mechanisms of FOXO3 to clarify that targeting its activity might hold promise in lung cancer treatment.

2D Materials in Advanced Electronic Biosensors for Point-of-Care Devices

Since two-dimensionalal (2D) materials have distinct chemical and physical properties, they are widely used in various sectors of modern technologies. In the domain of diagnostic biodevices, particularly for point-of-care (PoC) biomedical diagnostics, 2D-based field-effect transistor biosensors (bio-FETs) demonstrate substantial potential. Here, in this review article, the operational mechanisms and detection capabilities of biosensing devices utilizing graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), black phosphorus, and other 2D materials are addressed in detail. The incorporation of these materials into FET-based biosensors offers significant advantages, including low detection limits (LOD), real-time monitoring, label-free diagnosis, and exceptional selectivity. The review also highlights the diverse applications of these biosensors, ranging from conventional to wearable devices, underscoring the versatility of 2D material-based FET devices. Additionally, the review provides a comprehensive assessment of the limitations and challenges faced by these devices, along with insights into future prospects and advancements. Notably, a detailed comparison of FET-based biosensors is tabulated along with various other biosensing platforms and their working mechanisms. Ultimately, this review aims to stimulate further research and innovation in this field while educating the scientific community about the latest advancements in 2D materials-based biosensors.

Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.

Development, characterization, and evaluation of withaferin-A and artesunate-loaded pH-responsive acetal-dextran polymeric nanoparticles for the management of malaria

Artemisinin and its derivatives have been commonly used to treat malaria. However, the emergence of resistance against artemisinin derivatives has posed a critical challenge in malaria management. In the present study, we have proposed a combinatorial approach, utilizing pH-responsive acetal-dextran nanoparticles (Ac-Dex NPs) as carriers for the delivery of withaferin-A (WS-3) and artesunate (Art) to improve treatment efficacy of malaria. The optimized WS-3 and Art Ac-Dex NPs demonstrated enhanced pH-responsive release profiles under parasitophorous mimetic conditions (pH 5.5). Computational molecular modeling reveals that Ac-Dex's polymeric backbone strongly interacts with merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), preventing erythrocyte invasion. In-vitro antimalarial activity of drug-loaded Ac-Dex NPs reveals a 1-1.5-fold reduction in IC50 values compared to pure drug against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Treatment with WS-3 Ac-Dex NPs (100 mg/kg) and Art Ac-Dex NPs (30 mg/kg) to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice resulted in 78.11 % and 100 % inhibition of parasitemia. Notably, the combination therapy comprised of Art and WS-3 Ac-Dex NPs achieved complete inhibition of parasitemia even at a half dose of Art, indicating the synergistic potential of the combinations. However, further investigations are necessary to confirm the safety and effectiveness of WS-3 and Art Ac-Dex NPs for their successful clinical implications.

From diagnosis to therapy: The critical role of lncRNAs in hepatoblastoma

According to findings, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serves an integral part in growth and development of a variety of human malignancies, including Hepatoblastoma (HB). HB is a rare kind of carcinoma of the liver that mostly affects kids and babies under the age of three. Its manifestations include digestive swelling, abdominal discomfort, and losing weight. This thorough investigation digs into the many roles that lncRNAs serve in HB, giving views into their varied activities as well as possible therapeutic consequences. The function of lncRNAs in HB cell proliferation, apoptosis, migratory and penetrating capacities, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and therapy tolerance is discussed. Various lncRNA regulatory roles are investigated in depth, yielding information on their effect on essential cell processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, immunity, and growth. Circulating lncRNAs are currently acknowledged as potential indications for the initial stages of identification of cancer, with the ability to diagnose as well as forecast. In addition to their diagnostic utility, lncRNAs provide curative opportunities as locations and actors, contributing to the expanding landscape of cancer research. Several HB-linked lncRNAs have been demonstrated to exhibit abnormal expression and are involved in tumor-like characteristics via DNA, RNA, or protein binding or encoding short peptides. As a result, a better knowledge of lncRNA instability might bring fresh perspectives into HB etiology as well as innovative strategies for HB early diagnosis and therapy. We describe the abnormalities of lncRNA expression in HB and their tumor-suppressive or carcinogenic activities during HB carcinogenesis in this study. Furthermore, we explore lncRNAs' diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in HB.

Study of some graph theoretical parameters for the structures of anticancer drugs

Eigenvalues have great importance in the field of mathematics, and their relevance extends beyond this area to include several other disciplines such as economics, chemistry, and numerous fields. According to our study, eigenvalues are utilized in chemistry to express a chemical compound's numerous physical properties as well as its energy form. It is important to get a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationship underlying mathematics and chemistry. The anti-bonding phase is correlated with positive eigenvalues, whereas the bonding level is connected with negative eigenvalues. Additionally, the non-bonded level corresponds to eigenvalues of zero. This study focuses on the analysis of various structures of anticancer drugs, specifically examining their characteristic polynomials, eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix, matching number and nullity. Consequently, the selected structures of the aforementioned anticancer drugs exhibit stability since they are composed of closed-shell molecules, characterized by a nullity value of zero.

Fabrication of a novel polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan-Schiff base/Fe2O3 nanocomposite for efficient adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution

A novel magnetic polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan-Schiff base/Fe2O3 (PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3) adsorbent was prepared by one-pot facile co-precipitation route for adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were used to characterize the synthesized PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3. The results predicted that the successfully synthesis of magnetic CSSB-PVP@Fe2O3. The effects of important factors such as pH solution, contact time, concentration of metal ions, adsorbent dose and co-existing ions on Pb(II) and Hg(II) adsorption were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions at optimal conditions were 120 mg/g and 102.5 mg/g, respectively. The kinetic studies predicted that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model as chemisorption using the coordination of active sites of PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3 with the metal ions and also n-π interactions. Reproducibility results predicted that the excellent regeneration ability after 6 adsorption cycles. According to the results of this work, the PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3 nanocomposite is promising for Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions adsorption and can be potential as a simple, low-cost, high-efficient adsorbent for decontamination of other heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.

Boosting antitumor efficacy using docetaxel-loaded nanoplatforms: from cancer therapy to regenerative medicine approaches

The intersection of nanotechnology and pharmacology has revolutionized the delivery and efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, notably docetaxel, a key drug in cancer treatment. Traditionally limited by poor solubility and significant side effects, docetaxel's therapeutic potential has been significantly enhanced through its incorporation into nanoplatforms, such as nanofibers and nanoparticles. This advancement offers targeted delivery, controlled release, and improved bioavailability, dramatically reducing systemic toxicity and enhancing patient outcomes. Nanofibers provide a versatile scaffold for the controlled release of docetaxel, utilizing techniques like electrospinning to tailor drug release profiles. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, enable precise drug delivery to tumor cells, minimizing damage to healthy tissues through sophisticated encapsulation methods such as nanoprecipitation and emulsion. These nanotechnologies not only improve the pharmacokinetic properties of docetaxel but also open new avenues in regenerative medicine by facilitating targeted therapy and cellular regeneration. This narrative review highlights the transformative impact of docetaxel-loaded nanoplatforms in oncology and beyond, showcasing the potential of nanotechnology to overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy and pave the way for future innovations in drug delivery and regenerative therapies. Through these advancements, nanotechnology promises a new era of precision medicine, enhancing the efficacy of cancer treatments while minimizing adverse effects.

Targeting the autophagy-miRNA axis in prostate cancer: toward novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

Since prostate cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, a better understanding of the molecular pathways guiding its development is imperative. A key factor in prostate cancer is autophagy, a cellular mechanism that affects both cell survival and death. Autophagy is essential in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy is a physiological mechanism wherein redundant or malfunctioning cellular constituents are broken down and recycled. It is essential for preserving cellular homeostasis and is implicated in several physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer. Autophagy has been linked to metastasis, tumor development, and treatment resistance in prostate cancer. The deregulation of miRNAs related to autophagy appears to be a crucial element in the etiology of prostate cancer. These miRNAs influence the destiny of cancer cells by finely regulating autophagic mechanisms. Numerous investigations have emphasized the dual function of specific miRNAs in prostate cancer, which alter autophagy-related pathways to function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. Notably, miRNAs have been linked to the control of autophagy and the proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of prostate cancer cells. To create customized therapy approaches, it is imperative to comprehend the dynamic interplay between autophagy and miRNAs in prostate cancer. The identification of key miRNAs provides potential diagnostic and prognostic markers. Unraveling the complex network of lncRNAs, like PCA3, also expands the repertoire of molecular targets for therapeutic interventions. This review explores the intricate interplay between autophagy and miRNAs in prostate cancer, focusing on their regulatory roles in cellular processes ranging from survival to programmed cell death.

Recent Advances in Magnesium-Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticle Composites for Biomedical Applications

Magnesium (Mg) is considered an attractive option for orthopedic applications due to its density and elastic modulus close to the natural bone of the body, as well as biodegradability and good tensile strength. However, it faces serious challenges, including a high degradation rate and, as a result, a loss of mechanical properties during long periods of exposure to the biological environment. Also, among its other weaknesses, it can be mentioned that it does not deal with bacterial biofilms. It has been found that making composites by synergizing its various components can be an efficient way to improve its properties. Among metal oxide nanoparticles, magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have distinct physicochemical and biological properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, high bioactivity, significant antibacterial properties, and good mechanical properties, which make it a good choice as a reinforcement in composites. However, the lack of comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness of Mg NPs as Mg matrix reinforcements in mechanical, corrosion, and biological fields is considered a challenge in their application. While introducing the role of MgO NPs in medical fields, this article summarizes the most important results of recent research on the mechanical, corrosion, and biological performance of Mg/MgO composites.

Evaluation of photocatalysis inactivation in indoor air purification of pathogenic microbes by using the different nanomaterials based on TiO2 nanomaterials

The photocatalytic technology for indoor air disinfection has been broadly studied in the last decade. Selecting proper photocatalysts with high disinfection efficiency remains to be a challenge. By doping with the incorporation of metals, the bandgap can be narrowed while avoiding the recombination of photogenerated charge. Three photocatalysts (Ag-TiO2, MnO2-TiO2, and MnS2-TiO2) were tested in photocatalytic sterilization process. The results revealed that Ag-TiO2 had the best antibacterial performance. Within 20 min, the concentration of Serratia marcescens (the tested bacteria) decreased log number of ln 4.04 under 640 w/m2 light intensity with 1000 µg/mL of Ag-TiO2. During the process of inactivating bacteria, the cell membranes of bacterial was destructed and thus decreasing the activity of enzymes and releasing the cell contents, due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (O2•- and •OH) and thermal effect. Spectral regulation has the greatest impact on the sterilization efficiency of MnO2-TiO2, which reduces the probability of photocatalytic materials being excited.

Recent bio-applications of covalent organic framework-based nanomaterials

Appearing as a new class of functional organic materials, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have aroused a huge wave of interest in versatile fields ever since they were first proposed in 2005. Thanks to but not limited to their ultralight weights, high surface areas, ordered channels, variable functional groups and well-defined crystal structures, the applications of COF-based biomaterials in the fields of drug loading and delivery, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, bioimaging, etc. are comprehensively summarized and introduced. The existing challenges and future prospects for this emerging but hot research direction are also discussed. It is hoped that this review will serve as a guidance for future research on COFs as multifunctional bioplatforms.

Covalent Organic Framework-Based Nanomotor for Multimodal Cancer Photo-Theranostics

Developing efficient integrated diagnosis and treatment agents based on fuel-free self-movement nanomotors remains challenging in antitumor therapy. In this study, a covalent organic framework (COF)-based biomimetic nanomotor composed of polypyrrole (PPy) core, porphyrin-COF shell, and HCT116 cancer cell membrane coating is reported. Under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the obtained mPPy@COF-Por can overcome Brownian motion and achieves directional motion through self-thermophoretic force generated from the PPy core. The HCT116 cancer cell membrane coating enables the nanomotor to selectively recognize the source cell lines and reduces the bio-adhesion of mPPy@COF-Por in a biological medium, endowing with this NIR light-powered nanomotor good mobility. More importantly, such multifunctional integration allows the COF-based nanomotor to be a powerful nanoagent for cancer treatment, and the high infrared thermal imaging/photoacoustic imaging/fluorescence trimodal imaging-guided combined photothermal/photodynamic therapeutic effect on HCT116 tumor cell is successfully achieved. The results offer considerable promise for the development of COF nanomotors with integrated imaging/therapy modalities in biomedical applications.

Cyclodextrin-based metal-organic framework materials: Classifications, synthesis strategies and applications in variegated delivery systems

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are coordination compounds that possess an adjustable structure and controllable function. Despite their wide applications in various industries, the use of MOFs in the fields of food and biomedicine is limited mainly due to their potential biological toxicity. Researchers have thus focused on developing biocompatible MOFs to address this issue. Among them, cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) have emerged as a promising alternative. CD-MOFs are novel MOFs synthesized using naturally carbohydrate cyclodextrin and alkali metal cations, and possess renewable, non-toxic, and edible characteristics. Due to their high specific surface area, controllable porosity, great biocompatibility, CD-MOFs have been widely used in various delivery systems, such as encapsulation of nutraceuticals, flavors, and antibacterial agents. Although the field of CD-MOF materials is still in its early stages, they provide a promising direction for the development of MOF materials in the delivery field. This review describes classification and structural characteristics, followed by an introduction to formation mechanism and commonly used synthetic methods for CD-MOFs. Additionally, we discuss the status of the application of various delivery systems based on CD-MOFs. Finally, we address the challenges and prospects of CD-MOF materials, with the aim of providing new insights and ideas for their future development.

Covalent organic frameworks: linkage types, synthetic methods and bio-related applications

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are composed of small organic molecules linked via covalent bonds, which have tunable mesoporous structure, good biocompatibility and functional diversities. These excellent properties make COFs a promising candidate for constructing biomedical nanoplatforms and provide ample opportunities for nanomedicine development. A systematic review of the linkage types and synthesis methods of COFs is of indispensable value for their biomedical applications. In this review, we first summarize the types of various linkages of COFs and their corresponding properties. Then, we highlight the reaction temperature, solvent and reaction time required by different synthesis methods and show the most suitable synthesis method by comparing the merits and demerits of various methods. To appreciate the cutting-edge research on COFs in bioscience technology, we also summarize the bio-related applications of COFs, including drug delivery, tumor therapy, bioimaging, biosensing and antimicrobial applications. We hope to provide insight into the interdisciplinary research on COFs and promote the development of COF nanomaterials for biomedical applications and their future clinical translations.

A Multifunctional Covalent Organic Framework Nanozyme for Promoting Ferroptotic Radiotherapy against Esophageal Cancer

Radiotherapy is inevitably accompanied by some degree of radiation resistance, which leads to local recurrence and even therapeutic failure. To overcome this limitation, herein, we report the room-temperature synthesis of an iodine- and ferrocene-loaded covalent organic framework (COF) nanozyme, termed TADI-COF-Fc, for the enhancement of radiotherapeutic efficacy in the treatment of radioresistant esophageal cancer. The iodine atoms on the COF framework not only exerted a direct effect on radiotherapy, increasing its efficacy by increasing X-ray absorption, but also promoted the radiolysis of water, which increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, the ferrocene surface decoration disrupted redox homeostasis by increasing the levels of hydroxyl and lipid peroxide radicals and depleting intracellular antioxidants. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments substantiated the excellent radiotherapeutic response of TADI-COF-Fc. This study demonstrates the potential of COF-based multinanozymes as radiosensitizers and suggests a possible treatment integration strategy for combination oncotherapy.

In-situ immobilization of covalent organic frameworks as stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography

A new kind of covalent organic framework (COF) was first utilized as an stationary phase for open-tubular electrochromatography (OT-CEC) by in situ synthesis immobilized method at room temperature. On the basis of our previous work, 4,4',4″-(1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6-triyl)trianiline (TZ) and 2,5-bis(2-propyn-1-yloxy)-1,4-benzenedicarboxaldehyde (BPTA) were employed as building blocks for the synthesis of COF TZ-BPTA. The coated capillary and COF TZ-BPTA were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were also applied to characterize COF TZ-BPTA and the modified column. In SEM, it can be seen that COF TZ-BPTA was the spherical shape and the modified capillary was covered with globular particles equably. The COF TZ-BPTA coated column exhibited good separation resolution and efficiency towards two antiepileptic drugs and other kinds of small organic molecules involving alkylbenzene, sulfonamides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), parabens, amino acids and herbicides. The maximum column efficiency was over 2.8 × 105 plates·m-1. In addition, the precisions (RSDs) of the retention times for the alkylbenzenes of intra-day runs (n = 3), inter-day runs (n = 3) and column-to-column runs (n = 3) were all less than 1.70% and separation performance was without obvious change within 100 times run. In addition, the real sample was tested on COF TZ-BPTA coated column. Hence, COF TZ-BPTA showed great potential in the separation domain.

Composite materials based on covalent organic frameworks for multiple advanced applications

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) stand for a class of emerging crystalline porous organic materials, which are ingeniously constructed with organic units through strong covalent bonds. Their excellent design capabilities, and uniform and tunable pore structure make them potential materials for various applications. With the continuous development of synthesis technique and nanoscience, COFs have been successfully combined with a variety of functional materials to form COFs-based composites with superior performance than individual components. This paper offers an overview of the development of different types of COFs-based composites reported so far, with particular focus on the applications of COFs-based composites. Moreover, the challenges and future development prospects of COFs-based composites are presented. We anticipate that the review will provide some inspiration for the further development of COFs-based composites.

Recent progress in covalent organic frameworks for cancer therapy

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have gained tremendous interest in cancer therapy owing to their multifunctional properties, such as biocompatibility, tunable cavities, excellent crystallinity, ease of modification/functionalization, and high flexibility. These unique properties offer multiple benefits, such as high loading capacity, prevention from premature leakage, targeted delivery to the tumor microenvironment (TME), and release of therapeutic agents in a controlled manner, which makes them effective and excellent nanoplatforms for cancer therapeutics. In this review, we outline recent advances in using COFs as delivery system for chemotherapeutic agents, photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), cancer diagnostics, and combinatorial therapy for cancer therapeutics. We also summarize current challenges and future directions of this unique research field. Teaser: This review highlights recent advances in covalent organic frameworks as multifaceted nanoplatform with recent case studies for improving therapeutic outcomes for cancer therapeutics.

Metalated covalent organic frameworks: from synthetic strategies to diverse applications

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of organic crystalline porous materials discovered in the early 21st century that have become an attractive class of emerging materials due to their high crystallinity, intrinsic porosity, structural regularity, diverse functionality, design flexibility, and outstanding stability. However, many chemical and physical properties strongly depend on the presence of metal ions in materials for advanced applications, but metal-free COFs do not have these properties and are therefore excluded from such applications. Metalated COFs formed by combining COFs with metal ions, while retaining the advantages of COFs, have additional intriguing properties and applications, and have attracted considerable attention over the past decade. This review presents all aspects of metalated COFs, from synthetic strategies to various applications, in the hope of promoting the continued development of this young field.

In Situ Synthesis of Gold Nanoclusters in Covalent Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Photodynamic Properties and Antibacterial Performance

In this work, ultrasmall gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have been in situ synthesized in nanopores of covalent organic framework (COF) nanoparticles, which exhibited enhanced fluorescence, improved photosensitizing capabilities, and promising antibacterial performance. A small organic molecule, 1-vinylimidazole (Vim), was diffused into the nanopores of imine-based COFs and served as a reducing agent and capping ligand for the in situ synthesis of ultrasmall AuNCs. The as-obtained AuNCs were homogeneously distributed throughout the COF nanoparticles whose fluorescence intensity was enhanced remarkably. Due to the efficient electron transfer between AuNCs and COFs and increased separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, the light-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) production of COFs was prominently enhanced by AuNCs. Moreover, the obtained nanocomposites exhibited an efficient photodynamic killing behavior on Escherichia coli under visible light exposure. Thus, we provide a facile strategy to prepare COF/AuNC nanocomposites for ROS-related applications.

Sustained-release nanocapsule based on a 3D COF for long-term enzyme prodrug therapy of cancer

A well-designed three-dimensional (3D) covalent organic framework (COF) was constructed as a nanocapsule for the encapsulation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which could realize sustained release of HRP to prolong the duration of the therapeutic agents and promote long-term enzyme prodrug therapy.