1
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Loru D, Sun W, Nootebos H, Steber AL, Ferrari P, Schnell M. Probing the structure and dynamics of the heterocyclic PAH xanthene and its water complexes with infrared and microwave spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39230416 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp03030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
To assess the presence of oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in the interstellar medium and understand how water aggregates on an OPAH surface, we present a comprehensive gas-phase spectroscopy investigation of the OPAH xanthene (C13H10O) and its complexes with water using IR-UV ion dip spectroscopy and chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. The infrared spectrum of xanthene shows weak features at 3.42, 3.43, and 3.47 μm, which have been suggested to partly originate from vibrational modes of PAHs containing sp3 hybridized carbon atoms, in agreement with the molecular structure of xanthene. The high resolution of rotational spectroscopy reveals a tunneling splitting of the rotational transitions, which can be explained with an out-of-plane bending motion of the two lateral benzene rings of xanthene. The nature of the tunnelling motion is elucidated by observing a similar splitting pattern in the rotational transitions of the singly-substituted 13C isotopologues. The rotational spectroscopy investigation is extended to hydrates of xanthene with up to four water molecules. Different xanthene-water binding motifs are observed based on the degree of hydration, with O-H⋯π interactions becoming preferred over O-H⋯Oxanthene interactions as the degree of hydration increases. A structural comparison with water complexes of related molecular systems highlights the impact of the substrate's shape and chemical composition on the arrangement of the surrounding water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Loru
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Wenhao Sun
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hugo Nootebos
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda L Steber
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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2
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Cummings CN, Walker NR. Hydrogen Bonding and Molecular Geometry in Isolated Hydrates of 2-Ethylthiazole Characterised by Microwave Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400011. [PMID: 38314654 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Broadband microwave spectra of the isolated 2-ethylthiazole molecule, and complexes of 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅H2O and 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅(H2O)2 have been recorded by probing a gaseous sample containing low concentrations of 2-ethylthiazole and water within a carrier gas undergoing supersonic expansion. The identified conformer of the isolated 2-ethylthiazole molecule and the 2-ethylthiazole sub-unit within each of 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅H2O and 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅(H2O)2 have C1 symmetry. The angle that defines rotation of the ethyl group relative to the plane of the thiazole ring, ∠(S-C2-C6-C7), is -98.6(10)° within the isolated 2-ethylthiazole molecule. Analysis of molecular geometries and non-covalent interactions reveals each hydrate complex contains a non-linear primary, N⋅⋅⋅Hb-O, hydrogen bond between an O-H of H2O and the nitrogen atom while the O atom of the water molecule(s) interacts weakly with the ethyl group. The ∠(Hb⋅⋅⋅N-C2) parameter, which defines the position of the H2O molecule relative to the thiazole ring, is found to be significantly greater for 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅H2O than for thiazole⋅⋅⋅H2O. The distance between the O atoms is determined to be 2.894(21) Å within the dihydrate complex which is shorter than observed within the isolated water dimer. The primary hydrogen bond within 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅(H2O)2 is shorter and stronger than that in 2-ethylthiazole⋅⋅⋅H2O as a result of cooperative hydrogen bonding effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte N Cummings
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson, Building, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Nicholas R Walker
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson, Building, NE1 7RU, U.K
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3
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Salzmann H, Rasmussen AP, Eaves JD, Weber JM. Competition between Water-Water Hydrogen Bonds and Water-π Bonds in Pyrene-Water Cluster Anions. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2772-2781. [PMID: 38564313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We present infrared spectra and density functional theory calculations of hydrated pyrene anion clusters with up to four water molecules. The experimental spectra were acquired by using infrared Ar messenger photodissociation spectroscopy. Water molecules form clusters on the surface of the pyrene, forming hydrogen bonds with the π-system. The structures of the water clusters and their interaction with the π-system are encoded in OH stretching vibrational modes. We find that the interactions between water molecules are stronger than the interactions between water molecules and the π-system. While all clusters show multiple conformers, three- and four-membered rings are the lowest energy structures in the larger hydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Salzmann
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Anne P Rasmussen
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - J Mathias Weber
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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4
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LeMessurier N, Salzmann H, Leversee R, Weber JM, Eaves JD. Water-Hydrocarbon Interactions in Anionic Pyrene Monohydrate. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3200-3210. [PMID: 38526297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c07777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Interactions between water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are essential in many aspects of chemistry, from interstellar and atmospheric processes to interfacial hydrophobicity and wetting phenomena. Despite their growing importance, the intermolecular potentials of the water-hydrocarbon interactions are underdeveloped compared to the water-water potentials, and there are similarly few experimental probes that are sensitive to the details of the water-hydrocarbon potential. We present a combined experimental and computational study of anionic pyrene monohydrate, one of the simplest water/hydrocarbon clusters. The action spectrum in the OH region of the mass-selected cluster ion provides a rigorous benchmark for intermolecular potentials and computational methodologies. We identify missing intermolecular interactions and shortcomings in conventional dynamics calculations by comparing experimental data to density functional theory and classical molecular dynamics calculations. Kinetic trapping is prevalent, even for one water molecule and one pyrene molecule, leading to slow equilibration in conventional molecular dynamics calculations, even on nanosecond time scales and at low temperatures (50 K). At constant energy, temperature fluctuations for the pair of molecules are substantial. Immersing the system in a bath of soft spheres and employing parallel tempering alleviates kinetic trapping and dampens temperature fluctuations, bringing the system closer to the thermodynamic limit. With such augmented sampling, a simple, flexible water model reproduces the line width and the asymmetric broadening of the symmetric OH stretching mode, which we assign to spectral diffusion. In the OH stretching region, dynamics calculations predict a more intense antisymmetric peak than experiments observe but do not predict the bimodal split symmetric peak that the experiments show. Our work suggests that electronic polarization, missing in the empirical force field, is responsible for the first discrepancy and that quantum nuclear effects, captured neither in density functional theory nor in classical dynamics, may be responsible for the second.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie LeMessurier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Heinrich Salzmann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - River Leversee
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - J Mathias Weber
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440, United States
| | - Joel D Eaves
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
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5
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M Nair A, Leboucher H, Toucouere L, Zamith S, Joblin C, L'Hermite JM, Marciniak A, Simon A. Diversity of protonated mixed pyrene-water clusters investigated by collision induced dissociation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5947-5961. [PMID: 38294026 PMCID: PMC10866126 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05734h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Protonated mixed pyrene-water clusters, (Py)m(H2O)nH+, where m = [1-3] and n = [1-10], are generated using a cryogenic molecular cluster source. Subsequently, the mass-selected mixed clusters undergo controlled collisions with rare gases, and the resulting fragmentation mass spectra are meticulously analyzed to discern distinct fragmentation channels. Notably, protonated water cluster fragments emerge for n ≥ 3, whereas they are absent for n = 1 and 2. The experimental results are complemented by theoretical calculations of structures and energetics for (Py)(H2O)nH+ with n = [1-4]. These calculations reveal a shift in proton localization, transitioning from the pyrene molecule for n = 1 and 2 to water molecules for n ≥ 3. The results support a formation scenario wherein water molecules attach to protonated pyrene PyH+ seeds, and, by extension, to (Py)2H+ and (Py)3H+ seeds. Various isomers are identified, corresponding to potential protonation sites on the pyrene molecule. Protonated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are likely to be formed in cold, dense interstellar clouds and protoplanetary disks due to the high proton affinity of these species. Our findings show that the presence of protonated PAHs in these environments could lead to the formation of water clusters and mixed carbon-water nanograins, having a potential impact on the water cycle in regions of planet formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya M Nair
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/FERMI), UMR5589, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Héloïse Leboucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Lorris Toucouere
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Zamith
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/FERMI), UMR5589, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Christine Joblin
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, CNRS, CNES, 9 Avenue du Colonel Roche, F-31028 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc L'Hermite
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/FERMI), UMR5589, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Alexandre Marciniak
- Laboratoire Collisions Agrégats Réactivité (LCAR/FERMI), UMR5589, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France.
| | - Aude Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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6
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Lemmens AK, Ferrari P, Loru D, Batra G, Steber AL, Redlich B, Schnell M, Martinez-Haya B. Wetting of a Hydrophobic Surface: Far-IR Action Spectroscopy and Dynamics of Microhydrated Naphthalene. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10794-10802. [PMID: 38013434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of water and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is of fundamental importance in areas as diverse as materials science and atmospheric and interstellar chemistry. The interplay between hydrogen bonding and dipole-π interactions results in subtle dynamics that are challenging to describe from first principles. Here, we employ far-IR action vibrational spectroscopy with the infrared free-electron laser FELIX to investigate naphthalene with one to three water molecules. We observe diffuse bands associated with intermolecular vibrational modes that serve as direct probes of the loose binding of water to the naphthalene surface. These signatures are poorly reproduced by static DFT or Møller-Plesset computations. Instead, a rationalization is achieved through Born-Oppenheimer Molecular Dynamics simulations, revealing the active mobility of water over the surface, even at low temperatures. Therefore, our work provides direct insights into the wetting interactions associated with shallow potential energy surfaces while simultaneously demonstrating a solid experimental-computational framework for their investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Lemmens
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piero Ferrari
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Donatella Loru
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gayatri Batra
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amanda L Steber
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Britta Redlich
- Radboud University, Institute of Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Str. 1, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Bruno Martinez-Haya
- Center for Nanoscience and Sustainable Technologies (CNATS), Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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7
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Claus JA, Bermúdez C, Vallet V, Margulès L, Goubet M. The hydration of an oxy-polycyclic aromatic compound: the case of naphthaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23667-23677. [PMID: 37610078 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The study of the intermolecular interactions of polycyclic aromatic compounds, considered as important pollutants of the Earth's atmosphere since they are emitted by the partial combustion of fuels, is essential to understand the formation and aging of their aerosols. In this study, the hydration of α-naphthaldehyde and β-naphthaldehyde isomers was investigated through a combination of Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Monohydrate structures were observed experimentally for both isomers, with two hydrate structures observed for β-naphthaldehyde and only one for α-naphthaldehyde, consistent with computational predictions. Analysis of the monohydrate structures indicated that the β-isomer exhibits higher hydrophilicity compared to the α-isomer, supported by electronic densities, hydration energies, and structural considerations. Further computational calculations were conducted to explore the planarity of the naphthaldehyde hydrates. Different levels of theory were employed, some of these revealing slight deviations from planarity in the hydrate structures. Low-frequency out-of-plane vibrational modes were examined, and the inertial defect was used to assess the planarity of the hydrates. The results suggested that the hydrates possess a predominantly planar structure, in agreement with the highest level of computational calculations and the absence of c-type transitions in the experimental spectra. Additionally, calculations were extended to dihydrate structures by attaching two water molecules to the naphthaldehyde isomers. The most stable dihydrate structures were predicted to be combinations of the observed monohydrate positions. However, experimental observation of the most stable dihydrate structures was challenging due to their very low vapour pressure, calling for complementary experiments using laser ablation nozzles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Claus
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Celina Bermúdez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
- Departamento de Química Física y Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias - I.U. CINQUIMA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| | - Valérie Vallet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Laurent Margulès
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Manuel Goubet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523 - PhLAM - Physique des Lasers, Atomes et Molécules, F-59000 Lille, France.
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8
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Loru D, Steber AL, Pérez C, Obenchain DA, Temelso B, López JC, Schnell M. Quantum Tunneling Facilitates Water Motion across the Surface of Phenanthrene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17201-17210. [PMID: 37494139 PMCID: PMC10416304 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantum tunneling is a fundamental phenomenon that plays a pivotal role in the motion and interaction of atoms and molecules. In particular, its influence in the interaction between water molecules and carbon surfaces can have significant implications for a multitude of fields ranging from atmospheric chemistry to separation technologies. Here, we unveil at the molecular level the complex motion dynamics of a single water molecule on the planar surface of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon phenanthrene, which was used as a small-scale carbon surface-like model. In this system, the water molecule interacts with the substrate through weak O-H···π hydrogen bonds, in which phenanthrene acts as the hydrogen-bond acceptor via the high electron density of its aromatic cloud. The rotational spectrum, which was recorded using chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy, exhibits characteristic line splittings as dynamical features. The nature of the internal dynamics was elucidated in great detail with the investigation of the isotope-substitution effect on the line splittings in the rotational spectra of the H218O, D2O, and HDO isotopologues of the phenanthrene-H2O complex. The spectral analysis revealed a complex internal dynamic showing a concerted tunneling motion of water involving its internal rotation and its translation between the two equivalent peripheral rings of phenanthrene. This high-resolution spectroscopy study presents the observation of a tunneling motion exhibited by the water monomer when interacting with a planar carbon surface with an unprecedented level of detail. This can serve as a small-scale analogue for water motions on large aromatic surfaces, i.e., large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Loru
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amanda L. Steber
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristóbal Pérez
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Berhane Temelso
- Division
of Information Technology, College of Charleston, Charleston, South Carolina 29424, United States
| | - Juan C. López
- Departamento
de Química Física y Química Inorgánica,
Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Melanie Schnell
- Deutsches
Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut
für Physikalische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität
zu Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße
1, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
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9
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Gougoula E, Cummings CN, Xu Y, Lu T, Feng G, Walker NR. Cooperative hydrogen bonding in thiazole⋯(H 2O) 2 revealed by microwave spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114307. [PMID: 36948828 DOI: 10.1063/5.0143024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two isomers of a complex formed between thiazole and two water molecules, thi⋯(H2O)2, have been identified through Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy between 7.0 and 18.5 GHz. The complex was generated by the co-expansion of a gas sample containing trace amounts of thiazole and water in an inert buffer gas. For each isomer, rotational constants, A0, B0, and C0; centrifugal distortion constants, DJ, DJK, d1, and d2; and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, χaa(N) and [χbb(N) - χcc(N)], have been determined through fitting of a rotational Hamiltonian to the frequencies of observed transitions. The molecular geometry, energy, and components of the dipole moment of each isomer have been calculated using Density Functional Theory (DFT). The experimental results for four isotopologues of isomer I allow for accurate determinations of atomic coordinates of oxygen atoms by r0 and rs methods. Isomer II has been assigned as the carrier of an observed spectrum on the basis of very good agreement between DFT-calculated results and a set of spectroscopic parameters (including A0, B0, and C0 rotational constants) determined by fitting to measured transition frequencies. Non-covalent interaction and natural bond orbital analyses reveal that two strong hydrogen bonding interactions are present within each of the identified isomers of thi⋯(H2O)2. The first of these binds H2O to the nitrogen of thiazole (OH⋯N), and the second binds the two water molecules (OH⋯O). A third, weaker interaction binds the H2O sub-unit to the hydrogen atom that is attached to C2 (for isomer I) or C4 (for isomer II) of the thiazole ring (CH⋯O).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gougoula
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte N Cummings
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Yugao Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Lu
- School of Biology and Engineering (School of Modern Industry for Health and Medicine), Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Gang Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Daxuecheng South Rd. 55, 401331 Chongqing, China
| | - Nicholas R Walker
- Chemistry-School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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10
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Leboucher H, Simon A, Rapacioli M. Structures and stabilities of PAH clusters solvated by water aggregates: The case of the pyrene dimer. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:114308. [PMID: 36948831 DOI: 10.1063/5.0139482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although clusters made of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and water monomers are relevant objects in both atmospheric and astrophysical science, little is known about their energetic and structural properties. In this work, we perform global explorations of the potential energy landscapes of neutral clusters made of two pyrene units and one to ten water molecules using a density-functional-based tight-binding (DFTB) potential followed by local optimizations at the density-functional theory level. We discuss the binding energies with respect to various dissociation channels. It shows that cohesion energies of the water clusters interacting with a pyrene dimer are larger than those of the pure water clusters, reaching for the largest clusters an asymptotic limit similar to that of pure water clusters and that, although the hexamer and octamer can be considered magic numbers for isolated water clusters, it is not the case anymore when they are interacting with a pyrene dimer. Ionization potentials are also computed by making use of the configuration interaction extension of DFTB, and we show that in cations, the charge is mostly carried by the pyrene molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Leboucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - A Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
| | - M Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques LCPQ/FERMI, UMR5626, Université de Toulouse (UPS) and CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse, France
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11
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Baweja S, Panchagnula S, Sanz ME, Evangelisti L, Pérez C, West C, Pate BH. Competition between In-Plane vs Above-Plane Configurations of Water with Aromatic Molecules: Non-Covalent Interactions in 1,4-Naphthoquinone-(H 2O) 1-3 Complexes. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9510-9516. [PMID: 36200782 PMCID: PMC9575146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-covalent interactions between aromatic molecules and water are fundamental in many chemical and biological processes, and their accurate description is essential to understand molecular relative configurations. Here we present the rotational spectroscopy study of the water complexes of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ). In 1,4-NQ-(H2O)1,2, water molecules bind through O-H···O and C-H···O hydrogen bonds and are located on the plane of 1,4-NQ. For 1,4-NQ-(H2O)3, in-plane and above-plane water configurations are observed exhibiting O-H···O, C-H···O, and lone pair···π-hole interactions. The observation of different water arrangements for 1,4-NQ-(H2O)3 allows benchmarking theoretical methods and shows that they have great difficulty in predicting energy orderings due to the strong competition of C-H···O binding with π and π-hole interactions. This study provides important insight into water interactions with aromatic systems and the challenges in their modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Baweja
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjana Panchagnula
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - M. Eugenia Sanz
- Department
of Chemistry, King’s College London, 7 Trinity Street, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Evangelisti
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Cristóbal Pérez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Channing West
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Brooks H. Pate
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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12
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Rossich Molina E, Xu B, Kostko O, Ahmed M, Stein T. A combined theoretical and experimental study of small anthracene-water clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:23106-23118. [PMID: 35975620 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Water-cluster interactions with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of paramount interest in many chemical and biological processes. We report a study of anthracene monomers and dimers with water (up to four)-cluster systems utilizing molecular beam vacuum-UV photoionization mass spectrometry and density functional calculations. Structural loss in photoionization efficiency curves when adding water indicates that various isomers are generated, while theory indicates only a slight shift in energy in photoionization states of different isomers. Calculations reveal that the energetic tendency of water is to remain clustered and not to disperse around the PAH. Theoretically, we observe water confinement exclusively in the case of four water clusters and only when the anthracenes are in a cross configuration due to optimal OH⋯π interactions, indicating dependence on the size and structure of the PAH. Furthermore theory sheds light on the structural changes that occur in water upon ionization of anthracene, due to the optimal interactions of the resulting hole and water hydrogen atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefania Rossich Molina
- Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Bo Xu
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Oleg Kostko
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Musahid Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | - Tamar Stein
- Fritz Haber Research Center for Molecular Dynamics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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13
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Dindić C, Nguyen HVL. Microwave Spectrum of Two-Top Molecule: 2-Acetyl-3-Methylthiophene. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2420-2428. [PMID: 34546633 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The microwave spectrum of 2-acetyl-3-methylthiophene (2A3MT) was recorded in the frequency range from 2 to 26.5 GHz using a molecular jet Fourier transform microwave spectrometer and could be fully assigned to the anti-conformer of the molecule, while the syn-conformer was not observable. Torsional splittings of all rotational transitions in quintets due to internal rotations of the acetyl methyl and the ring methyl groups were resolved and analyzed, yielding barriers to internal rotation of 306.184(46) cm-1 and 321.813(64) cm-1 , respectively. The rotational and centrifugal distortion constants were determined with high accuracy, and the experimental values are compared to those derived from quantum chemical calculations. The experimentally determined inertial defect supports the conclusion that anti-2A3MT is planar, even though a number of MP2 calculations predicted the contrary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dindić
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ha Vinh Lam Nguyen
- Univ Paris Est Creteil and Université de Paris, CNRS, LISA, 94010, Créteil, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231, Paris cedex 05, France
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14
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Silva WGDP, van Wijngaarden J. Hydrogen bonding networks and cooperativity effects in the aqueous solvation of trimethylene oxide and sulfide rings by microwave spectroscopy and computational chemistry. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034305. [PMID: 34293887 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intermolecular interactions responsible for the microsolvation of the highly flexible trimethylene oxide (TMO) and trimethylene sulfide (TMS) rings with one and two water (w) molecules were investigated using rotational spectroscopy (8-22 GHz) and quantum chemical calculations. The observed patterns of transitions are consistent with the most stable geometries of the TMO-w, TMO-(w)2, and TMS-w complexes at the B2PLYP-D3(BJ)/aug-cc-pVTZ level and were confirmed using spectra of the 18O isotopologue. Due to its effectively planar backbone, TMO offers one unique binding site for solvation, while water can bind to the puckered TMS ring in either an axial or equatorial site of the heteroatom. In all clusters, the first water molecule binds in the σv symmetry plane of the ring monomer and serves as a hydrogen bond donor to the heteroatom. The second water molecule is predicted to form a cooperative hydrogen bonding network between the three moieties. Secondary C-H⋯O interactions are a key stabilizing influence in trimers and also drive the preferred binding site in the TMS clusters with the axial binding site preferred in TMS-w and the equatorial form calculated to be more stable in the dihydrate. Using an energy partition scheme from the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory for the O, S, and Se containing mono- and dihydrates, the intermolecular interactions are revealed to be mainly electrostatic, but the dispersive character of the contacts is enhanced with the increasing size of the ring's heteroatom due to the key role of longer-range secondary interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslley G D P Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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15
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Chatterjee K, Roy TK, Khatri J, Schwaab G, Havenith M. Unravelling the microhydration frameworks of prototype PAH by infrared spectroscopy: naphthalene–(water)1–3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:14016-14026. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01789f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microhydration structures of the prototypical PAH, naphthalene, are probed by IR spectroscopy in helium droplets. The sequential water addition produces an extended hydrogen-bonded hydration network bound via π hydrogen bond to the aromatic ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntal Chatterjee
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Tarun Kumar Roy
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Jai Khatri
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Gerhard Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Martina Havenith
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
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