1
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Ma N, Leng Y, Sui K, Wang P, Jiang S, Wu Y. Synthesis of Sulfone Methylene-Substituted Indolines by Radical Cascade Cyclization of 2-Alkynylaniline Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10678-10683. [PMID: 39013075 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
A radical cascade cyclization of 2-alkynylaniline derivatives with sulfonyl chlorides was developed to construct C3-sulfone methylene-substituted indolines in yields of 21 to 85% with a broad substrate scope under metal- and base-free conditions. This protocol could simultaneously build three new chemical bonds and employ a solvent-radical relay strategy, providing a rapid and concise approach toward an indoline framework. Scale-up reactions of this method and further transformations to afford useful indolines were also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ma
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Yuting Leng
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Kaixia Sui
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Shiliang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
| | - Yangjie Wu
- College of Chemistry, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R China
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2
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Chen Z, Shimabukuro K, Bacsa J, Musaev DG, Davies HML. D 4-Symmetric Dirhodium Tetrakis(binaphthylphosphate) Catalysts for Enantioselective Functionalization of Unactivated C-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:19460-19473. [PMID: 38959398 PMCID: PMC11258696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Dirhodium tetrakis(2,2'-binaphthylphosphate) catalysts were successfully developed for asymmetric C-H functionalization with trichloroethyl aryldiazoacetates as the carbene precursors. The 2,2'-binaphthylphosphate (BNP) ligands were modified by introduction of aryl and/or chloro functionality at the 4,4',6,6' positions. As the BNP ligands are C2-symmetric, the resulting dirhodium tetrakis(2,2'-binaphthylphosphate) complexes were expected to be D4-symmetric, but X-ray crystallographic and computational studies revealed this is not always the case because of internal T-shaped CH-π and aryl-aryl interactions between the ligands. The optimum catalyst is Rh2(S-megaBNP)4, with 3,5-di(tert-butyl)phenyl substituents at the 4,4' positions and chloro substituents at the 6,6' positions. This catalyst adopts a D4-symmetric arrangement and is ideally suited for site-selective C-H functionalization at unactivated tertiary sites with high levels of enantioselectivity, outperforming the best dirhodium tetracarboxylate catalyst developed for this reaction. The standard reactions were conducted with a catalyst loading of 1 mol % but lower catalyst loadings can be used if desired, as illustrated in the C-H functionalization of cyclohexane in 91% ee with 0.0025 mol % catalyst loading (29,400 turnover numbers). These studies further illustrate the effectiveness of donor/acceptor carbenes in site-selective intermolecular C-H functionalization and expand the toolbox of catalysts available for catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kristin Shimabukuro
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - John Bacsa
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Djamaladdin G. Musaev
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Cherry
L. Emerson Center for Scientific Computation, Emory University, 1521
Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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3
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Li P, Shi M, Yang K, Jing T, Kang Z, Hu W, Qian Y. Diastereoselective Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2-quinolinones via Formal [2 + 4] Cycloaddition Reactions Using α-Diazo Pyrazoleamides as C2 Synthons. Org Lett 2024; 26:5554-5559. [PMID: 38912750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
A rhodium-catalyzed highly stereoselective formal [2 + 4]-cycloaddition reaction of α-diazo pyrazoleamides and 2-aminophenyl ketones that produces 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinones in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities has been developed. A pyrazolium ylide species that is generated from α-diazo pyrazoleamides is used as a C2 synthon for this cycloaddition. This protocol offers an efficient approach to a variety of 4-hydroxy-2-quinolinones featuring sequential quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Maoqing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kaixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tongfei Jing
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Zhenghui Kang
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yu Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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4
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Zuo Y, Zuo P, Liu M, Wang X, Du J, Li X, Zhang P, Xu Z. Recent approaches for the synthesis of heterocycles from amidines via a metal catalyzed C-H functionalization reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5014-5031. [PMID: 38831700 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00420e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal catalyzed C-H bond activation has become one of the most important tools for constructing new chemical bonds. Introducing directing groups to the substrates is the key to a successful reaction, these directing groups can also be further transformed in the reaction. Amidines with their unique structure and reactivity are ideal substrates for transition metal-catalyzed C-H transformations. This review describes the major advances and mechanistic investigations of the C-H activation/annulation tandem reactions of amidines until early 2024, focusing on metal-catalyzed C-H activation of amidines with unsaturated compounds, such as alkynes, ketone, vinylene carbonate, cyclopropanols and their derivatives. Meanwhile this manuscript also explores the reaction of amidines with different carbene precursors, for example diazo compounds, azide, triazoles, pyriodotriazoles, and sulfoxonium ylides as well as their own C-H bond activation/cyclization reactions. A bright outlook is provided at the end of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youpeng Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Zuo
- Kunshan Customs, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoqing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoling Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pinghua Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, Anhui 234000, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Jain S, Ospina F, Hammer SC. A New Age of Biocatalysis Enabled by Generic Activation Modes. JACS AU 2024; 4:2068-2080. [PMID: 38938808 PMCID: PMC11200230 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is currently undergoing a profound transformation. The field moves from relying on nature's chemical logic to a discipline that exploits generic activation modes, allowing for novel biocatalytic reactions and, in many instances, entirely new chemistry. Generic activation modes enable a wide range of reaction types and played a pivotal role in advancing the fields of organo- and photocatalysis. This perspective aims to summarize the principal activation modes harnessed in enzymes to develop new biocatalysts. Although extensively researched in the past, the highlighted activation modes, when applied within enzyme active sites, facilitate chemical transformations that have largely eluded efficient and selective catalysis. This advance is attributed to multiple tunable interactions in the substrate binding pocket that precisely control competing reaction pathways and transition states. We will highlight cases of new synthetic methodologies achieved by engineered enzymes and will provide insights into potential future developments in this rapidly evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan C. Hammer
- Research Group for Organic Chemistry
and Biocatalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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6
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Li W, Wu R, Ruan H, Xiao B, Gao X, Jiang H, Chen K, Sun TY, Zhu S. Axial Ligand Enables Synthesis of Allenylsilane through Dirhodium(II) Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202409332. [PMID: 38887822 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Described herein is a dirhodium(II)-catalyzed silylation of propargyl esters with hydrosilanes, using tertiary amines as axial ligands. By adopting this strategy, a range of versatile and useful allenylsilanes can be achieved with good yields. This reaction not only represents a SN2'-type silylation of the propargyl derivatives bearing a terminal alkyne moiety to synthesize allenylsilanes from simple hydrosilanes, but also represents a new application of dirhodium(II) complexes in catalytic transformation of carbon-carbon triple bond. The highly functionalized allenylsilanes that are produced can be transformed into a series of synthetically useful organic molecules. In this reaction, an intriguing ON-OFF effect of the amine ligand was observed. The reaction almost did not occur (OFF) without addition of Lewis base amine ligand. However, the reaction took place smoothly (ON) after addition of only catalytic amount of amine ligand. Detailed mechanistic studies and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the reactivity can be delicately improved by the use of tertiary amine. The fine-tuning effect of the tertiary amine is crucial in the formation of the Rh-Si species via a concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism and facilitating β-oxygen elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, P. R. China
| | - Shifa Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, P. R. China
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7
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Yi S, Yang S, Xie Z, Yun J, Pan X. Carbene-Mediated Polymer Modification Using Diazo Compounds under Photo or Thermal Activation Conditions. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:711-718. [PMID: 38767947 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Based on the characteristics of commodity polymers in large quantities and low costs, modification of existing commodity polymers emerges as the most effective approach for exploring novel materials. Nevertheless, conventional modification methods typically involve high-energy processes (e.g., high temperature, high-energy radiation), which may lead to irreversible detrimental effects on the polymers, contradicting the desired performance enhancement through modification. In this work, we propose a carbene-mediated postpolymerization modification (PPM) strategy utilizing diazo compounds. Under photochemical or thermal activation conditions, insertion of the C-H bond can be achieved without compromising the performance of polymers. These diazo compounds can be easily synthesized in just two steps and applied to all C-H-containing polymers. This practical and effective modification strategy offers new opportunities and possibilities for enhancing the value and expanding the applications of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shicheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zhikang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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8
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Bienenmann RLM, de Vries MR, Lutz M, Broere DLJ. Understanding the Remarkable Stability of Well-Defined Dinuclear Copper(I) Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400283. [PMID: 38630913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of a well-defined dicopper carbene complex supported by the PNNP (2,7-bis(di-tert-butylphosphaneyl)methyl-1,8-naphthyridine) expanded pincer ligand is reported. This carbene complex is remarkably stable, even in the presence of air and water. The reactivity of this complex was explored towards typical carbene transfer substrates and its electronic structure was investigated. Using a combination of experiments and DFT calculations, the principles that underly the stability of dinuclear carbene complexes are probed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel L M Bienenmann
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marianne R de Vries
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël L J Broere
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Kandanarachchi P, Meyer GA, Musolino SF, Wulff JE, Rhodes LF. Crosslinking Vinyl-Addition Polynorbornenes via Difunctional Diazirines to Generate Low Dielectric-Constant and Low Dielectric-Loss Thermosets. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400200. [PMID: 38875712 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Thermosets having low dielectric constant (Dk < 3) and low dielectric dissipation factor (Df < 0.003), high glass transition temperature (Tg > 150 °C), and good adhesion to copper are desirable for the low loss layers of the copper clad laminates (CCL) in next generation printed circuit boards. Three different difunctional diazirines are evaluated for both thermal and photochemical crosslinking of a high Tg vinyl-addition polynorbornene resin: poly(5-hexyl-1-norbornene) (poly(HNB)). The substrate polymer, crosslinked by the carbenes generated from the activated diazirines, forms thermosets with Dk < 2.3 and Df < 0.001 at 10 GHz depending on the identity of the diazirine and the loading. The Dk and Df values for one composition are stable for 1600 h at 125 °C in air and for 1400 h at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity, suggesting good long-term reliability of this thermoset. Adhesion of poly(HNB) to copper can be enhanced by priming the copper surface with a diazirine prior to high temperature lamination; peel strength values of greater than 7.5 N cm-1 are achieved. Negative-tone photopatterning of poly(HNB) with diazirines upon exposure to 365 nm light is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Larry F Rhodes
- Promerus, LLC, 225 W. Bartges Street, Akron, OH, 44307, USA
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10
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Snabilié DD, Ham R, Reek JNH, de Bruin B. Light Induced Cobalt(III) Carbene Radical Formation from Dimethyl Malonate As Carbene Precursor. Organometallics 2024; 43:1299-1307. [PMID: 38873572 PMCID: PMC11167645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Radical-type carbene transfer catalysis is an efficient method for the direct functionalization of C-H and C=C bonds. However, carbene radical complexes are currently formed via high-energy carbene precursors, such as diazo compounds or iodonium ylides. Many of these carbene precursors require additional synthetic steps, have an explosive nature, or generate halogenated waste. Consequently, the utilization of carbene radical catalysis is limited by specific carbene precursors that access the carbene radical intermediate. In this study, we generate a cobalt(III) carbene radical complex from dimethyl malonate, which is commercially available and bench-stable. EPR and NMR spectroscopy were used to identify the intermediates and showed that the cobalt(III) carbene radical complex is formed upon light irradiation. In the presence of styrene, carbene transfer occurred, forming cyclopropane as the product. With this photochemical method, we demonstrate that dimethyl malonate can be used as an alternative carbene precursor in the formation of a cobalt(III) carbene radical complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi D. Snabilié
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam,
Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Rens Ham
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam,
Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N. H. Reek
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam,
Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van ‘t Hoff Institute
for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam,
Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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11
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Huang ZM, Sun Y, Wang Y, Wang XW. Unveiling the Selectivity of Ru(II)-Catalyzed C-H Activation for Defluorinative Cyclization of 2-Arylbenzimidazole and Trifluoromethyl Diazo: A DFT Study. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38805363 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of monofluorinated heterocyclic compounds by C-H activation combined with defluorination is useful. Studies on the reaction mechanism and selectivity have shown that these processes play a positive role in promoting the development of monofluorinated reactions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the mechanism and selectivity of Ru(II)-catalyzed 2-arylbenzimidazole with trifluoromethyl diazo. DFT calculations showed that C-H activation occurs through a concerted metalation/deprotonation (CMD) mechanism. After that, deprotonation and defluorinative cyclization are assisted by acetate and trifluoroethanol (TFE). Further mechanistic insights through noncovalent interaction (NCI) analysis were also obtained to elucidate the origin of the selectivity in the defluorination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ming Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yi Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-Optoelectronics Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Xing-Wang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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12
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Wang G, Yuan JL, Zhou R, Zou HB. Iron(II) Phthalocyanine-Catalyzed Homodimerization and Tandem Diamination of Diazo Compounds with Primary Amines: Access to Construct Substituted 2,3-Diaminosuccinonitriles in One-Pot. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38783702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
We herein first report the homodimerization and tandem diamination of diazo compounds with primary amines catalyzed by the iron(II) phthalocyanine (PcFe(II)), which can construct one C-C bond and two C-N bonds within 20 min in one-pot. Compared to the traditional metal-catalyzed N-H insertion reaction between amines with diazo reagents, the developed reaction almost does not generate the N-H insertion product, but the homodimerization/tandem diamination product. The proposed mechanism studies indicate that primary amines play a crucial role in the homocoupling of diazo compounds via dimerization of iron(III)-acetonitrile radical generated from the reaction between diazoacetonitrile with PcFe(II) coordinated by bis(amines); the β-hydride elimination is involved, and then, the attack of primary amines toward the carbon atoms on the formed C-C bond is followed. Moreover, this novel reaction can be used to effectively prepare substituted 2,3-diaminosuccinonitriles with high yields and even up to >99:1 d.r., encouragingly these products contain both 1,2-diamines and succinonitrile motifs, which are two classes of important organic compounds with significant applications in many yields. This reaction is also suitable for the gram-scale preparation of 2,3-bis(phenylamino)succinonitrile (2a) with a yield of 84%. Therefore, the developed reaction represents a new type of transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Jia-Li Yuan
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
| | - Huai-Bo Zou
- Department of Chemistry & Bioengineering, Yichun Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Jiangxi University for Applied Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Yichun University, Yichun 336000, China
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13
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Yao M, Dong S, Xu X. Asymmetric Carbene Transformations for the Construction of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304299. [PMID: 38366703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Asymmetric catalytic carbene reactions have been well documented in the last few decades for the expeditious assembly of chiral molecules with structural diversity. However, the enantioselective construction of all-carbon quaternary centers remains a challenge in this area. In this review article, two types of asymmetric carbene reactions that beyond cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, and Büchner reaction, have been summarized for the construction of all-carbon quaternary centers: 1) using carbene species as a 1C synthon that reacts with a trisubstituted prochiral center; 2) sequential installation of two different C-C bonds on the carbene position, which features a gem-difunctionalization reaction. Especially, the asymmetric metal carbene gem-dialkylation process, which has emerged as a practical and versatile method for the expeditious assembly of complex architectures from readily available chemical resources, is a complementary approach for the expeditious assembly of all-carbon quaternary centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shanliang Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xinfang Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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14
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Li X, Yue SH, Tan ZY, Liu SB, Luo DX, Zhou YJ, Liang XW. Catalytic asymmetric carbenoid α-C-H insertion of ether. RSC Adv 2024; 14:15167-15177. [PMID: 38741618 PMCID: PMC11090019 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02206h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Significant advancements have been made in catalytic asymmetric α-C-H bond functionalization of ethers via carbenoid insertion over the past decade. Effective asymmetric catalytic systems, featuring a range of chiral metal catalysts, have been established for the enantioselective synthesis of diverse ether substrates. This has led to the generation of various enantioenriched, highly functionalized oxygen-containing structural motifs, facilitating their application in the asymmetric synthesis of bioactive natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - San-Hong Yue
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Zi-Yang Tan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Shu-Bo Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - De-Xiang Luo
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha 410013 China
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15
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Xu S, Mi R, Zheng G, Li X. Cobalt- or rhodium-catalyzed synthesis of 1,2-dihydrophosphete oxides via C-H activation and formal phosphoryl migration. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6012-6021. [PMID: 38665527 PMCID: PMC11040647 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00649f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A highly stereo- and chemoselective intermolecular coupling of diverse heterocycles with dialkynylphosphine oxides has been realized via cobalt/rhodium-catalyzed C-H bond activation. This protocol provides an efficient synthetic entry to functionalized 1,2-dihydrophosphete oxides in excellent yields via the merger of C-H bond activation and formal 1,2-migration of the phosphoryl group. Compared with traditional methods of synthesis of 1,2-dihydrophosphetes that predominantly relied on stoichiometric metal reagents, this catalytic system features high efficiency, a relatively short reaction time, atom-economy, and operational simplicity. Photophysical properties of selected 1,2-dihydrophosphete oxides are also disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengbo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
| | - Ruijie Mi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
| | - Guangfan Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 P. R. China
| | - Xingwei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University (SNNU) Xi'an 710062 P. R. China
- Institute of Molecular Science and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Shandong University Qingdao 266237 P. R. China
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16
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Zhang P, Li CX, Wang S, Zhang XJ, Yan M. Palladium-Catalyzed Regioselective Insertion of Carbenes into γ-C(sp 3)-H Bonds of Aliphatic Amines. Org Lett 2024; 26:2523-2528. [PMID: 38536882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
A migratory insertion of carbenes into distal γ-C(sp3)-H bonds of aliphatic amines has been successfully developed. The synergistic interplay among a palladium catalyst, picolinamide directing group, a carefully selected base additive, and an essential ligand proved crucial in achieving high yields. These findings hold significant value for advancing the exploration of regioselective carbene insertions into nonactivated C(sp3)-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - ShihaoZhi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xue-Jing Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ming Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecules and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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17
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Zhang X, Pang Q, Liu D, Guo Z, Zhang G. Pd(II)-catalyzed cascade annulation of N-substituted anilines with CO, NH 4OAc and aldehydes to N1-substituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1 H)-ones. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2791-2796. [PMID: 38501981 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00055b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
A facile and direct approach to N1-substituted 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones has been developed via Pd(II)-catalyzed one-pot cascade annulation of N-substituted anilines with CO, NH4OAc and aldehydes, and it features an intrinsic directing strategy, cheap and easily obtainable raw materials, low cost, high step economy and efficiency, broad substrate scope and good product diversity. This protocol has been successfully applied to the synthesis of glycozolone A and gram-level experiments. Based on the control experiments and the literature, the reaction mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiuyang Pang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Liu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenhua Guo
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guisheng Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drug, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Sun H, Pan J, Zhao W, Zhou T, Song X, Lin J, Jin Y. Scandium-catalyzed chemoselective carbene insertion into N-H over S-H: access to o-alkylamine-diaryl disulfides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3798-3801. [PMID: 38483079 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00557k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a scandium-catalyzed chemoselective carbene insertion into a N-H bond over a S-H bond with disulfide formation. This reaction represents the first example of the synthesis of o-alkylamine-diaryl disulfides through the N-alkylation of o-aminobenzenethiol, while also undergoing oxidative coupling to form a S-S bond. Control experiments explain the chemo-selectivity of this rare-earth-metal Lewis acid-induced catalysis by a carbene outer-sphere nucleophilic addition mechanism. This method holds tremendous potential as a valuable tool for functionalizing advanced-synthetic-intermediates, offering numerous applications in medicinal and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyany Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Junhong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Wenying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Xizhong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, P.R. China.
- Jiangxi Fangzhu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xinyu 338000, P.R. China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Research & Development for Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P.R. China.
- Jiangxi Fangzhu Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xinyu 338000, P.R. China
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19
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Li T, Zhang PL, Dong LZ, Lan YQ. Post-synthetic Rhodium (III) Complexes in Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photothermal Heterogeneous C-H Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318180. [PMID: 38242848 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Although photocatalytic C-H activation has been realized by using heterogeneous catalysts, most of them require high-temperature conditions to provide the energy required for C-H bond breakage. The catalysts with photothermal conversion properties can catalyze this reaction efficiently at room temperature, but so far, these catalysts have been rarely developed. Here, we construct bifunctional catalysts Rh-COF-316 and -318 to combine photosensitive covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and transition-metal catalytic moiety using a post-synthetic approach. The Rh-COF enable the heterogeneous C-H activation reaction by photothermal conversion for the first time, and exhibit excellent yields (up to 98 %) and broad scope of substrates in [4+2] annulation at room temperature, while maintaining the high stability and recyclability. Significantly, this work is the highest yield reported so far in porous materials catalyzing C(sp2)-C(sp2) formation at room temperature. The excellent performances can be attributed to the COF-316, which enhances the photothermal effect (ΔT=50.9 °C), thus accelerating C-H bond activation and the exchange of catalyst with substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Li
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Pei-Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Long-Zhang Dong
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qian Lan
- School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, 510006, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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20
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Nguyen TT, Bosse AT, Ly D, Suarez CA, Fu J, Shimabukuro K, Musaev DG, Davies HML. Diaryldiazoketones as Effective Carbene Sources for Highly Selective Rh(II)-Catalyzed Intermolecular C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8447-8455. [PMID: 38478893 PMCID: PMC10979447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel donor/acceptor carbene intermediate has been developed using diaryldiazoketones as carbene precursors. In the presence of the chiral dirhodium catalyst, Rh2(S-TPPTTL)4, diaryldiazoketones undergo highly regio-, stereo-, and diastereoselective C-H functionalization of activated and unactivated secondary and tertiary C-H bonds. Computational studies revealed that the arylketo group behaves differently than the carboxylate acceptor group because the orientation of the arylketo group predetermines which face of the carbene will be attacked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Duc Ly
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Camila A. Suarez
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kristin Shimabukuro
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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21
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Tsuda M, Morita T, Morita Y, Takaya J, Nakamura H. Methylene Insertion into Nitrogen-Heteroatom Single Bonds of 1,2-Azoles via a Zinc Carbenoid: An Alternative Tool for Skeletal Editing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307563. [PMID: 38148471 PMCID: PMC10933618 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-heteroatom single bonds of 1,2-azoles and isoxazolines underwent methylene insertion in the presence of CH2 I2 (6 equiv.) and diethylzinc (3 equiv.) to produce a wide variety of the ring-expanded six-membered heterocycles. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the methylene insertion proceeds via cleavage of nitrogen-heteroatom single bonds followed by ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tsuda
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
| | - Taiki Morita
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
| | - Yuto Morita
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTokyo Institute of TechnologyO‐okayamaMeguro‐kuTokyo152–8551Japan
| | - Jun Takaya
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTokyo Institute of TechnologyO‐okayamaMeguro‐kuTokyo152–8551Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
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22
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Han X, Chen F, Li H, Ge R, Shen Q, Duan P, Sheng X, Zhang W. Reaction engineering blocks ether cleavage for synthesizing chiral cyclic hemiacetals catalyzed by unspecific peroxygenase. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1235. [PMID: 38336996 PMCID: PMC10858125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45545-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hemiacetal compounds are valuable building blocks in synthetic chemistry, but their enzymatic synthesis is limited and often hindered by the instability of hemiacetals in aqueous environments. Here, we show that this challenge can be addressed through reaction engineering by using immobilized peroxygenase from Agrocybe aegerita (AaeUPO) under neat reaction conditions, which allows for the selective C-H bond oxyfunctionalization of environmentally significant cyclic ethers to cyclic hemiacetals. A wide range of chiral cyclic hemiacetal products are prepared in >99% enantiomeric excess and 95170 turnover numbers of AaeUPO. Furthermore, by changing the reaction medium from pure organic solvent to alkaline aqueous conditions, cyclic hemiacetals are in situ transformed into lactones. Lactams are obtained under the applied conditions, albeit with low enzyme activity. These findings showcase the synthetic potential of AaeUPO and offer a practical enzymatic approach to produce chiral cyclic hemiacetals through C-H oxyfunctionalization under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Han
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Fuqiang Chen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ran Ge
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Qianqian Shen
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Peigao Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Xiang Sheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
| | - Wuyuan Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, 32 West 7th Avenue, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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23
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Zhu YL, Dong YF, Wang SR, Li YG, Wu X, Ye LW. Nucleophile-Controlled Trapping of Gold Carbene by Nitriles and Water: Synthesis of 5 H-Pyrimido[5,4- b]indoles and 2-Benzylidene-3-indolinones. Org Lett 2024; 26:631-635. [PMID: 38214532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
A gold-catalyzed, nucleophile-controlled cascade reaction of N-(2-azidophenyl-ynyl)methanesulfonamides with nitriles and water is described that provides structurally diverse 5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indoles and 2-benzylidene-3-indolinones in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies indicate that the β-sulfonamido-α-imino gold carbene is the key intermediate which is generated through the gold-catalyzed cyclization of N-(2-azidophenyl-ynyl)methanesulfonamides and undergoes formal [4 + 2] cascade annulation with nitriles and intramolecular SN2' type reaction with water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yi-Fan Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Si-Ru Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - You-Gui Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tunxi Road, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Long-Wu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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24
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Zhang C, Wan JP. Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodine Diazo Compounds and Their Application in Organic Synthesis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302718. [PMID: 37846841 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds with electron-withdrawing groups (EWG) connected to diazo methyl center were a type of donor-acceptor diazo compounds with potential reaction abilities similar to ordinary diazo compounds. Although several diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds were synthesized and used in the nucleophilic substitution reactions as early as 1994, the synthesis and application of new iodine(III) diazo compounds have only been reported to a certain extent in recent years. In the presence of rhodium catalyst, photocatalyst, or nucleophiles, diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds can be converted into rhodium-carbenes, diazomethyl radicals, ester radicals or nucleophilic intermediates, which can be used as key intermediates for the formation of chemical bonds. The aim of this review is to give an overview of diazomethyl-substituted iodine(III) compounds in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Department of Safety Supervision and Management, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology, 583 Anqing road, Wanzhou district, 404020, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, 330022, Nanchang, China
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25
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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26
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Zhu YL, Zhao N, Fu XL, Zhao XY, Li YL, Shao YD, Chen J, Lu Y. Co(III)-Catalyzed C6-Selective C-H Activation/Pyridine Migration of 2-Pyridones with Propiolates. Org Lett 2024; 26:12-17. [PMID: 38127552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A versatile Co(III)-catalyzed C6-selective C-H activation/pyridine migration of 2-pyridones with available propiolates as coupling partners was demonstrated. This method features high atom economy, excellent regioselectivity, and good functional group tolerance by employing an inexpensive Co(III) catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, gram-scale synthesis and late-stage modifications of pharmaceuticals were performed to prove the effectiveness of these synthetic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Lu Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Na Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Long Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Yang Zhao
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yan-Lin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - You-Dong Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710127, P. R. China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, P. R. China
| | - Yi Lu
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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27
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Harada S, Hirose S, Takamura M, Furutani M, Hayashi Y, Nemoto T. Silver(I)/Dirhodium(II) Catalytic Platform for Asymmetric N-H Insertion Reaction of Heteroaromatics. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:733-741. [PMID: 38149316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed enantioselective N-H insertion reactions of carbene species offer a powerful and straightforward strategy to produce chiral nitrogen-containing compounds. Developing highly selective insertion reactions using indole variants can meet synthetic demand. Herein we present an asymmetric insertion reaction into N-H bonds of the aromatic heterocycles using donor/acceptor-substituted diazo compounds based on a heteronuclear catalytic platform. Although a previously developed catalysis comprising chiral silver catalyst or dirhodium(II,II) paddlewheel complexes with and without chiral phosphoric acid showed modest performance, a unique combination of widely available Rh2(OAc)4 and silver(I) phosphate dimer [(S)-TRIP-Ag]2 enabled asymmetric carbene insertion reactions (up to 98% ee). Moreover, the Ag/Rh catalytic system facilitated regioselective and enantioselective C-H functionalization of protic indoles. Mechanistic investigation based on density functional theory indicated that an in situ-generated Ag-Rh trimetallic enolate is protonated in a chiral environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Harada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shumpei Hirose
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takamura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Maika Furutani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yuna Hayashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Nemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1, Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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28
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Naeem Y, Matsuo BT, Davies HML. Enantioselective Intermolecular C-H Functionalization of Primary Benzylic C-H Bonds Using ((Aryl)(diazo)methyl)phosphonates. ACS Catal 2024; 14:124-130. [PMID: 38205024 PMCID: PMC10775147 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c04661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Catalyst-controlled C-H functionalization using donor/acceptor carbenes has been shown to be an efficient process capable of high levels of site control and stereocontrol. This study demonstrated that the scope of the donor/acceptor carbene C-H functionalization can be extended to systems where the acceptor group is a phosphonate. When using the optimized dirhodium catalyst, Rh2(S-di-(4-Br)TPPTTL)4, ((aryl)(diazo)methyl)phosphonates undergo highly enantioselective (84-99% ee) and site-selective (>30:1 r.r.) benzylic C-H functionalization. The phosphonate group is much more sterically demanding than the previously studied carboxylate ester group, leading to much higher selectivity for a primary site versus more sterically crowded positions. The effectiveness of this methodology has been demonstrated by the late-stage primary C-H functionalization of estrone, adapalene, (S)-naproxen, clofibrate, and gemfibrozil derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Bianca T. Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M. L. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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29
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Rodrigalvarez J, Haut FL, Martin R. Regiodivergent sp3 C-H Functionalization via Ni-Catalyzed Chain-Walking Reactions. JACS AU 2023; 3:3270-3282. [PMID: 38155646 PMCID: PMC10751781 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic translocation of a metal catalyst along a saturated hydrocarbon side chain constitutes a powerful strategy for enabling bond-forming reactions at remote, yet previously unfunctionalized, sp3 C-H sites. In recent years, Ni-catalyzed chain-walking reactions have offered counterintuitive strategies for forging sp3 architectures that would be difficult to accomplish otherwise. Although these strategies have evolved into mature tools for advanced organic synthesis, it was only recently that chemists showed the ability to control the motion at which the catalyst "walks" throughout the alkyl chain. Specialized ligand backbones, additives and a judicious choice of noninnocent functional groups on the side chain have allowed the design of "a la carte" protocols that enable regiodivergent bond-forming scenarios at different sp3 C-H sites with distinct topological surface areas. Given the inherent interest in increasing the fraction of sp3 hybridized carbons in medicinal chemistry, Ni-catalyzed regiodivergent chain-walking reactions might expedite the access to target leads in drug discovery campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Rodrigalvarez
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Franz-Lucas Haut
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- The
Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Roth AD, Thamattoor DM. Carbenes from cyclopropanated aromatics. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37994575 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01525d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Although a ripe old discipline by now, carbene chemistry continues to flourish as both theorists and experimentalists have shown sustained interest in this area of research. While there are numerous ways of generating carbenes, the thermal and/or photochemical decomposition of diazo compounds and diazirines remains, by far, the most commonly used method of producing these intermediates. There is no disputing the fact that these nitrogenous precursors have served carbene researchers well, but their use is not without problems. They are often sensitive and hazardous to handle and, sometimes, the desired nitrogenous precursor simply may not be available, e.g., for synthetic reasons, to study the particular carbene of interest. Furthermore, there is a legitimate concern that the photochemical generation of carbenes in solution from diazo compounds and diazirines may be contaminated by reactions in the excited states (RIES) of the precursors themselves. As an alternative, several laboratories, including ours, have used cyclopropanated aromatic systems to generate a wide range of carbenes. In each case, the cheleotropic extrusion of carbenes is accompanied by the formation of stable aromatic by-products such as phenanthrene, indane, naphthalene, and 1,4-dihydronaphthalene. The emergence of these "non-traditional" carbene sources, their versatility, and promise are reviewed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Roth
- Department of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, ME 04901, USA.
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31
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Li L, Mi C, Huang G, Huang M, Zhu Y, Ni SF, Wang Z, Huang Y. A Carbene Relay Strategy for Cascade Insertion Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312793. [PMID: 37724438 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Insertion reactions that involve stabilized electrophilic metallocarbenes are of great importance for installing α-heteroatoms to carbonyl compounds. Nevertheless, the limited availability of carbene precursors restricts the introduction of only a single heteroatom. In this report, we describe a new approach based on an I(III) /S(VI) reagent that promotes the cascade insertion of heteroatoms. This is achieved by sequentially generating two α-heteroatom-substituted metal carbenes in one reaction. We found that this mixed I(III) /S(VI) ylide reacts efficiently with a transition metal catalyst and an X-H bond (where X=O, N). This transformation leads to the sequential formation of a sulfoxonium- and an X-substituted Rh-carbenes, enabling further reactions with another Y-H bond. Remarkably, a wide range of symmetrical and unsymmetrical α,α-O,O-, α,α-O,N-, and α,α-N,N-subsituted ketones can be prepared under mild ambient conditions. In addition, we successfully demonstrated other cascades, such as CN/CN double amidation, C-H/C-S double insertion, and C-S/Y-H double insertion (where Y=S, N, O, C). Notably, the latter two cascades enabled the simultaneous installation of three functional groups to the α-carbon of carbonyl compounds in a single step. These reactions demonstrate the versatility of our approach, allowing for the synthesis of ketones and esters with multiple α-heteroatoms using a common precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chenggang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Guanwang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Meirong Huang
- Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518132, China
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuyi Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, 515063, China
| | - Zhaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, 410082, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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32
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Sperga A, Veliks J. Recent Advances in Monofluorinated Carbenes, Carbenoids, Ylides, and Related Species. Chemistry 2023:e202301851. [PMID: 37902650 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of monofluorinated compounds is of great interest because of the vast applications of organofluorine compounds. Recently, the introduction of monofluorocarbene synthons has emerged as an important strategy for the synthesis of fluorine-containing products. In contrast to direct fluorination, in which C-F bonds are formed, the use of monofluorinated carbenes and related reactive species involves C-C or C-X bond formation while delivering valuable fluorine atoms into the target structure. Owing to increased knowledge on carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations, monofluorinated carbenes have enormous potential for the synthesis of organofluorine compounds, which, in our opinion, has not yet been fully exploited. This review summarizes the recent advances in the synthetic applications of monofluorinated carbenes, carbenoids, ylides, and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturs Sperga
- Latvian Institute of OrganicSynthesis, Aizkrauklesiela 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Veliks
- Latvian Institute of OrganicSynthesis, Aizkrauklesiela 21, 1006, Riga, Latvia
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33
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Zhao W, He Z, Yang X, Yu Y, Baell JB, Huang F. Visible-Light-Induced Synthesis of 3-Alkyl Chromones under Catalyst- and Additive-Free Conditions. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13634-13644. [PMID: 37679947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we reported an efficient and facile visible-light-induced 3-alkyl chromone synthesis from easily accessible o-hydroxyaryl enaminones and α-diazo esters. In this protocol, excellent yields were obtained with a broad substrate scope at room temperature, tolerating various functional groups. Of note is that this eco-friendly methodology features catalyst- and additive-free, mild reaction conditions, simple operation procedure, and easy scale-up, which affords a convenient pathway for the preparation of 3-alkyl chromones. Experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) computation analyses confirm the participation of carbene species and active cyclopropane intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqin He
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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34
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Wang Y, Qi M, Lu P, Wang Y. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-Diazoisochroman-3-imines with (2-Formylaryl)boronic Acids To Access a Straightforward Construction of 5 H-Isochromeno[3,4- c]isoquinolines. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13544-13552. [PMID: 37698421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
An Rh(III)-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 5H-isochromeno[3,4-c]isoquinolines from readily available 4-diazoisochroman-3-imines and (2-formylphenyl)boronic acids is reported. The cascade annulation involves a Rh(III)-catalyzed cross-coupling and an intramolecular nucleophilic addition-elimination process. A series of biologically important 5H-isochromeno[3,4-c]isoquinolines were obtained in good to excellent yields. The method can be extended to synthesize 7H-isochromeno[3,4-b]thieno[3,2-d]pyridines and 7H-isochromeno[3,4-b]thieno[2,3-d]pyridines from the corresponding heteroaryl boronic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Minghui Qi
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yanguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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35
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Zhang Y, Li Y, Ni SF, Li JP, Xia D, Han X, Lin J, Wang J, Das S, Zhang WD. Visible-light-induced [3+2] cycloadditions of donor/donor diazo intermediates with alkenes to achieve (spiro)-pyrazolines and pyrazoles. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10411-10419. [PMID: 37799991 PMCID: PMC10548519 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04188c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, [3 + 2] cycloadditions of diazo esters with alkynes or alkenes have been a robust tool to generate pyrazoles and pyrazolines. However, methods capable of generating donor/donor diazo species from readily available N-tosylhydrazones to furnish [3 + 2] cycloadditions, remain elusive. Herein, we describe the first visible-light-induced [3 + 2] cycloadditions of donor/donor diazo precursors with alkenes to afford pyrazoles and novel (spiro)pyrazolines bearing a quaternary center. This protocol shows a tolerable substrate scope covering versatile carbonyl compounds and alkenes. Late-stage functionalization of bioactive molecules, one-pot approach, and gram-scale synthesis have also been introduced successfully to prove the practicability. At last, mechanistic experiments and DFT studies suggested the formation of non-covalent interactions enabling the activation of N-tosylhydrazones and the formation of the donor/donor diazo intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yanchuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shao-Fei Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Shantou 515063 China
| | - Jin-Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Shantou 515063 China
| | - Dingding Xia
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Xinyu Han
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jingchuan Lin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Shoubhik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University Hangzhou 310053 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College Beijing 100193 China
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36
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Zanakhov TO, Galenko EE, Novikov MS, Khlebnikov AF. Divergent Diazo Approach toward Alkyl 5/4-Hydroxy-3 H-benzo[ e]indole-4/5-carboxylates. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13191-13204. [PMID: 37672038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
A divergent diazo approach toward alkyl 5/4-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-4/5-carboxylates has been developed. The reaction of 1,3-diketones with alkyl 2-diazo-3-oxo-3-(2H-azirin-2-yl)propanoates catalyzed by Co(acac)3 or Ni(acac)2 gives various alkyl 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2-diazo-3-oxopropanoate in good yields. The latter undergo Wolff rearrangement followed by the 6π-cyclization of transient ketene to form alkyl 5-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-4-carboxylates bearing various substituents in positions 1, 2, 7, and 8, as well as derivatives of methyl 4-hydroxy-6H-thieno[2,3-e]indole-5-carboxylates and methyl 5-hydroxy-7H-benzo[c]carbazole-6-carboxylate under thermolysis or Rh2(OAc)4 catalysis. Isomeric benzoindoles, alkyl 4-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-5-carboxylates, have been prepared by Boc-protection of the pyrrole nitrogen of alkyl 3-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-2-diazo-3-oxopropanoates followed by an intramolecular formal carbene insertion into the aromatic C-H bond catalyzed by Cu(OTf)2. The hydroxyl group of alkyl 5/4-hydroxy-3H-benzo[e]indole-4/5-carboxylates, through the formation of the corresponding triflates, allows the introduction of various substituents into the 5/4 position of benzo[e]indoles using the cross-coupling reaction and even form a new heterocyclic backbone, benzo[k]pyrrolo[2,3-i]phenanthridine, via a tandem Suzuki reaction/nucleophilic acyl substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur O Zanakhov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E Galenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander F Khlebnikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Naberezhnaya, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
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37
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Gu X, Mo X, Bai WJ, Xie P, Hu W, Jiang J. Catalytic Asymmetric P-H Insertion Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20031-20040. [PMID: 37642381 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Albeit notable endeavors in enantioselective carbene insertion into X-H bonds (X = C, O, N, S, Si, B), the catalytic asymmetric P-H insertion reactions still stand for a long-lasting challenge. By merging transition-metal catalysis with organocatalysis, we achieve a scalable enantioselective P-H insertion transformation between diazo pyrazoleamides and H-phosphine oxides that upon subsequent reduction delivers a wide variety of optically active β-hydroxyl phosphine oxides in good yields with high enantioselectivity. The achiral copper catalyst fosters the carbenoid insertion into the P-H bond, while the chiral cinchona alkaloid-derived organocatalyst controls the subsequent enantioselective outcome. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further reveal that the copper catalyst chelates to the organocatalyst, enhances its acidity, and accordingly promotes the enantioselective proton transfer. Our work showcases the potential of combining transition-metal catalysis with organocatalysis to realize elusive asymmetric reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoyu Mo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wen-Ju Bai
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Peng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
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38
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Santiago J, Orłowska K, Ociepa M, Gryko D. Aryl versus Alkyl Redox-Active Diazoacetates ─ Light-Induced C-H Insertion or 1,2-Rearrangement. Org Lett 2023; 25:6267-6271. [PMID: 37607356 PMCID: PMC10476266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Diazo compounds with redox-active leaving groups are versatile reagents for orthogonal functionalizations, previously utilized in the Rh-catalyzed synthesis of highly substituted cyclopropanes. Photochemical activation of aryl-substituted diazoacetates generates carbenes, whereas redox-active esters can furnish C-radicals via the photoexcitation of EDA complexes. However, the photochemical behavior of these two functionalities, while present in one molecule, remains to be defined. We demonstrate that under light irradiation, reactions occur only on the diazo moiety, leaving the NHPI functionality intact. Not only aryl- but also alkyl-substituted NHPI diazoacetates are activated by blue light; either C-H insertion or the hydrogen/carbon 1,2-rearrangement occurs depending on the aryl/alkyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- João
V. Santiago
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44, 5201-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Orłowska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44, 5201-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Ociepa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44, 5201-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44, 5201-224 Warsaw, Poland
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39
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Liu CX, Yin SY, Zhao F, Yang H, Feng Z, Gu Q, You SL. Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric C-H Functionalization Reactions. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10079-10134. [PMID: 37527349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the advancements in rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions during the last two decades. Parallel to the rapidly developed palladium catalysis, rhodium catalysis has attracted extensive attention because of its unique reactivity and selectivity in asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions. In recent years, Rh-catalyzed asymmetric C-H functionalization reactions have been significantly developed in many respects, including catalyst design, reaction development, mechanistic investigation, and application in the synthesis of complex functional molecules. This review presents an explicit outline of catalysts and ligands, mechanism, the scope of coupling reagents, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Xu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Si-Yong Yin
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Fangnuo Zhao
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Hui Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Zuolijun Feng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Qing Gu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Li You
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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40
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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41
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Jiao L, Zhang B, Qu B, Zhai R, Chen X. Rh(III)-Catalyzed Direct C-H Cyclization of N-Nitrosoanilines with 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds: A Route to Tetrahydrocarbazol-4-ones. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37449739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel and efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed direct C-H bond tandem annulation of N-nitrosoanilines with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds through two C-H bond cleavage was developed. This protocol provides a rapid access to a series of valuable tetrahydrocarbazol-4-ones with the feature of readily available starting materials, broad functional group tolerance, and in situ generation of carbene precursors. Importantly, some reaction products exhibited promising antiproliferative activity in cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liulin Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000,China
| | - Bohong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Ruirui Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Xun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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42
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Chen Z, Cai Q, Boni YT, Liu W, Fu J, Davies HML. N-Phthalimide as a Site-Protecting and Stereodirecting Group in Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization with Donor/Acceptor Carbenes. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37253354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds by means of donor/acceptor carbene-induced C-H insertion was extended to substrates containing nitrogen functionality. The rhodium-stabilized donor/acceptor carbenes were generated by rhodium-catalyzed decomposition of aryldiazoacetates. The phthalimido group was the optimum nitrogen protecting group. C-H functionalization at the most sterically accessible methylene site was achieved using Rh2(S-2-Cl-5-BrTPCP)4 as catalyst, whereas Rh2(S-TPPTTL)4 was the most effective catalyst for C-H functionalization at tertiary C-H bonds and for the desymmetrization of N-phthalimidocyclohexane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Qinyan Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Yannick T Boni
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jiantao Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Huw M L Davies
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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43
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Xia S, Jian Y, Zhang L, Zhang C, An Y, Wang Y. Visible-light-promoted N-H functionalization of O-substituted hydroxamic acid with diazo esters. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14501-14505. [PMID: 37188246 PMCID: PMC10176041 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02407e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein we report an N-H functionalization of O-substituted hydroxamic acid with diazo esters under blue LED irradiation conditions. The present transformations could be performed efficiently under mild conditions without use of catalyst, additive and N2 atmosphere. Interestingly, when THF and 1,4-dioxane were employed as the reaction solvents, an active oxonium ylide involved three-component reaction and an N-H insertion of carbene species into hydroxamate occurred, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Xia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yongchan Jian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan An
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
| | - Yubin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 211816 P. R. China
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44
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Peng P, Zhong Y, Zhou C, Tao Y, Li D, Lu Q. Unlocking the Nucleophilicity of Strong Alkyl C-H Bonds via Cu/Cr Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:756-762. [PMID: 37122460 PMCID: PMC10141608 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds is one of the most attractive yet challenging strategies for constructing molecules in organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented and Earth abundant Cu/Cr catalytic system in which unreactive alkyl C-H bonds are transformed into nucleophilic alkyl-Cr(III) species at room temperature, enabling carbonyl addition reactions with strong alkyl C-H bonds. Various aryl alkyl alcohols are furnished under mild reaction conditions even on a gram scale. Moreover, this new radical-to-polar crossover approach is further applied to the 1,1-difunctionalization of aldehydes with alkanes and different nucleophiles. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the aldehyde not only acts as a reactant but also serves as a photosensitizer to recycle the Cu and Cr catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials,
College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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45
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Epping RF, Vesseur D, Zhou M, de Bruin B. Carbene Radicals in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Reactions. ACS Catal 2023; 13:5428-5448. [PMID: 37123600 PMCID: PMC10127290 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Discovered as organometallic curiosities in the 1970s, carbene radicals have become a staple in modern-day homogeneous catalysis. Carbene radicals exhibit nucleophilic radical-type reactivity orthogonal to classical electrophilic diamagnetic Fischer carbenes. Their successful catalytic application has led to the synthesis of a myriad of carbo- and heterocycles, ranging from simple cyclopropanes to more challenging eight-membered rings. The field has matured to employ densely functionalized chiral porphyrin-based platforms that exhibit high enantio-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Thus far the focus has largely been on cobalt-based systems, but interest has been growing for the past few years to expand the application of carbene radicals to other transition metals. This Perspective covers the advances made since 2011 and gives an overview on the coordination chemistry, reactivity, and catalytic application of carbene radical species using transition metal complexes and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel F.J. Epping
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David Vesseur
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Minghui Zhou
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis Group, van ‘t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Huang Z, Lin J, Li M, Zhou YG, Yu Z. Zinc(II)-Catalyzed [2+2+1] Annulation of Internal Alkenes, Diazooxindoles, and Isocyanates to Access Spirooxindoles. Org Lett 2023; 25:2328-2332. [PMID: 36971357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Zinc(II)-catalyzed [2+2+1] annulation of internal alkenes, diazooxindoles, and isocyanates was successfully developed for the construction of multisubstituted spirooxindoles. This multicomponent transformation involves in situ generation of a sulfur-containing spirocyclic intermediate from the [4+1] annulation of diazooxindole to sulfonyl isocyanate, which subsequently reacts as a 1,3-dipole with the internal alkene, that is, α-oxo ketene dithioacetal, to furnish a formal [2+2+1] annulation in a one-pot manner. This synthetic protocol features a low-toxicity main group metal catalyst, readily available reagents, and ≤96% yields, offering an efficient route to multisubstituted spirooxindole derivatives.
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47
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Sharma A, Jamwal P, Vaid H, Gurubrahamam R. Synthesis of Alkynyl Hydrazones from Unprotected Hydrazine and Their Reactivity as Diazo Precursors. Org Lett 2023; 25:1889-1894. [PMID: 36897650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Alkynyl hydrazones are synthesized conveniently from 2-oxo-3-butynoates and hydrazine by suppressing the susceptible formation of pyrazoles. The resultant hydrazones are transformed into alkynyl diazoacetates under metal-free and mild oxidative conditions in excellent yields. Further, the alkynyl cyclopropane and propargyl silane carboxylates are synthesized in good yields by developing an unprecedented copper-catalyzed alkynyl carbene transfer reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akashdeep Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, PO Nagrota, Jagti, Jammu and Kashmir 181221, India
| | - Paru Jamwal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, PO Nagrota, Jagti, Jammu and Kashmir 181221, India
| | - Himani Vaid
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, PO Nagrota, Jagti, Jammu and Kashmir 181221, India
| | - Ramani Gurubrahamam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, NH-44, PO Nagrota, Jagti, Jammu and Kashmir 181221, India
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48
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Electrochemical oxidative difunctionalization of diazo compounds with two different nucleophiles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1476. [PMID: 36928311 PMCID: PMC10020561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With the fast development of synthetic chemistry, the introduction of functional group into organic molecules has attracted increasing attention. In these reactions, the difunctionalization of unsaturated bonds, traditionally with one nucleophile and one electrophile, is a powerful strategy for the chemical synthesis. In this work, we develop a different path of electrochemical oxidative difunctionalization of diazo compounds with two different nucleophiles. Under metal-free and external oxidant-free conditions, a series of structurally diverse heteroatom-containing compounds hardly synthesized by traditional methods (such as high-value alkoxy-substituted phenylthioacetates, α-thio, α-amino acid derivatives as well as α-amino, β-amino acid derivatives) are obtained in synthetically useful yields. In addition, the procedure exhibits mild reaction conditions, excellent functional-group tolerance and good efficiency on large-scale synthesis. Importantly, the protocol is also amenable to the key intermediate of bioactive molecules in a simple and practical process.
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49
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Ye Q, Huang W, Wei L, Cai M. Recyclable Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of Trialkylsilylethynes and N-Tosylhydrazones Leading to the Formation of C(sp)-C(sp 3) Bonds. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 36787648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient heterogeneous copper(I)-catalyzed cross-coupling of trialkylsilylethynes with N-tosylhydrazones has been achieved in dioxane at 90-110 °C via the Cu carbene migratory insertion with an SBA-15-immobilized l-proline-Cu(I) complex [SBA-15-l-Proline-CuI] as the catalyst and LiOtBu as the base, leading to the formation of C(sp)-C(sp3) bonds. The reaction generates a wide variety of alkyltrialkylsilylalkynes in moderate to high yields. This new heterogenized copper(I) complex exhibits a comparable catalytic efficiency to homogeneous CuI and can be easily recovered through a simple centrifugation process and is recyclable up to 12 times without a remarkable loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ye
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Wencheng Huang
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Li Wei
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Mingzhong Cai
- Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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50
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Yuan CH, Wang XX, Jiao L. Ligand-Enabled Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Enantioselective β-C(sp 3 )-H Arylation of Aliphatic Tertiary Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300854. [PMID: 36851818 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Amide is one of the most widespread functional groups in organic and bioorganic chemistry, and it would be valuable to achieve stereoselective C(sp3 )-H functionalization in amide molecules. Palladium(II) catalysis has been prevalently used in the C-H activation chemistry in the past decades, however, due to the weakly-coordinating feature of simple amides, it is challenging to achieve their direct C(sp3 )-H functionalization with enantiocontrol by PdII catalysis. Our group has developed sulfoxide-2-hydroxypridine (SOHP) ligands, which exhibited remarkable activity in Pd-catalyzed C(sp2 )-H activation. In this work, we demonstrate that chiral SOHP ligands served as an ideal solution to enantioselective C(sp3 )-H activation in simple amides. Herein, we report an efficient asymmetric PdII /SOHP-catalyzed β-C(sp3 )-H arylation of aliphatic tertiary amides, in which the SOHP ligand plays a key role in the stereoselective C-H deprotonation-metalation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Hui Yuan
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Xia Wang
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lei Jiao
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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