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Turhan E, Goldberga I, Pötzl C, Keil W, Guigner JM, Haßler MFT, Peterlik H, Azaïs T, Kurzbach D. Branched Polymeric Prenucleation Assemblies Initiate Calcium Phosphate Precipitation. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39228133 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The formation of crystalline calcium phosphate (CaP) has recently gained ample attention as it does not follow the classic nucleation-and-growth mechanism of solid formation. Instead, the precipitation mechanisms can involve numerous intermediates, including soluble prenucleation species. However, structural features, stability, and transformation of such solution-state precursors remain largely undisclosed. Herein, we report a detailed and comprehensive characterization of the sequential events involved in calcium phosphate crystallization starting from the very early prenucleation stage. We integrated an extensive set of time-resolved methods, including NMR, turbidimetry, SAXS, cryo-TEM, and calcium-potentiometry to show that CaP nucleation is initiated by the transformation of "branched" polymeric prenucleation assemblies into amorphous calcium phosphate spheres. Such a mineralization process starts with the spontaneous formation of so-called nanometric prenucleation clusters (PNCs) that later assemble into those branched polymeric assemblies without calcium ion uptake from the solution. Importantly, the branched macromolecular species are invisible to many techniques (NMR, turbidity, calcium-potentiometry) but can readily be evidenced by time-resolved SAXS. We find that these polymeric assemblies constitute the origin of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precipitation through an unexpected process: spontaneous dissolution is followed by local densification of 100-200 nm wide domains leading to ACP spheres of similar size. Finally, we demonstrate that the timing of the successive events involved in the CaP mineralization pathway can be kinetically controlled by the Ca2+/Pi molar ratio, such that the lifetime of the soluble transient species can be increased up to hours when decreasing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ertan Turhan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Ieva Goldberga
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Christopher Pötzl
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 42, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Waldemar Keil
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jean-Michel Guigner
- Institut de Minéralogie et Physique des Milieux Condensés (IMPMC), Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Martin F T Haßler
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics (VDS), University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Herwig Peterlik
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Thierry Azaïs
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Sorbonne Université, 4, Place Jussieu, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Dennis Kurzbach
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Str. 38, Vienna 1090, Austria
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2
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Mallette AJ, Shilpa K, Rimer JD. The Current Understanding of Mechanistic Pathways in Zeolite Crystallization. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3416-3493. [PMID: 38484327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Zeolite catalysts and adsorbents have been an integral part of many commercial processes and are projected to play a significant role in emerging technologies to address the changing energy and environmental landscapes. The ability to rationally design zeolites with tailored properties relies on a fundamental understanding of crystallization pathways to strategically manipulate processes of nucleation and growth. The complexity of zeolite growth media engenders a diversity of crystallization mechanisms that can manifest at different synthesis stages. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of classical and nonclassical pathways associated with the formation of (alumino)silicate zeolites. We begin with a brief overview of zeolite history and seminal advancements, followed by a comprehensive discussion of different classes of zeolite precursors with respect to their methods of assembly and physicochemical properties. The following two sections provide detailed discussions of nucleation and growth pathways wherein we emphasize general trends and highlight specific observations for select zeolite framework types. We then close with conclusions and future outlook to summarize key hypotheses, current knowledge gaps, and potential opportunities to guide zeolite synthesis toward a more exact science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Mallette
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kumari Shilpa
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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3
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Asselman K, Kirschhock C, Breynaert E. Illuminating the Black Box: A Perspective on Zeolite Crystallization in Inorganic Media. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2391-2402. [PMID: 37566703 PMCID: PMC10515482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSince the discovery of synthetic zeolites in the 1940s and their implementation in major industrial processes involving adsorption, catalytic conversion, and ion exchange, material scientists have targeted the rational design of zeolites: controlling synthesis to crystallize zeolites with predetermined properties. Decades later, the fundamentals of zeolite synthesis remain largely obscured in a black box, rendering rational design elusive. A major prerequisite to rational zeolite design is to fully understand, and control, the elementary processes governing zeolite nucleation, growth, and stability. The molecular-level investigation of these processes has been severely hindered by the complex multiphasic media in which aluminosilicate zeolites are typically synthesized. This Account documents our recent progress in crystallizing zeolites from synthesis media based on hydrated silicate ionic liquids (HSIL), a synthesis approach facilitating the evaluation of the individual impacts of synthesis parameters such as cation type, water content, and alkalinity on zeolite nucleation, growth, and phase selection. HSIL-based synthesis allows straightforward elucidation of the relationship between the characteristics of the synthesis medium and the properties and structure of the crystalline product. This assists in deriving new insights in zeolite crystallization in an inorganic aluminosilicate system, thus improving the conceptual understanding of nucleation and growth in the context of inorganic zeolite synthesis in general. This Account describes in detail what hydrated silicate ionic liquids are, how they form, and how they assist in improving our understanding of zeolite genesis on a molecular level. It describes the development of ternary phase diagrams for inorganic aluminosilicate zeolites via a systematic screening of synthesis compositions. By evaluating obtained crystal structure properties such as framework composition, topology, and extraframework cation distributions, critical questions are dealt with: Which synthesis variables govern the aluminum content of crystallizing zeolites? How does the aluminum content in the framework determine the expression of different topologies? The crucial role of the alkali cation, taking center stage in all aspects of crystallization, phase selection, and, by extension, transformation is also discussed. New criteria and models for phase selection are proposed, assisting in overcoming the need for excessive trial and error in the development of future synthesis protocols.Recent progress in the development of a toolbox enabling liquid-state characterization of these precursor media has been outlined, setting the stage for the routine monitoring of zeolite crystallization in real time. Current endeavors on and future needs for the in situ investigation of zeolite crystallization are highlighted. Finally, experimentally accessible parameters providing opportunities for modeling zeolite nucleation and growth are identified. Overall, this work provides a perspective toward future developments, identifying research areas ripe for investigation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Asselman
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterization and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Kirschhock
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterization and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterization and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Asselman K, Haouas M, Houlleberghs M, Radhakrishnan S, Wangermez W, Kirschhock CEA, Breynaert E. Does Water Enable Porosity in Aluminosilicate Zeolites? Porous Frameworks versus Dense Minerals. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:3338-3348. [PMID: 37159660 PMCID: PMC10161221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently identified zeolite precursors consisting of concentrated, hyposolvated homogeneous alkalisilicate liquids, hydrated silicate ionic liquids (HSIL), minimize correlation of synthesis variables and enable one to isolate and examine the impact of complex parameters such as water content on zeolite crystallization. HSIL are highly concentrated, homogeneous liquids containing water as a reactant rather than bulk solvent. This simplifies elucidation of the role of water during zeolite synthesis. Hydrothermal treatment at 170 °C of Al-doped potassium HSIL with chemical composition 0.5SiO2:1KOH:xH2O:0.013Al2O3 yields porous merlinoite (MER) zeolite when H2O/KOH exceeds 4 and dense, anhydrous megakalsilite when H2O/KOH is lower. Solid phase products and precursor liquids were fully characterized using XRD, SEM, NMR, TGA, and ICP analysis. Phase selectivity is discussed in terms of cation hydration as the mechanism, allowing a spatial cation arrangement enabling the formation of pores. Under water deficient conditions, the entropic penalty of cation hydration in the solid is large and cations need to be entirely coordinated by framework oxygens, leading to dense, anhydrous networks. Hence, the water activity in the synthesis medium and the affinity of a cation to either coordinate to water or to aluminosilicate decides whether a porous, hydrated, or a dense, anhydrous framework is formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Asselman
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Haouas
- Institut
Lavoisier de Versailles, Université
Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Maarten Houlleberghs
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- NMRCoRe-NMR-X-Ray
platform for Convergence Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Wauter Wangermez
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Christine E. A. Kirschhock
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Centre
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- NMRCoRe-NMR-X-Ray
platform for Convergence Research, KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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5
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Asselman K, Vandenabeele D, Pellens N, Doppelhammer N, Kirschhock CE, Breynaert E. Structural Aspects Affecting Phase Selection in Inorganic Zeolite Synthesis. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:11081-11092. [PMID: 36590702 PMCID: PMC9798827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c03204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A guideline for zeolite phase selection in inorganic synthesis media is proposed, based on a systematic exploration of synthesis from inorganic media using liquid Na+, K+, and Cs+ aluminosilicate. Although the Si/Al ratio of the zeolites is a continuous function of the synthesis conditions, boundaries between topologies are sharp. The here-derived phase selection criterion relates the obtained zeolite topology to the Si/Al ratio imposed by the synthesis medium. For a given Si/Al ratio, the framework with the highest occupation of topologically available cation sites is favored. The large number of published zeolite syntheses supporting the observation provides strong indication that the concept is applicable in a larger context. The proposed criterion explains how minor variations in the composition of inorganic synthesis media induce the commonly occurring, abrupt changes in topology. It highlights underlying reasons causing the strict demarcation of stability fields of the as-synthesized zeolites experimentally observed in inorganic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Asselman
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Dries Vandenabeele
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Nick Pellens
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Nikolaus Doppelhammer
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems, JKU
Linz, Linz4040, Austria
| | - Christine E.A. Kirschhock
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
- NMR-Xray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven3000, Belgium
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6
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Pellens N, Doppelhammer N, Radhakrishnan S, Asselman K, Chandran CV, Vandenabeele D, Jakoby B, Martens JA, Taulelle F, Reichel EK, Breynaert E, Kirschhock CEA. Nucleation of Porous Crystals from Ion-Paired Prenucleation Clusters. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:7139-7149. [PMID: 36032557 PMCID: PMC9404542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Current nucleation models propose manifold options for the formation of crystalline materials. Exploring and distinguishing between different crystallization pathways on the molecular level however remain a challenge, especially for complex porous materials. These usually consist of large unit cells with an ordered framework and pore components and often nucleate in complex, multiphasic synthesis media, restricting in-depth characterization. This work shows how aluminosilicate speciation during crystallization can be documented in detail in monophasic hydrated silicate ionic liquids (HSILs). The observations reveal that zeolites can form via supramolecular organization of ion-paired prenucleation clusters, consisting of aluminosilicate anions, ion-paired to alkali cations, and imply that zeolite crystallization from HSILs can be described within the spectrum of modern nucleation theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Pellens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nikolaus Doppelhammer
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems JKU Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR-Xray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Karel Asselman
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C Vinod Chandran
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR-Xray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dries Vandenabeele
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Jakoby
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems JKU Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Johan A Martens
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR-Xray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francis Taulelle
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR-Xray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin K Reichel
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems JKU Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR-Xray Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine E A Kirschhock
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis-Characterisation and Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Asselman K, Radhakrishnan S, Pellens N, Chandran CV, Houlleberghs M, Xu Y, Martens JA, Sree SP, Kirschhock CE, Breynaert E. HSIL-Based Synthesis of Ultracrystalline K,Na-JBW, a Zeolite Exhibiting Exceptional Framework Ordering and Flexibility. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:7159-7166. [PMID: 36032550 PMCID: PMC9404536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A reproducible synthesis strategy for ultracrystalline K,Na-aluminosilicate JBW zeolite is reported. The synthesis uses a Na-based hydrated silicate ionic liquid (HSIL) as a silicon source and gibbsite as the aluminum source. 27Al and 23Na NMR spectra exhibit crystalline second-order quadrupole patterns in the hydrated as well as dehydrated states and distinct resonances for different T-sites demonstrating an exceptional degree of order of the elements of the JBW framework, observed for the first time in a zeolite. Detailed structural analysis via NMR crystallography, combining powder X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR of all elements (27Al, 29Si, 23Na, 39K, and 1H), reveals remarkable de- and rehydration behavior of the JBW framework, transforming from its as-made hydrated structure via a modified anhydrous state into a different rehydrated symmetry while showing astonishing flexibility for a semicondensed aluminosilicate. Its crystallinity, exceptional degree of ordering of the T atoms and sodium cations, and the fully documented structure qualify this defect-free K,Na-aluminosilicate JBW zeolite as a suitable model system for developing NMR modeling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Asselman
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sambhu Radhakrishnan
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nick Pellens
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - C. Vinod Chandran
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Houlleberghs
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yijue Xu
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1860 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Johan A. Martens
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sreeprasanth Pulinthanathu Sree
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine E.A. Kirschhock
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis − Characterisation and
Application Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan
200F, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1860 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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8
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Asselman K, Pellens N, Thijs B, Doppelhammer N, Haouas M, Taulelle F, Martens JA, Breynaert E, Kirschhock CE. Ion-Pairs in Aluminosilicate-Alkali Synthesis Liquids Determine the Aluminum Content and Topology of Crystallizing Zeolites. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:7150-7158. [PMID: 36032556 PMCID: PMC9404546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Using hydrated silicate ionic liquids, phase selection and framework silicon-to-aluminum ratio during inorganic zeolite synthesis were studied as a function of batch composition. Consisting of homogeneous single phasic liquids, this synthesis concept allows careful control of crystallization parameters and evaluation of yield and sample homogeneity. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed for syntheses at 90 °C for 1 week. The results reveal a cation-dependent continuous relation between batch stoichiometry and framework aluminum content, valid across the phase boundaries of all different zeolites formed in the system. The framework aluminum content directly correlates to the type of alkali cation and gradually changes with batch alkalinity and dilution. This suggests that the observed zeolites form through a solution-mediated mechanism involving the concerted assembly of soluble cation-oligomer ion pairs. Phase selection is a consequence of the stability for a particular framework at the given aluminum content and alkali type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Asselman
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Nick Pellens
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Barbara Thijs
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Nikolaus Doppelhammer
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- Institute
for Microelectronics and Microsystems, JKU
Linz, Linz 4040, Austria
| | - Mohamed Haouas
- Institut
Lavoisier de Versailles, Université
de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Versailles Cedex 78035, France
| | - Francis Taulelle
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Johan A. Martens
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Eric Breynaert
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
- NMR/X-ray
Platform for Convergence Research (NMRCoRe), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Christine E.A. Kirschhock
- Center
for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterisation and Application
Team (COK-KAT), KU Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
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