1
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Jiang Q, Tang H, Peng Y, Hu Z, Zeng W. Helical polycyclic hydrocarbons with open-shell singlet ground states and ambipolar redox behaviors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10519-10528. [PMID: 38994409 PMCID: PMC11234857 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02116a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic π-conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) with an open-shell diradical character are attracting increasing interest due to their promising applications in organic electronics and spintronics. However, most of the open-shell PHs synthesized thus far are based on planar π-conjugated molecules. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of two new quinodimethane-embedded expanded helicenes H1 and H2. The helical structures of both molecules were revealed using X-ray crystallographic analysis. It was elucidated in detailed experimental and theoretical studies that they possess an open-shell singlet biradical structure in the ground state and show a small energy gap and amphoteric redox behavior. Both compounds can also be easily oxidized or reduced into relatively stable charged species. The dianions of H1 and H2 exhibit similar electronic structures to the respective isoelectronic structures of their all-benzenoid helical analogues according to NMR measurements and theoretical calculations. Moreover, the structures of the dication and dianion of H2 were identified by X-ray crystallographic analysis, revealing the effect of electron transfer on their backbones and aromaticity. This study thus opens up new avenues for both helical polycyclic π-systems and diradicaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Jiang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Hui Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Yuchen Peng
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Zhenni Hu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering Yongzhou 425100 China
| | - Wangdong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201 China
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2
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Leyva-Parra L, Casademont-Reig I, Pino-Rios R, Ruiz L, Alonso M, Tiznado W. New Perspectives on Delocalization Pathways in Aromatic Molecular Chameleons. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400271. [PMID: 38530286 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This study comprehensively analyzes the magnetically induced current density of polycyclic compounds labeled as "aromatic chameleons" since they can arrange their π-electrons to exhibit aromaticity in both the ground and the lowest triplet state. These compounds comprise benzenoid moieties fused to a central skeleton with 4n π-electrons and traditional magnetic descriptors are biased due to the superposition of local magnetic responses. In the S0 state, our analysis reveals that the molecular constituent fragments preserve their (anti)aromatic features in agreement with two types of resonant structures: one associated with aromatic benzenoids and the other with a central antiaromatic ring. Regarding the T1 state, a global and diatropic ring current is revealed. Our aromaticity study is complemented with advanced electronic and geometric descriptors to consider different aspects of aromaticity, particularly important in the evaluation of excited state aromaticity. Remarkably, these descriptors consistently align with the general features on the main delocalization pathways in polycyclic hydrocarbons consisting of fused 4n π-electron rings. Moreover, our study demonstrates an inverse correlation between the singlet-triplet energy difference and the antiaromatic character of the central ring in S0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile (UCEN), Santa Isabel 1186, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
| | - Lina Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, 8910060, Chile
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
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3
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Báez-Grez R, Pino-Rios R. On the aromaticity and stability of benzynes in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:6-12. [PMID: 37671655 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have revisited the aromaticity of benzyne isomers at the unrestricted density functional theory level (UDFT) using the energetic, magnetic, and delocalization criteria. In addition, this last criterion has also been analyzed employing complete active space (CASSCF) calculations. The results show conservation of aromaticity in these monocycles. Additionally it is observed that this trend is maintained in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives such as biradical didehydrophenanthrenes. Do these results imply a violation of Baird's rule? The answer is No, because this conservation in aromaticity is due to the loss of hydrogen atoms affects only the electronic σ skeleton and exerts a minor influence on the π cloud. Additionally, we have analyzed the relative stability of benzyne isomers and their relationship with experimental ΔES-T values. According to the literature, the stability of the benzynes in the singlet state is due to an effective interaction between the electrons of the biradical centers; however, this effect is completely reversed in the triplet state, which explains why the para isomer has the lowest ΔES-T gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Chile
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4
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Leyva-Parra L, Pino-Rios R, Inostroza D, Solà M, Alonso M, Tiznado W. Aromaticity and Magnetic Behavior in Benzenoids: Unraveling Ring Current Combinations. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302415. [PMID: 37955853 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, an active research topic is the connection between Clar's rule, aromaticity, and magnetic properties of polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbons. In the present work, we employ a meticulous magnetically induced current density analysis to define the net current flowing through any cyclic circuit, connecting it to aromaticity based on the ring current concept. Our investigation reveals that the analyzed polycyclic systems display a prominent global ring current, contrasting with subdued semi-local and local ring currents. These patterns align with Clar's aromatic π-sextets only in cases where migrating π-sextet structures are invoked. The results of this study will enrich our comprehension of aromaticity and magnetic behavior in such systems, offering significant insights into coexisting ring current circuits in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Departament of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M Aurèlia Campmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Departament of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
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5
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Bischof T, Wieprecht N, Fuchs S, Endres L, Krummenacher I, Michel M, Mihm C, Braunschweig H, Finze M. Unlocking Heteroaromatic Ring Systems through Chalcogen Insertion into Boroles. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:21329-21335. [PMID: 38048693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report the reactivity of various annulated borole derivatives toward chalcogen (O, S, and Se) insertion. Among a series of 9-borafluorenes with different boron substituents (Ph, Br, or o-carboranyl) and a mixed thiophene-benzene-fused derivative, only the 9-o-carboranyl-substituted 9-borafluorene yielded the complete set of chalcogen-containing heteroarenes, including the first 1,2-selenaborinine derivative. To evaluate the aromaticity of this heterocyclic analogue of phenanthrene, nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) values were computed and compared to those of its lighter group 16 congeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Bischof
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nele Wieprecht
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Fuchs
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Michel
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cornelius Mihm
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Sudhakaran KP, Benny A, John AT, Hariharan M. Exploring the influence of graphene on antiaromaticity of pentalene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:26986-26990. [PMID: 37812393 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02760k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical investigations on the influence of graphene fragments on the antiaromaticity of pentalene are conducted by employing multiple aromaticity descriptors based on magnetic, geometric and electronic criteria. NICS as a sole descriptor for analysing the antiaromaticity of pentalene on graphene fragments has to be carefully considered while looking through the other aromaticity indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthy P Sudhakaran
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Alfy Benny
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Athira T John
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
| | - Mahesh Hariharan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Vithura, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695551, India.
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7
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H. El-Demerdash S, F. Gad S, M. El-Mehasseb I, E. El-Kelany K. Isosterism in pyrrole via azaboroles substitution, a theoretical investigation for electronic structural, stability and aromaticity. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20542. [PMID: 37810871 PMCID: PMC10551570 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This work uses ab-initio CBS-QB3 and density functional theory (B3LYP) to analyze the structure, stability, and aromaticity of all isosteric nitrogen-boron pyrroles. The mono-NB unit substituted group of the isosteric NB pyrrole has four isosteres, whereas the multi-NB unit substituted group has two isosteres. These two groups make up all isosteric NB pyrrole. For structural, energetic, magnetic, and electron delocalization criteria, the results highlight the predominance of the PN3B2 isostere and its greater stability over other conformers. In addition, the global reactivity indices, ESP, HOMO-LUMO, and NBO charges have all been estimated to forecast the active side's electron donation and acceptance. These isosteres are categorized as weak electrophiles and marginal nucleophiles. NB-isosteres have poorer stability, HOMO-LUMO gap, and aromaticity than the parent (pyrrole). In general, NB compounds with more ring sharing are less aromatic than NB molecules with less ring sharing. The current study is anticipated to help in understanding of the chemistry of NB substituted molecules and their experimental identification and characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaimaa F. Gad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M. El-Mehasseb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr el-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Khaled E. El-Kelany
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr el-skiekh, Egypt
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8
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Báez-Grez R, Inostroza D, Vásquez-Espinal A, Islas R, Pino-Rios R. Exploration of the potential energy surface in mixed Zintl clusters applying an automatic Johnson polyhedra generator: the case of arachno E 6M 24- (E = Si, Ge, Sn; M = Sb, Bi). RSC Adv 2023; 13:24499-24504. [PMID: 37588980 PMCID: PMC10426391 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A new algorithm called Automatic Johnson Cluster Generator (AJCG) is presented, which, as its name indicates, allows the definition of the desired Johnson polyhedron to subsequently carry out all the possible permutations between the atoms that form this polyhedron. This new algorithm allows the exhaustive study of the structures' potential energy surface (PES). In addition, the AJCG algorithm is helpful for the study of three-dimensional compounds such as boranes or Zintl clusters and their structural derivatives with two or more different atoms. The automatic filling of vertices is particularly useful in mixed compounds because of the possibility of taking into account all possible configurations in the structure. As a test system, we investigated the arachno-type E6M24- (E = Si, Ge, Sn; M = Sb, Bi) structure which has eight vertices and complies with Wade-Mingos rules. Initially, we defined a bipyramidal structure (10 vertices), and filled the vertices with the atoms in all possible configurations. Since the selected system has eight atoms, the two remaining vertices were filled with pseudo atoms to complete the structure. After re-optimizing the initial population generated with AJCG, a large number of isomers with energy below 10 kcal mol-1 are identified. These results show that the most stable isomers possess homonuclear M-M bonds, except Sn6Bi24-. Although the overall putative minima differ at the PBE0-D3 and DLPNO-CCSD(T) levels, they are always competitive minima. In addition to using high-precision methodologies to correctly study relative energies, applying solvent effects in highly charged systems becomes mandatory. The aromatic character of these studied systems was demonstrated qualitatively with two- and three-dimensional mapping and quantitatively by calculating the value of the z-component of the induced magnetic field at the cage center, including scalar and spin-orbit correction for relativistic effects. The compounds studied have a high degree of aromaticity, which allows us to establish that despite structural modifications (i.e., from closo to arachno), the aromaticity is preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Báez-Grez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275 Santiago Chile 8370146
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275 Santiago Chile 8370146
- Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275 Santiago Chile
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat Casilla 121 Iquique Chile 1100000
| | - Rafael Islas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275 Santiago Chile 8370146
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello República 275 Santiago Chile 8370146
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat Casilla 121 Iquique Chile 1100000
- Instituto de Estudios de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat Casilla 121 Iquique Chile 1100000
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9
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Casademont-Reig I, Woller T, García V, Contreras-García J, Tiznado W, Torrent-Sucarrat M, Matito E, Alonso M. Quest for the Most Aromatic Pathway in Charged Expanded Porphyrins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202264. [PMID: 36194440 PMCID: PMC10099525 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the central role of aromaticity in the chemistry of expanded porphyrins, the evaluation of aromaticity remains difficult for these extended macrocycles. The presence of multiple conjugation pathways and different planar and nonplanar π-conjugation topologies makes the quantification of global and local aromaticity even more challenging. In neutral expanded porphyrins, the predominance of the aromatic conjugation pathway passing through the imine-type nitrogens and circumventing the amino NH groups is established. However, for charged macrocycles, the question about the main conjugation circuit remains open. Accordingly, different conjugation pathways in a set of neutral, anionic, and cationic expanded porphyrins were investigated by means of several aromaticity indices rooted in the structural, magnetic, and electronic criteria. Overall, our results reveal the predominance of the conjugation pathway that passes through all nitrogen atoms to describe the aromaticity of deprotonated expanded porphyrins, while the outer pathway through the perimeter carbon atoms becomes the most aromatic in protonated macrocycles. In nonplanar and charged macrocycles, a discrepancy between electronic and magnetic descriptors is observed. Nevertheless, our work demonstrates AVmin remains the best tool to determine the main conjugation pathway of expanded porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, place Jussieu 4, 75052, Paris, France
| | - Victor García
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento Académico de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Julia Contreras-García
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT), Sorbonne Université, place Jussieu 4, 75052, Paris, France
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry I, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, UPV/EHU), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Solar-Encinas J, Vásquez-Espinal A, Leyva-Parra L, Yañez O, Inostroza D, Valenzuela ML, Orellana W, Tiznado W. Planar Elongated B 12 Structure in M 3B 12 Clusters (M = Cu-Au). Molecules 2022; 28:molecules28010236. [PMID: 36615438 PMCID: PMC9822480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, it is shown that the M3B12 (M = Cu-Au) clusters' global minima consist of an elongated planar B12 fragment connected by an in-plane linear M3 fragment. This result is striking since this B12 planar structure is not favored in the bare cluster, nor when one or two metals are added. The minimum energy structures were revealed by screening the potential energy surface using genetic algorithms and density functional theory calculations. Chemical bonding analysis shows that the strong electrostatic interactions with the metal compensate for the high energy spent in the M3 and B12 fragment distortion. Furthermore, metals participate in the delocalized π-bonds, which infers an aromatic character to these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Solar-Encinas
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Alejandro Vásquez-Espinal
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique 1100000, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.V.-E.); (W.T.)
| | - Luis Leyva-Parra
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Yañez
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500000, Chile
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Maria Luisa Valenzuela
- Grupo de Investigación en Energía y Procesos Sustentables, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Av. El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, Santiago 8900000, Chile
| | - Walter Orellana
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370136, Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. República 275, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.V.-E.); (W.T.)
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11
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Structural Factors That Determine the Activity of the Xenobiotic Reductase B Enzyme from Pseudomonas putida on Nitroaromatic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010400. [PMID: 36613844 PMCID: PMC9820340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic reductase B (XenB) catalyzes the reduction of the aromatic ring or nitro groups of nitroaromatic compounds with methyl, amino or hydroxyl radicals. This reaction is of biotechnological interest for bioremediation, the reuse of industrial waste or the activation of prodrugs. However, the structural factors that explain the binding of XenB to different substrates are unknown. Molecular dynamics simulations and quantum mechanical calculations were performed to identify the residues involved in the formation and stabilization of the enzyme/substrate complex and to explain the use of different substrates by this enzyme. Our results show that Tyr65 and Tyr335 residues stabilize the ligands through hydrophobic interactions mediated by the aromatic rings of these aminoacids. The higher XenB activity determined with the substrates 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene is consistent with the lower energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) orbitals and a lower energy of the homo orbital (LUMO), which favors electrophile and nucleophilic activity, respectively. The electrostatic potential maps of these compounds suggest that the bonding requires a large hydrophobic region in the aromatic ring, which is promoted by substituents in ortho and para positions. These results are consistent with experimental data and could be used to propose point mutations that allow this enzyme to process new molecules of biotechnological interest.
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12
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Zhan X, Jin Y, Qi D, Sun T, Jiang J. General Design Strategy of Anti‐aromatic Porphyrinoids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201125. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
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13
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Al-Yassiri MAH. Spherical Aromaticity of Tetrahedral Pnictogens through Off-Nucleus Isotropic Magnetic Shielding. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200271. [PMID: 35768283 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This work revealed the spherical aromaticity of some inorganic E4 cages and their protonated E4 H+ ions (E=N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). For this purpose, we employed several evaluations like (0D-1D) nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS), multidimensional (2D-3D) off-nucleus isotropic shielding σiso (r), and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The magnetic calculations involved gauge-including atomic orbitals (GIAO) with two density functionals B3LYP and WB97XD, and basis sets of Jorge-ATZP, 6-311+G(d,p), and Lanl2DZp. The Jorge-ATZP basis set showed the best consistency. Our findings disclosed non-classical aromatic characters in the above molecules, which decreased from N to Bi cages. Also, the results showed more aromaticity in E4 than E4 H+ . The NBO analysis attributed the aromaticity in the above molecules to the residual density of the overlapping σ-bonding orbitals. So, the aromaticity in these molecules is unlike the classical aromaticity that is associated with electron delocalization. Scanning 1D σiso (r) variation along E-E bonds indicated a lowering in the shielding trend from N to Bi cages. The 3D results showed a similar decrease in the relative volumetric diffusion of the magnetic activity, whereas the volumetric ratio of V1ppm /V2ppm is almost constant for all the E4 cages.
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14
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Poater J, Viñas C, Olid D, Solà M, Teixidor F. Aromaticity and Extrusion of Benzenoids Linked to [o-COSAN] - : Clar Has the Answer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200672. [PMID: 35176201 PMCID: PMC9310775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Benzene and pyrene can be synthetically linked to [o-COSAN]- keeping their aromaticity. In contrast, naphthalene and anthracene are extruded in the same reaction. We have proven that extrusion is only favorable if the number of Clar's π-sextets remains constant. Thus, Clar has the answer to whether an attached polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to [o-COSAN]- is extruded or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Olid
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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15
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El-Meligy A, El-Demerdash SH, Abdel-Rahman MA, Mahmoud MAM, Taketsugu T, El-Nahas AM. Structures, Energetics, and Spectra of (NH) and (OH) Tautomers of 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1-azaazulene: A Density Functional Theory/Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14222-14238. [PMID: 35559155 PMCID: PMC9089341 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tautomerization of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-1-azaazulene (2OHPhAZ) in the gas phase and ethanol has been studied using B3LYP, M06-2X, and ωB97XD density functional theory (DFT) with different basis sets. For more accurate data, energies were refined at CCSD(T)/6-311++G(2d,2p) in the gas phase. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), aromaticity, Fukui functions, acidity, and basicity were also calculated and compared with experimental data. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)-solvation model based on density (TDDFT-SMD) calculations in acetonitrile have been utilized for the simulation of UV-vis electronic spectra. In addition, electronic structures of the investigated system have been discussed. The results reveal that the enol form (2OHPhAZ) is thermodynamically and kinetically stable relative to the keto tautomer (2OPhAZ) and different rotamers (2OHPhAZ-R1:R3) in the gas phase and ethanol. A comparison with the experiment illustrates a good agreement and supports the computational findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa
B. El-Meligy
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia
University, Shebin
El-Kom 32512, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. M. Mahmoud
- Basic
Sciences Department, Tanta Higher Institute
of Engineering and Technology, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Tetsuya Taketsugu
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido
University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Ahmed M. El-Nahas
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia
University, Shebin
El-Kom 32512, Egypt
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16
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Poater J, Viñas C, Olid D, Solà M, Teixidor F. Aromaticity and Extrusion of Benzenoids Linked to [
o
‐COSAN]
−
: Clar Has the Answer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - David Olid
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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17
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Persistent Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon in Global Minima Structures of Silicon-Carbon Clusters. ATOMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atoms10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported a series of global minima whose structures consist of carbon rings decorated with heavier group 14 elements. Interestingly, these structures feature planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs) and result from the replacement of five or six protons (H+) from the cyclopentadienyl anion (C5H5−) or the pentalene dianion (C8H62−) by three or four E2+ dications (E = Si–Pb), respectively. The silicon derivatives of these series are the Si3C5 and Si4C8 clusters. Here we show that ptC persists in some clusters with an equivalent number of C and Si atoms, i.e., Si5C5, Si8C8, and Si9C9. In all these species, the ptC is embedded in a pentagonal C5 ring and participates in a three-center, two-electron (3c-2e) Si-ptC-Si σ-bond. Furthermore, these clusters are π-aromatic species according to chemical bonding analysis and magnetic criteria.
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18
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Kleinpeter E, Koch A. Cyclazines‐Structure and Aromaticity or Antiaromaticity on the Magnetic Criterion. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erich Kleinpeter
- Chemisches Institut der Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam (Golm) Germany E-mail
| | - Andreas Koch
- Chemisches Institut der Universität Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 14476 Potsdam (Golm) Germany E-mail
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19
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Paenurk E, Gershoni-Poranne R. Simple and efficient visualization of aromaticity: bond currents calculated from NICS values. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:8631-8644. [PMID: 35132428 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05757j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry, underpinning the properties and reactivity of many organic compounds and materials. The ability to easily and accurately discern aromatic behavior is key to leveraging it as a design element, yet most aromaticity metrics struggle to combine accurate quantitative evaluation, intuitive interpretability, and user-friendliness. We introduce a new method, NICS2BC, which uses simple and inexpensive NICS calculations to generate information-rich and easily-interpreted bond-current graphs. We test the quantitative and qualitative characterizations afforded by NICS2BC for a selection of molecules of varying structural and electronic complexity, to demonstrate its accuracy and ease of analysis. Moreover, we show that NICS2BC successfully identifies ring-current patterns in molecules known to be difficult cases to interpret with NICS and enables deeper understanding of local aromaticity trends, demonstrating that our method adds additional insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eno Paenurk
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renana Gershoni-Poranne
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.,Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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20
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Analysis of Local and Global Aromaticity in Si3C5 and Si4C8 Clusters. Aromatic Species Containing Planar Tetracoordinate Carbon. CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry3040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The minimum energy structures of the Si3C5 and Si4C8 clusters are planar and contain planar tetracoordinate carbons (ptCs). These species have been classified, qualitatively, as global (π) and local (σ) aromatics according to the adaptive natural density partitioning (AdNDP) method, which is an orbital localization method. This work evaluates these species’ aromaticity, focusing on confirming and quantifying their global and local aromatic character. For this purpose, we use an orbital localization method based on the partitioning of the molecular space according to the topology of the electronic localization function (LOC-ELF). In addition, the magnetically induced current density is analyzed. The LOC-ELF-based analysis coincides with the AdNDP study (double aromaticity, global, and local). Moreover, the current density analysis detects global and local ring currents. The strength of the global and local current circuit is significant, involving 4n + 2 π- and σ-electrons, respectively. The latter implicates the Si-ptC-Si fragment, which would be related to the 3c-2e σ-bond detected by the orbital localization methods in this fragment.
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