1
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Gallizioli C, Battke D, Schlaad H, Deglmann P, Plajer AJ. Ring-Opening Terpolymerisation of Elemental Sulfur Waste with Propylene Oxide and Carbon Disulfide via Lithium Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319810. [PMID: 38421100 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur, a waste product of the oil refinement process, represents a promising raw material for the synthesis of degradable polymers. We show that simple lithium alkoxides facilitate the polymerisation of elemental sulfur S8 with industrially relevant propylene oxide (PO) and CS2 (a base chemical sourced from waste S8 itself) to give poly(monothiocarbonate-alt-Sx) in which x can be controlled by the amount of supplied sulfur. The in situ generation of thiolate intermediates obtained by a rearrangement, which follows CS2 and PO incorporation, allows to combine S8 and epoxides into one polymer sequence that would otherwise not be possible. Mechanistic investigations reveal that alkyl oligosulfide intermediates from S8 ring opening and sulfur chain length equilibration represent the better nucleophiles for inserting the next PO if compared to the trithiocarbonates obtained from the competing CS2 addition, which causes the sequence selectivity. The polymers can be crosslinked in situ with multifunctional thiols to yield reprocessable and degradable networks. Our report demonstrates how mechanistic understanding allows to combine intrinsically incompatible building blocks for sulfur waste utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Gallizioli
- Makromolekulare Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth
| | - David Battke
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin
| | - Helmut Schlaad
- Institute für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam
| | - Peter Deglmann
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Makromolekulare Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth
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2
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Schwarz DB, Patil A, Singla S, Dhinojwala A, Eagan JM. Metal-catalyzed copolymerizations of epoxides and carbon disulfide for high-refractive index low absorbance adhesives and plastics. Front Chem 2023; 11:1287528. [PMID: 38025056 PMCID: PMC10652881 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1287528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-refractive index plastics are useful materials due to their optical properties, ease of processing, and low-costs compared to their inorganic counterparts. Catalytic carbon disulfide (CS2) copolymerization with epoxides is one method for producing low-cost high refractive index polymers. The reaction is accompanied by an oxygen-sulfur exchange reaction which produces irregular microstructures in the repeating units. In this study, metal salen catalysts were investigated with different metal centers (Al, Cr, Co) and salen ligand electronics, sterics, backbones, and co-catalyst in the copolymerization of CS2 with propylene oxide (PO) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO). The results reveal the essential nature of Cr metal centers on reactivity and the backbone geometry on monomer selectivity. There were no significant impacts on the O-S exchange reaction when ligand design changed, however PO and CHO/CS2 copolymers yield different monothiocarbonate microstructures. Additionally, the effects of microstructure on optical and thermal properties were investigated using spectroscopic ellipsometry and calorimetry, respectively. The CHO system produced high T g plastics (93°C) with high refractive indexes (n up to 1.64), modest absorbance (κ < 0.020), and Abbe numbers of 32.2 while PO yielded low T g adhesives (T g = 9°C) with high refractive indexes (n up to 1.73), low absorbance (κ < 0.005), and low Abbe numbers (V D = 19.1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - James M. Eagan
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, United States
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3
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Fornacon-Wood C, Stühler MR, Gallizioli C, Manjunatha BR, Wachtendorf V, Schartel B, Plajer AJ. Precise construction of weather-sensitive poly(ester- alt-thioesters) from phthalic thioanhydride and oxetane. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11353-11356. [PMID: 37655470 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03315e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the selective ring opening copolymerisation (ROCOP) of oxetane and phthalic thioanhydride by a heterobimetallic Cr(III)K catalyst precisely yielding semi-crystalline alternating poly(ester-alt-thioesters) which show improved degradability due to the thioester links in the polymer backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fornacon-Wood
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Merlin R Stühler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Cesare Gallizioli
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Bhargav R Manjunatha
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
| | - Volker Wachtendorf
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schartel
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin 12205, Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.
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4
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Tran D, Braaksma AN, Andras AM, Boopathi SK, Darensbourg DJ, Wooley KL. Structural Metamorphoses of d-Xylose Oxetane- and Carbonyl Sulfide-Based Polymers In Situ during Ring-Opening Copolymerizations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18560-18567. [PMID: 37578470 PMCID: PMC10863053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymers constructed from copolymerizations of carbohydrates with C1 feedstocks are promising targets that provide transformation of sustainably sourced building blocks into next-generation, environmentally degradable plastic materials. In this work, the initial intention was to expand beyond polycarbonates prepared by the copolymerization of oxetanes derived from d-xylose with CO2 and incorporate sulfur atoms through the establishment of monothiocarbonates that would provide the ability to modulate the backbone compositions and result in unique effects upon the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. Therefore, the syntheses of poly(1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-xylofuranose monothiocarbonate)s were investigated by ring-opening copolymerizations of 3,5-anhydro-1,2-O-isopropylidene-α-d-xylofuranose with carbonyl sulfide (COS) facilitated by (salen)CrCl/cocatalyst systems. Unexpectedly, when copolymerization temperatures exceeded 40 °C, oxygen/sulfur exchange reactions occurred, causing in situ dynamic backbone restructuring through a series of inter-related and complex mechanistic pathways that transformed monothiocarbonate monomeric repeating units into carbonate and thioether dimeric repeating units. These backbone structural compositional transformations were investigated through a combination of Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques and were demonstrated to be easily tuned via temperature and catalyst/cocatalyst stoichiometries. Furthermore, the regiochemistries of these d-xylose-based sulfur-containing polymers revealed that monothiocarbonate monomeric repeating units had a head-to-tail connectivity, while the carbonate and thioether dimeric repeating units had dual head-to-head and tail-to-tail connectivities. These sulfur-containing polymers exhibited enhanced thermal stabilities compared to their oxygen-containing polycarbonate analogues and revealed variations in the effects upon glass transition temperatures, demonstrating the effect of sulfur incorporation in the polymer backbone. These findings contribute to the advancement of sustainable polymer production by using feedstocks of natural origin coupled with COS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David
K. Tran
- Departments
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Ashley N. Braaksma
- Departments
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Autumn M. Andras
- Departments
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Senthil K. Boopathi
- Departments
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Donald J. Darensbourg
- Departments
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
| | - Karen L. Wooley
- Departments
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
- Materials
Science & Engineering, Texas A&M
University, College
Station, Texas 77842, United States
- Chemical
Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842, United States
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5
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Fornacon-Wood C, Manjunatha BR, Stühler MR, Gallizioli C, Müller C, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ. Precise cooperative sulfur placement leads to semi-crystallinity and selective depolymerisability in CS 2/oxetane copolymers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4525. [PMID: 37500621 PMCID: PMC10374558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39951-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CS2 promises easy access to degradable sulfur-rich polymers and insights into how main-group derivatisation affects polymer formation and properties, though its ring-opening copolymerisation is plagued by low linkage selectivity and small-molecule by-products. We demonstrate that a cooperative Cr(III)/K catalyst selectively delivers poly(dithiocarbonates) from CS2 and oxetanes while state-of-the-art strategies produce linkage scrambled polymers and heterocyclic by-products. The formal introduction of sulfur centres into the parent polycarbonates results in a net shift of the polymerisation equilibrium towards, and therefore facilitating, depolymerisation. During copolymerisation however, the catalyst enables near quantitative generation of the metastable polymers in high sequence selectivity by limiting the lifetime of alkoxide intermediates. Furthermore, linkage selectivity is key to obtain semi-crystalline materials that can be moulded into self-standing objects as well as to enable chemoselective depolymerisation into cyclic dithiocarbonates which can themselves serve as monomers in ring-opening polymerisation. Our report demonstrates the potential of cooperative catalysis to produce previously inaccessible main-group rich materials with beneficial chemical and physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Fornacon-Wood
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bhargav R Manjunatha
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Merlin R Stühler
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cesare Gallizioli
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie., Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
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6
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Rupf S, Pröhm P, Plajer AJ. Lithium achieves sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP) of ternary monomer mixtures. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6355-6365. [PMID: 35733883 PMCID: PMC9159086 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01776h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatom-containing degradable polymers have strong potential as sustainable replacements for petrochemically derived materials. However, to accelerate and broaden their uptake greater structural diversity and new synthetic methodologies are required. Here we report a sequence selective ring-opening terpolymerisation (ROTERP), in which three monomers (A, B, C) are selectively enchained into an (ABA'C) n sequence by a simple lithium catalyst. Degradable poly(ester-alt-ester-alt-trithiocarbonate)s are obtained in a M n range from 2.35 to 111.20 kDa which are not easily accessible via other polymerisation methodologies. The choice of alkali metal is key to achieve high activity and to control the terpolymer sequence. ROTERP is mechanistically compatible with ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) allowing switchable catalysis for blockpolymer synthesis. The ROTERP demonstrated in this study could be the first example of an entirely new family of sequence selective terpolymerisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rupf
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Patrick Pröhm
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
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7
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Qiao C, Villar-Yanez A, Garay-Ruiz D, Buchholz JB, Bo C, Kleij AW. Domino Synthesis of Bicyclic 3,5-Anhydro Furanose Mimics Using a Binary Al(III) Complex/Halide Catalyst. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Alba Villar-Yanez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Diego Garay-Ruiz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jordi-Benet Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carles Bo
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgánica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Arjan W. Kleij
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Hardy C, Kociok-Köhn G, Buchard A. UV degradation of poly(lactic acid) materials through copolymerisation with a sugar-derived cyclic xanthate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5463-5466. [PMID: 35416817 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01322c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The copolymerisation of L-Lactide with a cyclic xanthate monomer derived from tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal has been used to incorporate thionocarbonate and thioester linkages into a polyester backbone. The poly(lactide-co-xanthate) copolymers show enhanced UV-degradability compared to PLA, with 40% mass loss within 6 hours of UV exposure (365 nm) for only 3% of sulfur-containing linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Hardy
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
| | | | - Antoine Buchard
- Centre for Sustainable and Circular Technologies, Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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9
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Silbernagl D, Sturm H, Plajer AJ. Thioanhydride/isothiocyanate/epoxide ring-opening terpolymerisation: sequence selective enchainment of monomer mixtures and switchable catalysis. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lithium mediates sequence selective terpolymerisation of phtalic thioanhydride/PhNCS/butylene oxide yielding poly(ester-alt-ester-alt-dithioimidocarbonates) and enables block- and tetrapolymerisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Silbernagl
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz Sturm
- BAM Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -Prüfung, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alex J. Plajer
- Intitut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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