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Costa BB, Silva AOD, Meneghetti SMP. Esterification of Levulinic Acid with Different Alcohols Using Mesoporous Stannosilicates As the Catalyst. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:31128-31135. [PMID: 39035906 PMCID: PMC11256102 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The mesoporous stannosilicates SnMCM-41-25 and SnMCM-41-80, synthesized, respectively, at 25 and 80 °C and exhibiting a well-ordered hexagonal structure, were applied for the first time as heterogeneous catalysts in the esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with different alcohols. The nonhydrothermal method was effective to obtain materials with a high degree of ordering, high acidity, and promising catalytic activity in this esterification. The SnMCM-41-80 led to conversions of 71.0 and 83.6% in 120 and 180 min, respectively, while the respective values for the material without Sn were 33.2 and 40.1% under the same conditions (MeOH:LA molar ratio of 5:1, 1 wt % catalyst, 3 h, 120 °C). In addition, concerning the use of different alcohols, the reaction rate constants (k ap) were related to the effects of substituents by Taft equation. In general, the polar and steric effects follow the Taft relation, and the length of the chain exerted less influence on the decrease in conversion in comparison to the presence of branches. These results indicate that it is possible to incorporate Sn into the structure of MCM41, thus, making the modified materials more active in the esterification investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna
Ezequielle Bernardes Costa
- Group
of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity (GCAR), Institute of Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Federal University of
Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
- Laboratory
of Catalyst Synthesis (LSCAT), Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Antonio Osimar
Souza da Silva
- Laboratory
of Catalyst Synthesis (LSCAT), Center of Technology, Federal University of Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Simoni Margareti Plentz Meneghetti
- Group
of Catalysis and Chemical Reactivity (GCAR), Institute of Chemistry
and Biotechnology, Federal University of
Alagoas, 57072-970 Maceió, AL, Brazil
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Cambraia MVS, Barbosa MS, Soares CMF, Carvalho AKF, Mendes AA. Process optimization for enzymatic production of a valuable biomass-based ester from levulinic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:53-67. [PMID: 36409316 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02813-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic production of isoamyl levulinate via esterification of isoamyl alcohol (IA) and levulinic acid (LA), a biomass-based platform chemical with attractive properties, in a solvent system has been performed in this study. For such a purpose, a low-cost liquid lipase (Eversa® Transform 2.0) immobilized by physical adsorption via hydrophobic interactions (mechanism of interfacial activation) on mesoporous poly(styrenene-divinylbenzene) (PSty-DVB) beads was used as heterogeneous biocatalyst. It was prepared at low ionic strength (5 mmol.L-1 buffer sodium acetate pH 5.0) and 25 ℃ using an initial protein loading of 40 mg.g-1 of support. Maximum protein loading of 31.2 ± 2.8 mg.g-1 of support and an immobilization yield of 83% was achieved. The influence of relevant factors (biocatalyst concentration and reaction temperature) on ester production was investigated using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Maximum acid conversion percentage of 65% was achieved after 12 h of reaction at 40 °C, 20% of mass of heterogeneous biocatalyst per mass of reaction mixture (20% m.m-1), and LA:IA molar ratio of 1:1.5 in a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) medium. The biocatalyst retained around of 30% of its initial activity after five consecutive esterification batches under optimal experimental conditions. The proposed experimental procedure can be considered as an acceptable green process (EcoScale score of 66.5), in addition to the fact that a new strategy is proposed to sustainably produce a valuable industrial ester (isoamyl levulinate) from biomass-based materials using an immobilized and low-cost commercial lipase as catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V S Cambraia
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.,Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Milson S Barbosa
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Cleide M F Soares
- Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil.,Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil
| | - Ana K F Carvalho
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.,Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil
| | - Adriano A Mendes
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil. .,Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil.
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Zhou S, Wu L, Bai J, Lei M, Long M, Huang K. Catalytic Esterification of Levulinic Acid into the Biofuel n-Butyl Levulinate over Nanosized TiO 2 Particles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3870. [PMID: 36364645 PMCID: PMC9656612 DOI: 10.3390/nano12213870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Levulinic esters, synthesized by the esterification of biomass-derived levulinic acid with various alcohols, is an important chemical that plays an essential role in the fields of biomass fuel additives, organic synthesis, and high value-added products. In the present work, the catalytic esterification of levulinic acid with n-butyl alcohol was selected as a typical model reaction to investigate the catalytic performance of an inexpensive commercial catalyst, titanium oxide nanoparticles. The influences of reaction time, reaction temperature, and catalyst loading on the conversion of levulinic acid to n-butyl levulinate were systematically examined through single-factor experiments. Additionally, the optimization of the reaction conditions was further investigated by a Box-Behnken design in response to the surface methodology. The desired product, n-butyl levulinate, with a good yield (77.6%) was achieved under the optimal conditions (reaction time of 8 h, reaction temperature of 120 °C, and catalyst dosage of 8.6 wt.%) when using titanium oxide nanoparticles as catalysts. Furthermore, it was found that addition of water to the catalytic system facilitated the reaction process, to some extent. This study reveals that the nanosized TiO2 material, as an efficient solid acid catalyst, had good catalytic performance and stability for the esterification of levulinic acid after six consecutive uses.
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Zhai S, Zhang L, Zhao X, Wang Q, Yan Y, Li C, Zhang X. Enzymatic synthesis of a novel solid-liquid phase change energy storage material based on levulinic acid and 1,4-butanediol. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2022; 9:12. [PMID: 38647853 PMCID: PMC10991884 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-022-00502-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The current energy crisis has prompted the development and utilization of renewable energy and energy storage material. In this study, levulinic acid (LA) and 1,4-butanediol (BDO) were used to synthesize a novel levulinic acid 1,4-butanediol ester (LBE) by both enzymatic and chemical methods. The enzymatic method exhibited excellent performance during the synthesis process, and resulted in 87.33% of LBE yield, while the chemical method caused more by-products and higher energy consumption. What's more, the thermal properties of the obtained LBE as a phase change material (PCM) were evaluated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the melting temperature, latent heat of melting, and pyrolysis temperature were 50.51 °C, 156.1 J/g, and 150-160 °C, respectively. Compared with the traditional paraffin, the prepared PCM has a superior phase transition temperature, a higher latent heat of melting, and better thermal stability. The thermal conductivity could be increased to 0.34 W/m/k after adding expanded graphite (EG). In summary, LBE has great potential in the application of energy storage as a low-temperature phase change energy storage material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Zhai
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Yan
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Li
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Bioprocess, National Energy R&D Center for Biorefinery, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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