1
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Benchimol E, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Photoswitchable coordination cages. Nat Chem 2024; 16:13-21. [PMID: 38182764 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive behaviour is key to the design of smart materials, surfaces, nano-systems and effector molecules, allowing their application as switchable catalysts, molecular transporters, bioimaging probes or caged drugs. Supramolecular chemistry has embraced the widespread integration of photoswitches because of their precise spatiotemporal addressability and waste-free nature. In the vibrant area of discrete metal-mediated self-assembly, however, photoswitches are still rarely employed. Only recently has it been shown that embedding photoswitches into the organic backbones of coordination cages enables control of their host and material properties and thus unlocks the hitherto unexploited dynamic adaptivity of such systems. Here we discuss four cases where triggering ligand-integrated photoswitches leads to (1) control over disassembly/reassembly, (2) bi-stable switching between defined states, (3) interplay with thermal processes in metastable systems and (4) light-fuelled dissipative self-assembly. We highlight first clues concerning the relationship between fundamental photophysics and dynamic assembly equilibria and propose directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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2
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Nieland E, Voss J, Schmidt BM. Photoresponsive Supramolecular Cages and Macrocycles. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300353. [PMID: 37638597 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of light to achieve precise manipulation and control over the structure and function of supramolecular assemblies has emerged as a highly promising approach in the development of complex, configurable, or multifunctional systems and nanoscopic machine-like entities. In this minireview, we highlight recent examples of self-assembled and covalently bound cages and macrocycles with a focus on the external and internal functionalisation of a structure with a photoswitchable unit or the embedment of a photoswitch into the framework of a structure. Functionalising the interior or exterior of a supramolecular cage or macrocycle with a photoresponsive group enables control over different properties, such as guest binding or assembly in the solid-state, while the overall shape of the assembly often undergoes no significant change. By directly integrating a photoswitchable unit into the framework of a supramolecular structure, the isomerisation can either induce a geometry change, the disassembly, or the disassembly and reassembly of the structure. Historical and recent examples covered in this review are based on azobenzene, diarylethene, stilbene photoswitches, or alkene motors that were incorporated into macrocycles and cages constructed by metal-organic, dynamic covalent, or covalent bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jona Voss
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Li X, Huang Z, Liao Z, Liu A, Huo S. Transformable nanodrugs for overcoming the biological barriers in the tumor environment during drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8532-8547. [PMID: 37114478 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06621a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Drug delivery systems have been studied massively with explosive growth in the last few decades. However, challenges such as biological barriers are still obstructing the delivery efficiency of nanomedicines. Reports have shown that the physicochemical properties, such as the morphologies of nanodrugs, could highly affect their biodistribution and bioavailability. Therefore, transformable nanodrugs that take advantage of different sizes and shapes allow for overcoming multiple biological barriers, providing promising prospects for drug delivery. This review aims to present an overview of the most recent developments of transformable nanodrugs in this emerging field. First, the design principles and transformation mechanisms which serve as guidelines for smart nanodrugs are summarized. Afterward, their applications in overcoming biological barriers, including the bloodstream, intratumoral pressure, cellular membrane, endosomal wrapping, and nuclear membrane, are highlighted. Finally, discussions on the current developments and future perspectives of transformable nanodrugs are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejian Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhenkun Huang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Aijie Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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4
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Ge YY, Zhou XC, Zheng J, Luo J, Lai YL, Su J, Zhang HJ, Zhou XP, Li D. Self-Assembly of Two Tubular Metalloligand-Based Palladium-Organic Cages as Hosts for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4048-4053. [PMID: 36847302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report two tubular metal-organic cages (MOCs), synthesized by the self-assembly of bidentate metalloligands with different lengths and PdII. These two MOCs feature Pd4L8-type square tubular and Pd3L6-type triangular cage structures, respectively. Both MOCs have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculation. Both cages can be employed for encapsulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and show high binding affinity toward coronene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chao Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Liang Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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5
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Sudan S, Chen DW, Berton C, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Synthetic Receptors with Micromolar Affinity for Chloride in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218072. [PMID: 36628647 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A water-soluble coordination cage was obtained by reaction of Pd(NO3 )2 with a 1,3-di(pyridin-3-yl)benzene ligand featuring a short PEG chain. The cavity of the metal-organic cage contains one nitrate anion, which is readily replaced by chloride. The apparent association constant for chloride binding in buffered aqueous solution is Ka =1.8(±0.1)×105 M-1 . This value is significantly higher than what has been reported for other macrocyclic chloride receptors. The heavier halides Br- and I- compete with binding or self-assembly, but the receptor displays very good selectivity over common anions such as phosphate, acetate, carbonate, and sulfate. A further increase of the chloride binding affinity by a factor of 3 was achieved using a fluorinated dipyridyl ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Sudan
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien W Chen
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cesare Berton
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Périllat VJ, Del Grosso E, Berton C, Ricci F, Pezzato C. Controlling DNA nanodevices with light-switchable buffers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2146-2149. [PMID: 36727426 PMCID: PMC9933455 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06525h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Control over synthetic DNA-based nanodevices can be achieved with a variety of physical and chemical stimuli. Actuation with light, however, is as advantageous as difficult to implement without modifying DNA strands with photo-switchable groups. Herein, we show that DNA nanodevices can be controlled using visible light in photo-switchable aqueous buffer solutions in a reversible and highly programmable fashion. The strategy presented here is non-invasive and allows the remote control with visible light of complex operations of DNA-based nanodevices such as the reversible release/loading of cargo molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Jean Périllat
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erica Del Grosso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cesare Berton
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Ricci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome Tor Vergata Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padua, Italy.
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7
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Küng R, Germann A, Krüsmann M, Niggemann LP, Meisner J, Karg M, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanoresponsive Metal-Organic Cage-Crosslinked Polymer Hydrogels. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300079. [PMID: 36715238 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We report the formation of metal-organic cage-crosslinked polymer hydrogels. To enable crosslinking of the cages and subsequent network formation, we used homodifunctionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains terminally substituted with bipyridines as ligands for the Pd6 L4 corners. The encapsulation of guest molecules into supramolecular self-assembled metal-organic cage-crosslinked hydrogels, as well as ultrasound-induced disassembly of the cages with release of their cargo, is presented in addition to their characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, rheology, and comprehensive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments. The constrained geometries simulating external force (CoGEF) method and barriers using a force-modified potential energy surface (FMPES) suggest that the cage-opening mechanism starts with the dissociation of one pyridine ligand at around 0.5 nN. We show the efficient sonochemical activation of the hydrogels HG3 -6 , increasing the non-covalent guest-loading of completely unmodified drugs available for release by a factor of ten in comparison to non-crosslinked, star-shaped assemblies in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anne Germann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marcel Krüsmann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Louisa P Niggemann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institute for Physical Chemistry I: Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Zhu J, Chen X, Jin X, Wang Q. Light-driven interconversion of Pd2L4 cage and mononuclear PdL2 mediated by the isomerization of azobenzene ligand. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Li RJ, Tarzia A, Posligua V, Jelfs KE, Sanchez N, Marcus A, Baksi A, Clever GH, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Orientational self-sorting in cuboctahedral Pd cages. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11912-11917. [PMID: 36320919 PMCID: PMC9580501 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03856k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuboctahedral coordination cages of the general formula [Pd12L24]24+ (L = low-symmetry ligand) were analyzed theoretically and experimentally. With 350 696 potential isomers, the structural space of these assemblies is vast. Orientational self-sorting refers to the preferential formation of particular isomers within the pool of potential structures. Geometric and computational analyses predict the preferred formation of cages with a cis arrangement at the metal centers. This prediction was corroborated experimentally by synthesizing a [Pd12L24]24+ cage with a bridging 3-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)pyridine ligand. A crystallographic analysis of this assembly showed exclusive cis coordination of the 3- and the 4-pyridyl donor groups at the Pd2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Institut of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Victor Posligua
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | | | - Adam Marcus
- Institut of Mathematics, EPFL Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Universität Dortmund Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Universität Dortmund Dortmund 44227 Germany
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Lausanne 1015 Switzerland
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10
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Santamaria-Garcia VJ, Flores-Hernandez DR, Contreras-Torres FF, Cué-Sampedro R, Sánchez-Fernández JA. Advances in the Structural Strategies of the Self-Assembly of Photoresponsive Supramolecular Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7998. [PMID: 35887350 PMCID: PMC9317886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitive supramolecular systems have garnered attention due to their potential to catalyze highly specific tasks through structural changes triggered by a light stimulus. The tunability of their chemical structure and charge transfer properties provides opportunities for designing and developing smart materials for multidisciplinary applications. This review focuses on the approaches reported in the literature for tailoring properties of the photosensitive supramolecular systems, including MOFs, MOPs, and HOFs. We discuss relevant aspects regarding their chemical structure, action mechanisms, design principles, applications, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian J. Santamaria-Garcia
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (D.R.F.-H.); (F.F.C.-T.); (R.C.-S.)
| | - Domingo R. Flores-Hernandez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (D.R.F.-H.); (F.F.C.-T.); (R.C.-S.)
| | - Flavio F. Contreras-Torres
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (D.R.F.-H.); (F.F.C.-T.); (R.C.-S.)
| | - Rodrigo Cué-Sampedro
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Avenida Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico; (V.J.S.-G.); (D.R.F.-H.); (F.F.C.-T.); (R.C.-S.)
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Fernández
- Procesos de Polimerización, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Blvd. Enrique Reyna No. 140, Saltillo 25294, Mexico
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11
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Brown CM, Lundberg DJ, Lamb JR, Kevlishvili I, Kleinschmidt D, Alfaraj YS, Kulik HJ, Ottaviani MF, Oldenhuis NJ, Johnson JA. Endohedrally Functionalized Metal-Organic Cage-Cross-Linked Polymer Gels as Modular Heterogeneous Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:13276-13284. [PMID: 35819842 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of homogeneous catalysts onto supports to improve recyclability while maintaining catalytic efficiency is often a trial-and-error process limited by poor control of the local catalyst environment and few strategies to append catalysts to support materials. Here, we introduce a modular heterogenous catalysis platform that addresses these challenges. Our approach leverages the well-defined interiors of self-assembled Pd12L24 metal-organic cages/polyhedra (MOCs): simple mixing of a catalyst-ligand of choice with a polymeric ligand, spacer ligands, and a Pd salt induces self-assembly of Pd12L24-cross-linked polymer gels featuring endohedrally catalyst-functionalized junctions. Semi-empirical calculations show that catalyst incorporation into the MOC junctions of these materials has minimal affect on the MOC geometry, giving rise to well-defined nanoconfined catalyst domains as confirmed experimentally using several techniques. Given the unique network topology of these freestanding gels, they are mechanically robust regardless of their endohedral catalyst composition, allowing them to be physically manipulated and transferred from one reaction to another to achieve multiple rounds of catalysis. Moreover, by decoupling the catalyst environment (interior of MOC junctions) from the physical properties of the support (the polymer matrix), this strategy enables catalysis in environments where homogeneous catalyst analogues are not viable, as demonstrated for the Au(I)-catalyzed cyclization of 4-pentynoic acid in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jessica R Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Denise Kleinschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yasmeen S Alfaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Nathan J Oldenhuis
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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Wimberger L, Andréasson J, Beves JE. Basic-to-acidic reversible pH switching with a merocyanine photoacid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5610-5613. [PMID: 35437566 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of merocyanine photoacids has previously been largely limited to neutral and acidic pH values. Here we introduce a new merocyanine photoacid with superior pH switching qualities. By increasing the pKa in the dark (pKdarka) and the solubility we increased the reversible visible light induced pH jump to 3.5 units. Moreover, it is the first demonstration of a merocyanine photoacid able to generate a significant pH drop from a basic (pH 8.3) to an acidic (pH 5.2) environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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13
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Ganta S, Drechsler C, Chen Y, Clever GH. Nonaqueous Emulsion Polycondensation Enabled by a Self-Assembled Cage-like Surfactant. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104228. [PMID: 35018672 PMCID: PMC9303455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonaqueous emulsions are crucial for a range of applications based on water-sensitive systems such as controlled polymerizations requiring anhydrous reaction conditions and the stabilization of readily hydrolyzable reagents or pharmacologically active components. However, defined molecular surfactants to stabilize such nonaqueous emulsions are scarce. We introduce a self-assembled coordination cage, decorated with cholesterol functionalities, to serve as a molecular surfactant for various oil-in-oil emulsions of immiscible organic solvents. While the positively charged cage forms the amphiphile's polar moiety, the non-polar cholesterol appendices can bend in a common direction to stabilize the emulsion. Templated by the droplets, polycondensation reactions were carried out to produce microstructured polyurethane and polyurea materials of different particle sizes and morphologies. Further, the amphiphilic cage can encapsulate a guest molecule and the resulting host-guest assembly was also examined as a surfactant. In addition, the aggregation behavior of the amphiphilic cage in an aqueous medium was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Ganta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn Straße 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Yen‐Ting Chen
- Center of Molecular Spectroscopy and Simulation of Solvent-driven Processes (ZEMOS)Ruhr-University Bochum44801BochumGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn Straße 644227DortmundGermany
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14
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Abstract
Spatial, temporal, and remote control of proton chemistry can be achieved by using photoacids, which are molecules that transform from weak to strong acids under light. Most of proton chemistry is driven by a high concentration of protons ([H+]), which is difficult to obtain using excited-state photoacids. Metastable-stable state photoacids (mPAHs) can reversibly generate a high [H+] under visible light with a moderate intensity. It has been widely applied in different fields, e.g. fueling dissipative assemblies, driving molecular machines, controlling organic reactions, powering nanoreactors, curing diseases, manipulating DNA and proteins, developing smart materials, capturing carbon dioxide in air etc. This article compares mPAH with excited-state photoacid as well as common acids e.g. HCl to explain its advantages. Recent studies on the thermal dynamics, kinetics, and photoreaction of mPAHs are reported. The advantages and disadvantages of the three types of mPAHs, i.e. merocyanine, indazole, and TCF mPAHs, are compared with regard to photo-induced [H+], switching rate, and other properties. The mechanisms of controlling or driving functional systems, which involve acid-base reactions, acid catalyzed reactions, ionic bonding, coordination bonding, hydrogen bonding, ion exchange, cation-π interaction, solubility, swellability, permeability, and pH change in biosystems, are described. Applications of mPAHs in the chemical, material, energy, biotechnology and biomedical fields published in the past 5 years are reviewed. Prospects in the development and application of mPAHs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Florida Institute of Technology, 150 W University Blvd, Melbourne, Florida, USA.
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15
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Wimberger L, Prasad SKK, Peeks MD, Andréasson J, Schmidt TW, Beves JE. Large, Tunable, and Reversible pH Changes by Merocyanine Photoacids. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20758-20768. [PMID: 34846132 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of generating precise pH changes will allow pH-dependent processes to be controlled remotely and noninvasively with light. We introduce a series of new merocyanine photoswitches, which deliver reversible bulk pH changes up to 3.2 pH units (pH 6.5 to pH 3.3) upon irradiation with 450 nm light, displaying tunable and predictable timescales for thermal recovery. We present models to show that the key parameters for optimizing the bulk pH changes are measurable: the solubility of the photoswitch, the acidity of the merocyanine form, the thermal equilibrium position between the spiropyran and the merocyanine isomers, and the increased acidity under visible light irradiation. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, we determined the quantum yields for the ring-closing reaction and found that the lifetimes of the transient cis-merocyanine isomers ranged from 30 to 550 ns. Quantum yields did not appear to be a limitation for bulk pH switching. The models we present use experimentally determined parameters and are, in principle, able to predict the change in pH obtained for any related merocyanine photoacid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wimberger
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shyamal K K Prasad
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Martin D Peeks
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Joakim Andréasson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Timothy W Schmidt
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jonathon E Beves
- School of Chemistry, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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16
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Fan F, Wang L, Lu X, Liang X, Guo Y. Synthesis and application of smart gel material modified silica microspheres for pH-responsive hydrophilicity in liquid chromatography. Analyst 2021; 146:6262-6269. [PMID: 34546229 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01182k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inspired by porous smart gel materials, we designed pH-responsive polymer-modified silica microspheres as liquid chromatography stationary phase materials by a one-step strategy. The free radicals generated by the oxidation of dopamine are used to initiate the cross-linking polymerization of functional monomers. At the same time, the good adhesion of dopamine enables the polymer to be modified on silica. The hydrophilicity of this new stationary phase can change in response to the pH of the mobile phase and the stationary phase has weaker hydrophilicity under acidic (pH = 3.78) mobile phase conditions and stronger hydrophilicity under neutral mobile phase conditions. The hydrophilicity difference of the stationary phase leads to the selectivity difference in separation. To evaluate the chromatographic performance of this new stationary phase, 10 oligosaccharides and 9 nucleosides/bases were separated on this stationary phase. This paper will provide good guidance for us to achieve more pH-responsive hydrophilic/hydrophobic stationary phases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangbin Fan
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Licheng Wang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Lu
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Liang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Yong Guo
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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17
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Wang Z, Villa Santos C, Legrand A, Haase F, Hara Y, Kanamori K, Aoyama T, Urayama K, Doherty CM, Smales GJ, Pauw BR, Colón YJ, Furukawa S. Multiscale structural control of linked metal-organic polyhedra gel by aging-induced linkage-reorganization. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12556-12563. [PMID: 34703541 PMCID: PMC8494050 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembly of permanently porous metal-organic polyhedra/cages (MOPs) with bifunctional linkers leads to soft supramolecular networks featuring both porosity and processability. However, the amorphous nature of such soft materials complicates their characterization and thus limits rational structural control. Here we demonstrate that aging is an effective strategy to control the hierarchical network of supramolecular gels, which are assembled from organic ligands as linkers and MOPs as junctions. Normally, the initial gel formation by rapid gelation leads to a kinetically trapped structure with low controllability. Through a controlled post-synthetic aging process, we show that it is possible to tune the network of the linked MOP gel over multiple length scales. This process allows control on the molecular-scale rearrangement of interlinking MOPs, mesoscale fusion of colloidal particles and macroscale densification of the whole colloidal network. In this work we elucidate the relationships between the gel properties, such as porosity and rheology, and their hierarchical structures, which suggest that porosity measurement of the dried gels can be used as a powerful tool to characterize the microscale structural transition of their corresponding gels. This aging strategy can be applied in other supramolecular polymer systems particularly containing kinetically controlled structures and shows an opportunity to engineer the structure and the permanent porosity of amorphous materials for further applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoming Wang
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
| | - Christian Villa Santos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Alexandre Legrand
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Frederik Haase
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Yosuke Hara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Kanamori
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takuma Aoyama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Cara M Doherty
- Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clayton South Victoria Australia
| | - Glen J Smales
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany
| | - Brian R Pauw
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) Unter den Eichen 87 12205 Berlin Germany
| | - Yamil J Colón
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame Notre Dame IN 46556 USA
| | - Shuhei Furukawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University Katsura, Nishikyo-ku Kyoto 615-8510 Japan
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Vinh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543 Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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19
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Li RJ, Marcus A, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Orientational self-sorting: formation of structurally defined Pd 4L 8 and Pd 6L 12 cages from low-symmetry dipyridyl ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10023-10026. [PMID: 34505600 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tetra- and hexanuclear coordination cages were obtained in reactions of [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2 with low-symmetry dipyridyl ligands. In both cases, only one structurally defined complex was formed out of a vast pool of potential isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jin Li
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Adam Marcus
- Institute of Mathematics, EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Kay Severin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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20
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Berton C, Busiello DM, Zamuner S, Scopelliti R, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Severin K, Pezzato C. Light-Switchable Buffers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21737-21740. [PMID: 34382726 PMCID: PMC8518091 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A visible light-switchable buffer system based on a merocyanine photoacid is presented. Para-substitution of the indolium side with a methoxy group affords a compound suitable for making hydrolytically stable aqueous buffers whose pH can be tuned between 7 and 4 using 500 nm light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Berton
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Maria Busiello
- Institut de PhysiqueÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Stefano Zamuner
- Institut de PhysiqueÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie ChimiquesÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
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21
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Berton C, Busiello DM, Zamuner S, Scopelliti R, Fadaei‐Tirani F, Severin K, Pezzato C. Light‐Switchable Buffers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cesare Berton
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Daniel Maria Busiello
- Institut de Physique École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Stefano Zamuner
- Institut de Physique École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei‐Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Cristian Pezzato
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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22
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Giraldi E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Metal-Stabilized Boronate Ester Cages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10873-10879. [PMID: 34291934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cages with arylboronate ester caps at the vertices are described. The cages were obtained by metal-templated polycondensation reactions of a tris(2-formylpyridine oxime) ligand with arylboronic acids. Suited templates are triflate or triflimide salts of ZnII, FeII, CoII, or MnII. In the products, the metal ions are coordinated internally to the pyridyl and oximato N atoms adjacent to the boronate ester, resulting in an improved hydrolytic stability of the latter. It is possible to decorate the cages with cyano or aldehyde groups using functionalized arylboronic acids. The aldehyde groups allow for a postsynthetic modification of the cages via an imine bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giraldi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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