1
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Okabe K, Yamashina M, Tsurumaki E, Uekusa H, Toyota S. Solid-State Self-Assembly: Exclusive Formation and Dynamic Interconversion of Discrete Cyclic Assemblies Based on Molecular Tweezers. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9488-9495. [PMID: 38913719 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
In contrast to self-assembly in solution systems, the construction of well-defined assemblies in the solid state has long been identified as a challenging task. Herein, we report the formation of tweezers-shaped molecules into various assemblies through a solid-state self-assembly strategy. The relatively flexible molecular tweezers undergo exclusive and quantitative assembly into either cyclic hexamers or a porous network through classical recrystallization or the exposure of powders to solvent vapor, despite the fact that they form only dimers in solution. The cyclic hexamers have high thermal stability and exhibit moderate solid-state fluorescence. The formation of heterologous assemblies consisting of different tweezers allows for tuning these solid-state properties of the cyclic hexamer. Furthermore, (trimethylsilyl)ethynyl-substituted tweezers demonstrate solvent-vapor-induced dynamic interconversion between the cyclic hexamer and a pseudocyclic dimer in the solid state. This assembly behavior, which has been studied extensively in solution-based supramolecular chemistry, had not been accomplished in the solid state so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Okabe
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashina
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Uekusa
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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2
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Li K, Li Z, Yuan J, Chen M, Zhao H, Jiang Z, Wang J, Jiang Z, Li Y, Chan YT, Wang P, Liu D. High-order layered self-assembled multicavity metal--organic capsules and anti-cooperative host-multi-guest chemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8913-8921. [PMID: 38873050 PMCID: PMC11168090 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01204f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The construction and application of metal-organic cages with accessible internal cavities have witnessed rapid development, however, the precise synthesis of complex metal-organic capsules with multiple cavities and achievement of multi-guest encapsulation, and further in-depth comprehension of host-multi-guest recognition remain a great challenge. Just like building LEGO blocks, herein, we have constructed a series of high-order layered metal-organic architectures of generation n (n = 1/2/3/4 is also the number of cavities) by multi-component coordination-driven self-assembly using porphyrin-containing tetrapodal ligands (like plates), multiple parallel-podal ligands (like clamps) and metal ions (like nodes). Importantly, these high-order assembled structures possessed different numbers of rigid and separate cavities formed by overlapped porphyrin planes with specific gaps. The host-guest experiments and convincing characterization proved that these capsules G2-G4 could serve as host structures to achieve multi-guest recognition and unprecedentedly encapsulate up to four C60 molecules. More interestingly, these capsules revealed negative cooperation behavior in the process of multi-guest recognition, which provides a new platform to further study complicated host-multi-guest interaction in the field of supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiu Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
| | - Zhengguang Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
| | - Jie Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 China
| | - Mingzhao Chen
- Department Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University Guangzhou-510006 China
| | - He Zhao
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University Guangzhou-510006 China
| | - Zhilong Jiang
- Department Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University Guangzhou-510006 China
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
| | - Yi-Tsu Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Pingshan Wang
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
- Department Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University Guangzhou-510006 China
| | - Die Liu
- Department of Organic and Polymer Chemistry, Hunan Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University Changsha Hunan-410083 China
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3
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Zhang B, Lee H, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Shape-Complementary Multicomponent Assembly of Low-Symmetry Co(III)Salphen-Based Coordination Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404682. [PMID: 38573026 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
While metal-mediated self-assembly is a popular technique to construct discrete nanosized objects, highly symmetric structures, built from one type of ligand at a time, are dominating reported systems. The tailored integration of a set of different ligands requires sophisticated approaches to avoid narcissistic separation or formation of statistical mixtures. Here, we demonstrate how the combination of three structure-guiding effects (metal-templated macrocyclization, additional bridging ligands and shape-complementarity) based on Co(III)salphen metal nodes allows for a rational and high-yielding synthesis of structurally complex, lantern-shaped cages with up to four differentiable bridges. Three new heteroleptic coordination cages based on dinuclear Co(III)salphen macrocycles were synthesized in a one-pot reaction approach and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray analyses. One cage groups two of the same ligands, another two different ligands around a symmetric Co2-bis-salphen ring. In the most complex structure, this ring is unsymmetric, rendering all four connections between the two metal centers distinguishable. While heteroleptic assembly around Pd(II) nodes has been shown to be dynamic, beneficial for cage-to-cage transformations, assembly cascades and adaptive systems, the herein introduced cages based on kinetically more inert Co(III)salphen will be advantageous for applications in enzyme-like catalysis and molecular machinery that require enhanced structural and chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Haeri Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hannam University, 1646 Yuseong-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Republic of Korea
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Hu C, Severin K. Nanogels with Metal-Organic Cages as Functional Crosslinks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403834. [PMID: 38579118 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
A dinuclear metal-organic cage with four acrylate side chains was prepared by self-assembly. Precipitation polymerization of the cage with N-isopropylacrylamide yielded a thermoresponsive nanogel. The host properties of the cage were retained within the gel matrix, endowing the nanogel with the capability to serve as a sorbent for chloride ions in water. Moreover, a heteroleptic cage with the drug abiraterone as co-ligand was integrated into a nanogel. The addition of chloride ions induced a structural rearrangement of the metal-ligand assembly, resulting in the gradual release of abiraterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaolei Hu
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Neukirch L, Kulas MD, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Non-Templated Assembly of D 5h-Symmetric Pd 5L 10 Rings by Precise Ligand Angle Adjustment. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400132. [PMID: 38441728 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
We report a series of Pd(II)nL2n coordination rings for which nuclearity is controlled by the binding angle of the corresponding bis-monodentate bridging ligands. Judicious choice of the angle within a family of rather rigid ligands allowed for the first-time to synthesize a homoleptic five-membered Pd5L10 ring that does not require any template to form. We demonstrate that control over the ring size is maintained both in the solid-, solution-, and gas-phase. Two X-ray structures of five-membered rings from ligands with ideal angles (yielding a perfect pentagonal ring) vs. suboptimal angles (resulting in a highly distorted structure) illustrate the importance of the correct ligand geometry. A mathematical model for estimating the expected ring size based on the ligand angle was derived and DFT computations show that ring-strain is the major factor determining the assembly outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Neukirch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Milan D Kulas
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
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6
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Ghorai S, Natarajan R. Chiral Self-Sorting, Spontaneous Resolution, and Hierarchical Self-Assembly in Metal-Organic Cages. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2400842. [PMID: 38708784 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The ability to collectively program chiral recognition and the hierarchical self-assembly of molecular and supramolecular building blocks into complex higher-order superstructures is a significant goal in supramolecular chemistry. Metal-organic cages are excellent model systems to examine chiral self-sorting and build hierarchical self-assembly. Herein, details on how limiting the conformational flexibility and incorporating hydrogen bonding functional groups in the ligands can influence chiral self-sorting and hierarchical self-assembly of metal-organic cages are reported. The urea-functionalized axially chiral bis-pyridyl ligands afford high-fidelity in chiral self-sorting in Pd2L4 cages, when they have fewer conformations. Ligand L1, with more conformations, affords mixture of heterochiral and homochiral cages (≈70:30). Among them, the heterochiral cage adopts unusual twisted conformation and self-assembles into 2D sheets, linked by anion coordination between urea and nitrate. Ligand L2, with fewer conformations, affords homochiral cages via high-fidelity chiral self-sorting. The choice of counter anions influences further self-sorting in the solid state: racemate with PF6 - and spontaneously resolves conglomerate with BF4 -. Urea-BF4 hydrogen bonding directs hierarchical self-assembly of the Pd2L4 metal-organic cages into super-cubic networks. The study introduces a new approach in hierarchical self-assembly of metal-organic cages into higher-order networks aided by hydrogen bonding anion coordination with functional ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Ghorai
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ramalingam Natarajan
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
- Academy of Scientific Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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7
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Andrews KG, Horton PN, Coles SJ. Programmable synthesis of organic cages with reduced symmetry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6536-6543. [PMID: 38699263 PMCID: PMC11062111 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating symmetry-reducing methods into self-assembly methodology is desirable to efficiently realise the full potential of molecular cages as hosts and catalysts. Although techniques have been explored for metal organic (coordination) cages, rational strategies to develop low symmetry organic cages remain limited. In this article, we describe rules to program the shape and symmetry of organic cage cavities by designing edge pieces that bias the orientation of the amide linkages. We apply the rules to synthesise cages with well-defined cavities, supported by evidence from crystallography, spectroscopy and modelling. Access to low-symmetry, self-assembled organic cages such as those presented, will widen the current bottleneck preventing study of organic enzyme mimics, and provide synthetic tools for novel functional material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Lower Mount Joy, South Rd Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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8
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Solra M, Kapila R, Das S, Bhatt P, Rana S. Transient Metallo-Lipidoid Assemblies Amplify Covalent Catalysis of Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400348. [PMID: 38315883 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Dissipative supramolecular assemblies are hallmarks of living systems, contributing to their complex, dynamic structures and emerging functions. Living cells can spatiotemporally control diverse biochemical reactions in membrane compartments and condensates, regulating metabolite levels, signal transduction or remodeling of the cytoskeleton. Herein, we constructed membranous compartments using self-assembly of lipid-like amphiphiles (lipidoid) in aqueous medium. The new double-tailed lipidoid features Cu(II) coordinated with a tetravalent chelator that dictates the binding of two amphiphilic ligands in cis-orientation. Hydrophobic interactions between the lipidoids coupled with intermolecular hydrogen bonding led to a well-defined bilayer vesicle structure. Oil-soluble SNAr reaction is efficiently upregulated in the hydrophobic cavity, acting as a catalytic crucible. The modular system allows easy incorporation of exposed primary amine groups, which augments the catalysis of retro aldol and C-N bond formation reactions. Moreover, a higher-affinity chelator enables consumption of the Cu(II) template leveraging the differential thermodynamic stability, which allows a controllable lifetime of the vesicular assemblies. Concomitant temporal upregulation of the catalytic reactions could be tuned by the metal ion concentration. This work offers new possibilities for metal ion-mediated dynamic supramolecular systems, opening up a massive repertoire of functionally active dynamic "life-like" materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manju Solra
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Rohit Kapila
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Sourav Das
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Preeti Bhatt
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Subinoy Rana
- Materials Research Centre, Division of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, C. V. Raman Road, Bangalore, 560012, India
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9
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Hennebelle M, Cirillo Y, Manick AD, Nuel D, Martinez A, Chatelet B. Synthesis, Resolution, and Absolute Configuration of a Phosphine-Based Hemicryptophane Cage with an Endo Phosphorus Lone Pair and Formation of the Corresponding Gold Complex. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4741-4748. [PMID: 38525898 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterization, and chiroptical properties of a new class of hemicryptophanes combining a phosphine moiety and a cyclotriveratrylene unit are reported. The synthesis was short and efficient. The racemic mixture of the cage was resolved by chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), giving access to enantiopure molecular cages, whose absolute configurations could be assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectroscopy. These new phosphines were then reacted with gold in order to make the corresponding enantiopure gold complexes. The X-ray structure reveals an endohedral functionalization of the cage with the gold metal entrapped in the heart of the cavity, leading to a Vbur of 58%. Moreover, the chirality of the cyclotriveratrylene unit was found to control the chiral arrangement of the aryl group linked to the phosphorus atom, located at the opposite side of the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hennebelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Yoann Cirillo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | | | - Didier Nuel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
| | - Bastien Chatelet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille 13397, France
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10
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Geue N, Winpenny REP, Barran PE. Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry for Large Synthetic Molecules: Expanding the Analytical Toolbox. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8800-8819. [PMID: 38498971 PMCID: PMC10996010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the composition, structure and stability of larger synthetic molecules is crucial for their design, yet currently the analytical tools commonly used do not always provide this information. In this perspective, we show how ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), in combination with tandem mass spectrometry, complementary techniques and computational methods, can be used to structurally characterize synthetic molecules, make and predict new complexes, monitor disassembly processes and determine stability. Using IM-MS, we present an experimental and computational framework for the analysis and design of complex molecular architectures such as (metallo)supramolecular cages, nanoclusters, interlocked molecules, rotaxanes, dendrimers, polymers and host-guest complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Geue
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Richard E. P. Winpenny
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Perdita E. Barran
- Michael
Barber Centre for Collaborative Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute
of Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
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11
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Wu K, Benchimol E, Baksi A, Clever GH. Non-statistical assembly of multicomponent [Pd 2ABCD] cages. Nat Chem 2024; 16:584-591. [PMID: 38243023 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01415-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembled hosts, inspired by biological receptors and catalysts, show application potential in sustainable synthesis, energy conversion and medicine. Implementing multiple functionalities in the form of distinguishable building blocks, however, is difficult without risking narcissistic self-sorting or a statistical mess. Here we report a systematic series of integratively self-assembled heteroleptic cages in which two square-planar PdII cations are bridged by four different bis-pyridyl ligands, A, B, C and D, via synergistic effects to exclusively form a single isomer-the lantern-shaped cage [Pd2ABCD]. This self-sorting goal-forming just one out of 55 possible structures-is reached under full thermodynamic control and can be realized progressively (by combining progenitors, such as [Pd2A2C2] with [Pd2B2D2]), directly from ligands and PdII cations or by mixing all four corresponding homoleptic cages. The rational design of complex multicomponent assemblies that enables the modular incorporation of diverse chemical moieties will advance their applicability in functional nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ananya Baksi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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12
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Delecluse M, Manick AD, Chatelet B, Chevallier-Michaud S, Moraleda D, Riggi ID, Dutasta JP, Martinez A. Ditopic Covalent Cage for Ion-Pair Binding: Influence of Anion Complexation on the Cation Exchange Rate. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300558. [PMID: 37950861 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
A new hemicryptophane host with a ditopic molecular cavity combining a cyclotriveratrylene (CTV) unit with a tris-urea moiety was synthesized. The complexation of halides, tetramethylammonium (TMA+) cation, and ion pairs was investigated. A positive cooperativity was observed, since halides display a higher binding constant when a TMA+ cation is already present inside the cage. When TMA+ was complexed alone, a decrease of temperature from 298 K to 230 K was required to switch from a fast to a slow exchange regime on the NMR time scale. Nevertheless, the prior complexation of a halide guest in the lower part of the host resulted in significant decrease of the exchange rate of the subsequent complexation of the TMA+ cation. Under these conditions, the 1H NMR signals characteristic of a slow exchange regime were observed at 298 K. Addition of an excess of salts, increases the ionic strength of the solution, restoring the fast exchange dynamics. This result provides insight on how the exchange rate of a cation guest can be modulated by the complexation of a co-guest anion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalie Delecluse
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Anne-Doriane Manick
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Institut de Chimie, Radicalaire, UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Chatelet
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397, Marseille, France
| | | | - Delphine Moraleda
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Innocenzo de Riggi
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dutasta
- ENS Lyon, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182 46 Allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Martinez
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, Centrale Marseille iSm2, UMR 7113, 13397, Marseille, France
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13
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Benchimol E, Regeni I, Zhang B, Kabiri M, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Heteromeric Completive Self-Sorting in Coordination Cage Systems. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6905-6911. [PMID: 38423558 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Heteroleptic coordination cages, nonstatistically assembled from a set of matching ligands, can be obtained by mixing individual components or via cage-to-cage transformations from homoleptic precursors. Based on the latter approach, we here describe a new level of self-sorting in coordination cage systems, namely, 'heteromeric completive self-sorting'. Here, two heteroleptic assemblies of type Pd2A2B2 and Pd2A2C2, sharing one common ligand component A but differing in the other, are shown to coexist in solution. This level of self-sorting can be reached either from a statistical mixture of assemblies based on some ligands B and C or, alternatively, following a first step of integrative self-sorting giving a distinct Pd2B2C2 intermediate. While subtle enthalpic factors dictate the outcome of the self-sorting, we found that it is controllable. From a unique set of three ligands, we demonstrate the transition from strict integrative self-sorting forming a Pd2AB2C cage to heteromeric completive self-sorting to give Pd2A2B2 and Pd2A2C2 by variation of the ligand ratio. Cage-to-cage transformations were followed by NMR and MS experiments. Single crystal X-ray structures for three new heteroleptic cages were obtained, impressively highlighting the versatility of ligand A to either form a π-stacked trans-figure-of-eight arrangement in Pd2A2B2 or occupy two cis-edges in Pd2A2C2 or only a single edge in Pd2AB2C. This study paves the way toward the control of heteroleptic cage populations in a systems chemistry context with emerging features such as chemical information processing, adaptive guest selectivity, or stimuli-responsive catalytic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Irene Regeni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Michele Kabiri
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn Str. 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany
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14
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de Montmollin J, Solea AB, Chen DW, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Orientational Self-Sorting in Octahedral Palladium Cages: Scope and Limitations of the " cis Rule". Inorg Chem 2024; 63:4583-4588. [PMID: 38198590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Octahedral coordination cages of the general formula [Pd6L12](BF4)12 were obtained by combining [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2 with heteroditopic N-donor ligands. Four different ligands were employed. These ligands have 3-pyridyl donor groups at one end and 4-pyridyl, imidazolyl, or triazolyl donor groups at the other end. According to a geometric analysis, cages with a cis configuration at the six metal centers should be preferred ("cis rule"). This prediction was corroborated by spectroscopic data and crystallographic analyses. Limitations of the "cis rule" were also encountered, and possible explanations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean de Montmollin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Atena B Solea
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Damien W Chen
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
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15
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Davies JA, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Triamine and Tetramine Edge-Length Matching Drives Heteroleptic Triangular and Tetragonal Prism Assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:5215-5223. [PMID: 38349121 PMCID: PMC10910536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Heteroleptic metal-organic capsules, which incorporate more than one type of ligand, can provide enclosed, anisotropic interior cavities for binding low-symmetry molecules of biological and industrial importance. However, the selective self-assembly of a single mixed-ligand architecture, as opposed to the numerous other possible self-assembly outcomes, remains a challenge. Here, we develop a design strategy for the subcomponent self-assembly of heteroleptic metal-organic architectures with anisotropic internal void spaces. Zn6Tet3Tri2 triangular prismatic and Zn8Tet2Tet'4 tetragonal prismatic architectures were prepared through careful matching of the side lengths of the tritopic (Tri) or tetratopic (Tet, Tet') and panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Davies
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of
Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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16
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Dey A, Dworzak MR, Korathotage KDP, Ghosh M, Hoq J, Montone CM, Yap GPA, Bloch ED. Increasing the stability of calixarene-capped porous cages through coordination sphere tuning. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:4005-4009. [PMID: 38314611 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03365a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chemically and thermally stable permanently porous coordination cages are appealing candidates for separations, catalysis, and as the porous component of new porous liquids. However, many of these applications have not turned to microporous cages as a result of their poor solubility and thermal or hydrolytic stability. Here we describe the design and modular synthesis of iron and cobalt cages where the carboxylate groups of the bridging ligands of well-known calixarene capped coordination cages have been replaced with more basic triazole units. The resultingly higher M-L bond strengths afford highly stable cages that are amenable to modular synthetic approaches and potential functionalization or modification. Owing to the robust nature of these cages, they are highly processable and are isolable in various physical states with tunable porosity depending on the solvation methods used. As the structural integrity of the cages is maintained upon high activation temperatures, apparent losses in porosity can be mediated by resolvation and crystallization or precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avishek Dey
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | | | - Munmun Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Jahidul Hoq
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Christine M Montone
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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17
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Wang S, Ye X, Yang Z, Li A, Sheng X, Wang Q, Jia C. Guest-Facilitated Heteroleptic Assembly of Helical Anionocages Enables Reversible Chirality Modulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319552. [PMID: 38179815 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
We report a novel strategy for reversible modulation of the supramolecular chirality based on guest-facilitated heteroleptic assembly of helical anionocages. Two triple-stranded helical anionocages including a chiral cage 1 (A2 L1 3 ) and a crown ether functionalized achiral cage 2 (A2 L2 3 ) were synthesized by anion coordination of bis-monourea-based ligands and PhPO3 2- . Both cages exhibited favorable binding with tetraethylammonium TEA+ and cobaltocenium Cob+ (endo-guest, bound in the cavity). Additionally, cage 2 could reversibly release and recapture the guests through binding the exo-guest potassium ions (K+ ) in the crown ethers and subsequent removal of the K+ by [2,2,2]-cryptand. The circular dichroism (CD) spectrum of cage 1 was not significantly affected by guest encapsulation or mixing with the "empty" cage 2. However, in the presence of both cage 2 and an endo-guest/exo-guest, the Cotton effects were reversed at 391 nm and significantly enhanced at 310 nm. This observation was attributed to the guest-facilitated formation of heteroleptic cages that enabled effective chirality transfer from the chiral to the achiral ligands. The CD changes induced by K+ could be fully reversed by removing it with [2,2,2]-cryptand. Sequential addition and removal of K+ allowed reversible modulation of the chirality for at least 10 cycles without significant attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuanli Ye
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Zaiwen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, 710054, Xi'an, China
| | - Anyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinsong Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
| | - Chuandong Jia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, 710069, Xi'an, China
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18
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Dutton KG, Jones TJ, Emge TJ, Lipke MC. Cage Match: Comparing the Anion Binding Ability of Isostructural Versus Isofunctional Pairs of Metal-Organic Nanocages. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303013. [PMID: 37907394 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Affinities of six anions (mesylate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, p-toluenecarboxylate, p-toluenesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate) for three related Pt2+ -linked porphyrin nanocages were measured to probe the influence of different noncovalent recognition motifs (e. g., hydrogen bonding, electrostatics, π bonding) on anion binding. Two new hosts of M6 L3 12+ (1b) and M4 L2 8+ (2) composition (M=(en)Pt2+ , L=(3-py)4 porphyrin) were prepared in a one-pot synthesis and allowed comparison of hosts that differ in structure while maintaining similar N-H hydrogen-bond donor ability. Comparisons of isostructural hosts that differ in hydrogen-bonding ability were made between 1b and a related M6 L3 12+ nanoprism (1a, M=(tmeda)Pt2+ ) that lacks N-H groups. Considerable variation in association constants (K1 =1.6×103 M-1 to 1.3×108 M-1 ) and binding mode (exo vs. endo) were found for different host-guest combinations. Strongest binding was seen between p-toluenecarboxylate and 1b, but surprisingly, association of this guest with 1a was only slightly weaker despite the absence of NH⋅⋅⋅O interactions. The high affinity between p-toluenecarboxylate and 1a could be turned off by protonation, and this behavior was used to toggle between the binding of this guest and the environmental pollutant perfluorooctanoate, which otherwise has a lower affinity for the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn G Dutton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 123 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Taro J Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 123 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Thomas J Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 123 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Mark C Lipke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University - New Brunswick, 123 Bevier Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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19
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Baby Sainaba A, Venkateswarulu M, Bhandari P, Clegg JK, Sarathi Mukherjee P. Self-Assembly of an [M 8 L2 4 ] 16+ Intertwined Cube and a Giant [M 12 L1 6 ] 24+ Orthobicupola. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315572. [PMID: 37985377 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Through coordination-driven self-assembly, aesthetically captivating structures can be formed by tuning the length or flexibility of various components. The self-assembly of an elongated rigid terphenyl-based tetra-pyridyl ligand (L1) with a cis-Pd(II) acceptor produces an [M12 L16 ]24+ triangular orthobicupola structure (1). When flexibility is introduced into the ligand by the incorporation of a -CH2 - group between the dipyridylamine and terphenyl rings in the ligand (L2), anunique [M8 L24 ]16+ water-soluble 'intertwined cubic structure' (2) results. The inherent flexibility of ligand L2 might be the key factor behind the formation of the thermodynamically stable and 'intertwined cubic structure' in this scenario. This research showcases the ability to design and fabricate novel, topologically distinctive molecular structures by a straightforward and efficient approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arppitha Baby Sainaba
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Mangili Venkateswarulu
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland-St. Lucia, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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20
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Benchimol E, Tessarolo J, Clever GH. Photoswitchable coordination cages. Nat Chem 2024; 16:13-21. [PMID: 38182764 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive behaviour is key to the design of smart materials, surfaces, nano-systems and effector molecules, allowing their application as switchable catalysts, molecular transporters, bioimaging probes or caged drugs. Supramolecular chemistry has embraced the widespread integration of photoswitches because of their precise spatiotemporal addressability and waste-free nature. In the vibrant area of discrete metal-mediated self-assembly, however, photoswitches are still rarely employed. Only recently has it been shown that embedding photoswitches into the organic backbones of coordination cages enables control of their host and material properties and thus unlocks the hitherto unexploited dynamic adaptivity of such systems. Here we discuss four cases where triggering ligand-integrated photoswitches leads to (1) control over disassembly/reassembly, (2) bi-stable switching between defined states, (3) interplay with thermal processes in metastable systems and (4) light-fuelled dissipative self-assembly. We highlight first clues concerning the relationship between fundamental photophysics and dynamic assembly equilibria and propose directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany.
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21
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Abe T, Sanada N, Takeuchi K, Okazawa A, Hiraoka S. Assembly of Six Types of Heteroleptic Pd 2L 4 Cages under Kinetic Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28061-28074. [PMID: 38096127 PMCID: PMC10755705 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Heteroleptic assemblies composed of several kinds of building blocks have been seen in nature. It is still unclear how natural systems design and create such complicated assemblies selectively. Past efforts on multicomponent self-assembly of artificial metal-organic cages have mainly focused on finding a suitable combination of building blocks to lead to a single multicomponent self-assembly as the thermodynamically most stable product. Here, we present another approach to selectively produce multicomponent Pd(II)-based self-assemblies under kinetic control based on the selective ligand exchanges of weak Pd-L coordination bonds retaining the original orientation of the metal centers in a kinetically stabilized cyclic structure and on local reversibility given in certain areas of the energy landscape in the presence of the assist molecule that facilitates error correction of coordination bonds. The kinetic approach enabled us to build all six types of Pd2L4 cages and heteroleptic tetranuclear cages composed of three kinds of ditopic ligands. Although the cage complexes thus obtained are metastable, they are stable for 1 month or more at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Abe
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Naoki Sanada
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takeuchi
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okazawa
- Department
of Electrical Engineering and Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department
of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
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22
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Molinska P, Tarzia A, Male L, Jelfs KE, Lewis JEM. Diastereoselective Self-Assembly of Low-Symmetry Pd n L 2n Nanocages through Coordination-Sphere Engineering. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202315451. [PMID: 37888946 PMCID: PMC10952360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic cages (MOCs) are popular host architectures assembled from ligands and metal ions/nodes. Assembling structurally complex, low-symmetry MOCs with anisotropic cavities can be limited by the formation of statistical isomer libraries. We set out to investigate the use of primary coordination-sphere engineering (CSE) to bias isomer selectivity within homo- and heteroleptic Pdn L2n cages. Unexpected differences in selectivities between alternative donor groups led us to recognise the significant impact of the second coordination sphere on isomer stabilities. From this, molecular-level insight into the origins of selectivity between cis and trans diastereoisomers was gained, highlighting the importance of both host-guest and host-solvent interactions, in addition to ligand design. This detailed understanding allows precision engineering of low-symmetry MOC assemblies without wholesale redesign of the ligand framework, and fundamentally provides a theoretical scaffold for the development of stimuli-responsive, shape-shifting MOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Molinska
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Applied Science and TechnologyPolitecnico di TorinoCorso Duca degli Abruzzi 2410129TorinoItaly
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub White City CampusWood LaneLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - James E. M. Lewis
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
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23
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Deiser S, Drexler M, Moreno-Alcántar G, Irl M, Schmidt C, Günther T, Casini A. Synthesis of 177Lu-Labeled, Somatostatin-2 Receptor-Targeted Metalla-Assemblies: Challenges in the Design of Supramolecular Radiotherapeutics. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20710-20720. [PMID: 37556427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) hold promise for biomedical applications in cancer therapy, although their potential in the field of nuclear medicine is still substantially unexplored. Therefore, in this study an exo-functionalized cationic [Pd2L2]4+ metallacycle (L = 3,5-bis(3-ethynylpyridine)phenyl), targeted to the somatostatin-2 receptor (sst2R) and featuring the DOTA chelator (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) in order to bind the β-- and γ-emitter lutetium-177, was synthesized by self-assembly following ligand synthesis via standard solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). This metallacycle was then characterized by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and 1H and 1H-DOSY NMR (DOSY = diffusion-ordered spectroscopy). A procedure for the radiolabeling of the metallacycle with 177Lu was also optimized. The resulting [nat/177Lu]Lu-DOTA-metallacycle, termed [nat/177Lu]Lu-Cy, was evaluated concerning its stability and in vitro properties. The compound was more lipophilic compared to the reference [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE (logPOct/H2O = -0.85 ± 0.10 versus -3.67 ± 0.04, respectively). While [natLu]Lu-Cy revealed low stability in a DMEM/F12 GlutaMax medium, it demonstrated good stability in other aqueous media as well as in DMSO. A high sst2R binding affinity (expressed as IC50) was determined in CHOsst2 cells (Chinese hamster ovary cells that were stably transfected with human sst2R). Moreover, the metallacycle exhibited high human serum albumin binding, as assessed by high-performance affinity chromatography (HPAC), and moderate stability in human serum compared to [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE (TATE = (Tyr3)-octreotate). In order to improve stability, a heteroleptic approach was used to develop a less sterically hindered cage-like SCC that is potentially endowed with host-guest chemistry capability, which has been preliminarily characterized by RP-HPLC and ESI-MS. Overall, our initial results encourage future studies on sst2R-directed SCCs and have led to new insights into the chemistry of ss2R-directed SCCs for radiopharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Deiser
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Marike Drexler
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Guillermo Moreno-Alcántar
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Maximilian Irl
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Thomas Günther
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- Chair of Medicinal and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany
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24
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Preston D, Evans JD. A Lantern-Shaped Pd(II) Cage Constructed from Four Different Low-Symmetry Ligands with Positional and Orientational Control: An Ancillary Pairings Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314378. [PMID: 37816684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
One of the key challenges of metallo-supramolecular chemistry is to maintain the ease of self-assembly but, at the same time, create structures of increasingly high levels of complexity. In palladium(II) quadruply stranded lantern-shaped cages, this has been achieved through either 1) the formation of heteroleptic (multi-ligand) assemblies, or 2) homoleptic assemblies from low-symmetry ligands. Heteroleptic cages formed from low-symmetry ligands, a hybid of these two approaches, would add an additional rich level of complexity but no examples of these have been reported. Here we use a system of ancillary complementary ligand pairings at the termini of cage ligands to target heteroleptic assemblies: these complementary pairs can only interact (through coordination to a single Pd(II) metal ion) between ligands in a cis position on the cage. Complementarity between each pair (and orthogonality to other pairs) is controlled by denticity (tridentate to monodentate or bidentate to bidentate) and/or hydrogen-bonding capability (AA to DD or AD to DA). This allows positional and orientational control over ligands with different ancillary sites. By using this approach, we have successfully used low-symmetry ligands to synthesise complex heteroleptic cages, including an example with four different low-symmetry ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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25
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Walther A, Regeni I, Holstein JJ, Clever GH. Guest-Induced Reversible Transformation between an Azulene-Based Pd 2L 4 Lantern-Shaped Cage and a Pd 4L 8 Tetrahedron. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25365-25371. [PMID: 37960849 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Azulene, a blue structural isomer of naphthalene, is introduced as the backbone for a new family of Pd(II)-based self-assemblies. Three organic ligands, equipped with varying donor groups, produce three [Pd2L4] cages of different cavity dimensions. Unexpectedly, the addition of organic disulfonate guests to the smallest lantern-shaped cage (featuring pyridine donors) led to a rapid and quantitative transformation to a distorted-tetrahedral [Pd4L8] species. On the contrary, [Pd2L4] cages formed from ligands with isoquinoline donors either just encapsulated the guests or showed no interaction. The tetrahedral species could be fully reverted back to its original [Pd2L4] topology by capturing the guest by another, stronger binding [Pd2L'4] coordination cage, narcissistically self-sorting from the first cage. The azulenes, serving as colored hydrocarbon backbones of minimal atom count, allow one to follow cage assembly and guest-induced transformation by the naked eye. Furthermore, we propose that their peculiar electronic structure influences the system's assembly behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Walther
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Irene Regeni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Julian J Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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26
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Takimoto K, Shimada T, Nagura K, Hill JP, Nakanishi T, Yuge H, Ishihara S, Labuta J, Sato H. Thermo-/Mechano-Chromic Chiral Coordination Dimer: Formation of Switchable and Metastable Discrete Structure through Chiral Self-Sorting. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25160-25169. [PMID: 37943955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Although strong chiral self-sorting often emerges in extended covalent or supramolecular polymers, the phenomenon is generally weak in discrete assemblies (e.g., dimers and oligomers) of small molecules due to the lack of a cooperative growth mechanism. Consequently, chiral self-sorting has been overlooked in the design of switchable and metastable discrete supramolecular structures. Here, we report a butyl-benzo[h]quinoline-based iridium(III) complex (Bu-Ir) with helical chirality at its metal center, which forms preferentially a homochiral dimer and exhibits thermo-/mechano-chromism based on a monomer-dimer transformation. While a five-coordinate monomer is formed in a racemic or an enantiopure Bu-Ir solution at 25 °C, a six-coordinate homochiral dimer complex is formed almost exclusively at low temperatures, with a higher degree of dimerization in enantiopure Bu-Ir solution. Estimation of apparent dimerization binding constants (K) and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH and ΔS) based on variable temperature ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and 1H NMR spectra reveals a strong preference for homochiral dimerization (largest known value for the coordination complex, Khomo/Khetero > 50). Notably, crystals of the homochiral dimer are metastable, undergoing a distinct color change upon grinding (from yellow to red) due to mechanical cleavage of coordination bonds (i.e., a dimer to monomer transformation). A comparison with control compounds having different substituents (proton, methyl, isopropyl, and phenyl groups) reveals that Bu-Ir dimerization involves both strong homochiral self-sorting preference and connected thermo-/mechano-chromic behavior, which is based on matched propeller-shaped chirality and subtle steric repulsion between alkyl substituents that render the homochiral dimer switchable and metastable. These findings provide substantial insights into the emergence of dynamic functionality based on the rational design of discrete chiral assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Takimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Takumi Shimada
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nagura
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jonathan P Hill
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Yuge
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitazato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ishihara
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Jan Labuta
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Hisako Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
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27
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Xu M, Jing X, Sun B, He C, Reek JNH, Duan C. Urea-Functionalized Fe 4 L 6 Cages for Supramolecular Gold Catalyst Encapsulation to Control Substrate Activation Modes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310420. [PMID: 37661189 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The excellent catalytic performances of enzymes in terms of activity and selectivity are an inspiration for synthetic chemists and this has resulted in the development of synthetic containers for supramolecular catalysis. In such containers the local environment and pre-organization of catalysts and substrates leads to control of the activity and selectivity of the catalyst. Herein we report a supramolecular strategy to encapsulate single catalysts in a urea-functionalized Fe4 L6 cage, which can co-encapsulate a functionalized urea substrate through hydrogen bonding. Distinguished selectivity is obtained, imposed by the cage as site isolation only allows catalysis through π activation of the substrate and as a result the selectivity is independent of catalyst concentration. The encapsulated catalyst is more active than the free analogue, an effect that can be ascribed to transitionstate stabilization rather than substrate pre-organization, as revealed by the MM kinetic data. The simple strategy reported here is expected to be of general use in many reactions, for which the catalyst can be functionalized with a sulfonate group required for encapsulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Xu Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
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28
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Hema K, Grommet AB, Białek MJ, Wang J, Schneider L, Drechsler C, Yanshyna O, Diskin-Posner Y, Clever GH, Klajn R. Guest Encapsulation Alters the Thermodynamic Landscape of a Coordination Host. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917939 PMCID: PMC10655118 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of self-assembled host molecules can profoundly affect the properties of the encapsulated guests. For example, a rigid cage with small windows can efficiently protect its contents from the environment; in contrast, tube-shaped, flexible hosts with large openings and an easily accessible cavity are ideally suited for catalysis. Here, we report a "Janus" nature of a Pd6L4 coordination host previously reported to exist exclusively as a tube isomer (T). We show that upon encapsulating various tetrahedrally shaped guests, T can reconfigure into a cage-shaped host (C) in quantitative yield. Extracting the guest affords empty C, which is metastable and spontaneously relaxes to T, and the T⇄C interconversion can be repeated for multiple cycles. Reversible toggling between two vastly different isomers paves the way toward controlling functional properties of coordination hosts "on demand".
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntrapakam Hema
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Angela B. Grommet
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michał J. Białek
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie St., 50383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Laura Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christoph Drechsler
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oksana Yanshyna
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yael Diskin-Posner
- Chemical
Research Support, Weizmann Institute of
Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund
University, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rafal Klajn
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- Institute
of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, A-3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
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29
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Bobylev EO, Passerini L, de Zwart FJ, Poole DA, Mathew S, Huber M, de Bruin B, Reek JNH. Pd 12M nL 24 (for n = 6, 8, 12) nanospheres by post-assembly modification of Pd 12L 24 spheres. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11840-11849. [PMID: 37920352 PMCID: PMC10619623 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03745b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this contribution, we describe a post-assembly modification approach to selectively coordinate transition metals in Pd12L24 cuboctahedra. The herein reported approach involves the preparation of Pd12L24 nanospheres with protonated nitrogen donor ligands that are covalently linked at the interior. The so obtained Pd12(LH+)24 nanospheres are shown to be suitable for coordinative post-modification after deprotection by deprotonation. Selective formation of tetra-coordinated MB in Pd12MB6L24, tri-coordinated MB in Pd12MB8L24 nanospheres and two-coordinated MB in Pd12MB12L24 nanospheres is achieved as a result of different nitrogen donor ligands. A combination of pulsed EPR spectroscopy (DEER) to measure Cu-Cu distances in the different spheres, NMR studies and computational investigations, support the presence of the complexes at precise locations of the Pd12MB6L24 nanosphere. The general post-assembly modification methodology can be extended using other transition metal precursors or supramolecular systems and can guide precise formation and investigation of novel transition metal-complex containing nanospheres with well-defined composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Leonardo Passerini
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Felix J de Zwart
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Martina Huber
- Department of Physics, Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University Niels Bohrweg 2 2333 CA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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30
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Yang L, Song N, Zhang D, Wang S, Zhou Z. Accurate Matching of a Secondary Amino-Functionality Metal-Organic Cage for Selective Recognition and Supramolecular Binding during Photoinduced Hydrogen Evolution. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:17705-17712. [PMID: 37844205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Accurate matching of the active sites between the host and guest molecules has a great effect on the selective recognition of different but similar guest molecules or different binding abilities toward the same molecule. Herein, a pseudotetrahedral metal-organic cage (MOC, Co-TAP) that contains secondary amino groups designed as guest-interacting sites was achieved. Co-TAP exhibits the selective recognition of uridine over other similar natural molecules via a fluorescent response. However, a reference structure (Co-TOP) with the same configuration was also synthesized by replacing the secondary amine group with an oxygen atom of the ligand, and it reveals the selective recognition of guanosine. In addition, the accurate matching also enables Co-TAP to strongly bind the organic dye as a guest molecule via host-guest interactions, thus facilitating photoinduced electron transfer between the redox catalytic sites in MOC and the excited guest via a pseudointramolecular pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Nuan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Daopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
| | - Suna Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, P. R. China
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31
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Huang YH, Lu YL, Ruan J, Zheng SP, Zhang XD, Liu CH, Qin YH, Cao ZM, Jiao Z, Xu HS, Su CY. Dynamic Metallosupramolecular Cages Containing 12 Adaptable Pockets for High-Order Guest Binding Beyond Biomimicry. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23361-23371. [PMID: 37844297 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Molecular recognition lies at the heart of biological functions, which inspires lasting research in artificial host syntheses to mimic biomolecules that can recognize, process, and transport molecules with the highest level of complexity; nonetheless, the design principle and quantifying methodology of artificial hosts for multiple guests (≥4) remain a formidable task. Herein, we report two rhombic dodecahedral cages [(Zn/Fe)8Pd6-MOC-16], which embrace 12 adaptive pockets for multiguest binding with distinct conformational dynamics inherent in metal-center lability and are able to capture 4-24 guests to manifest a surprising complexity of binding scenarios. The exceptional high-order and hierarchical encapsulation phenomena suggest a wide host-guest dynamic-fit, enabling conformational adjustment and adaptation beyond the duality of induced-fit and conformational selection in protein interactions. A critical inspection of the host-guest binding events in solution has been performed by NMR and ESI-MS spectra, highlighting the importance of acquiring a reliable binding repertoire from different techniques and the uncertainty of quantifying the binding affinities of multiplying guests by an oversimplified method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Hui Huang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Lin Lu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jia Ruan
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shao-Ping Zheng
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chen-Hui Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yu-Han Qin
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhong-Min Cao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai-Sen Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- MOE Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry, LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Piskorz TK, Martí-Centelles V, Spicer RL, Duarte F, Lusby PJ. Picking the lock of coordination cage catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11300-11331. [PMID: 37886081 PMCID: PMC10599471 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02586a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The design principles of metallo-organic assembly reactions have facilitated access to hundreds of coordination cages of varying size and shape. Many of these assemblies possess a well-defined cavity capable of hosting a guest, pictorially mimicking the action of a substrate binding to the active site of an enzyme. While there are now a growing collection of coordination cages that show highly proficient catalysis, exhibiting both excellent activity and efficient turnover, this number is still small compared to the vast library of metal-organic structures that are known. In this review, we will attempt to unpick and discuss the key features that make an effective coordination cage catalyst, linking structure to activity (and selectivity) using lessons learnt from both experimental and computational analysis of the most notable exemplars. We will also provide an outlook for this area, reasoning why coordination cages have the potential to become the gold-standard in (synthetic) non-covalent catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz K Piskorz
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València Camino de Vera, s/n 46022 Valencia Spain
| | - Rebecca L Spicer
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University Lancaster LA14YB UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh Scotland EH9 3FJ UK
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33
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Algar JL, Phillips JE, Evans JD, Preston D. Stoichiometric Control of Guest Recognition of Self-Assembled Palladium(II)-Based Supramolecular Architectures. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300673. [PMID: 37643994 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We report flexible [Pd(L)2 ]2+ complexes where there is self-recognition, driven by π-π interactions between electron-rich aromatic arms and the cationic regions they are tethered to. This self-recognition hampers the association of these molecules with aromatic molecular targets in solution. In one case, this complex can be reversibly converted to an 'open' [Pd2 (L)2 ]4+ macrocycle through introduction of more metal ion. This is accomplished by the ligand having two bidentate binding sites: a 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole site, and a bis-1,2,3-triazole site. Due to favourable hydrogen bonding, the 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole units reliably coordinate in the [Pd(L)2 ]2+ complex to control speciation: a second equivalent of Pd(II) is required to enforce coordination to bis-triazole sites and form the macrocycle. The macrocycle interacts with a molecular substrate with higher affinity. In this fashion we are able to use stoichiometry to reversibly switch between two different species and regulate guest binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jess L Algar
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - James E Phillips
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
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34
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Regeni I, Chowdhury R, Terlinden K, Horiuchi S, Holstein JJ, Feldmann S, Clever GH. Engineering Soluble Diketopyrrolopyrrole Chromophore Stacks from a Series of Pd(II)-Based Ravels. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308288. [PMID: 37459561 PMCID: PMC10952814 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A strategy to engineer the stacking of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) dyes based on non-statistical metallosupramolecular self-assembly is introduced. For this, the DPP backbone is equipped with nitrogen-based donors that allow for different discrete assemblies to be formed upon the addition of Pd(II), distinguished by the number of π-stacked chromophores. A Pd3 L6 three-ring, a heteroleptic Pd2 L2 L'2 ravel composed of two crossing DPPs (flanked by two carbazoles), and two unprecedented self-penetrated motifs (a Pd2 L3 triple and a Pd2 L4 quadruple stack), were obtained and systematically investigated. With increasing counts of stacked chromophores, UV/Vis absorptions red-shift and emission intensities decrease, except for compound Pd2 L2 L'2 , which stands out with an exceptional photoluminescence quantum yield of 51 %. This is extraordinary for open-shell metal containing assemblies and explainable by an intra-assembly FRET process. The modular design and synthesis of soluble multi-chromophore building blocks offers the potential for the preparation of nanodevices and materials with applications in sensing, photo-redox catalysis and optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Regeni
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
- Current address: Leiden Institute of ChemistryLeiden University2333CCLeidenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Kai Terlinden
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Shinnosuke Horiuchi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
- Current address: Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and SciencesThe University of Tokyo3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-kuTokyoJapan
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Sascha Feldmann
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB30HEUK
- Current address: Rowland InstituteHarvard UniversityCambridgeMA02142USA
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyTU Dortmund UniversityOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
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35
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Pearcy AC, Lisboa LS, Preston D, Page NB, Lawrence T, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. Exploiting reduced-symmetry ligands with pyridyl and imidazole donors to construct a second-generation stimuli-responsive heterobimetallic [PdPtL 4] 4+ cage. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8615-8623. [PMID: 37592996 PMCID: PMC10430685 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01354e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new sequential metalation strategy that enables the assembly of a new more robust reduced symmetry heterobimetallic [PdPtL4]4+ cage C is reported. By exploiting a low-symmetry ditopic ligand (L) that features imidazole and pyridine donor units we were able to selectively form a [Pt(L)4]2+ "open-cage" complex. When this was treated with Pd(ii) ions the cage C assembled. 1H and DOSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESIMS) data were consistent with the quantitative formation of the cage and the heterobimetallic structure was confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The cage C was shown to bind anionic guest molecules. NMR studies suggested that these guests interacted with the cavity of the cage in a specific orientation and this was confirmed for the mesylate ion (MsO-) : C host-guest adduct using X-ray crystallography. In addition, the system was shown to be stimulus-responsive and could be opened and closed on demand when treated with appropriate stimuli. If a guest molecule was bound within the cage, the opening and closing was accompanied by the release and re-uptake of the guest molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aston C Pearcy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Lynn S Lisboa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200 Australia
| | - Nick B Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - Tristan Lawrence
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago PO Box 56 Dunedin 9054 New Zealand
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36
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Nielsen CJ, Laan PCM, Plessius R, Reek JNH, van der Vlugt JI, Pullen S. Probing the influence of substrate binding on photocatalytic dehalogenation with a heteroleptic supramolecular [M 4L a2L b2] square containing PDI photosensitizers as ligands. Faraday Discuss 2023; 244:199-209. [PMID: 37186104 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis is a valuable tool in a large variety of chemical reactions. Main challenges still to be overcome are photodegradation of photocatalysts and substrates, short lifetimes of reactive intermediates, and selectivity issues due to unwanted side reactions. A potential solution to these challenges is the pre-organization of the photosensitizer, substrate and (co)-catalyst in supramolecular self-assembled structures. In such architectures, (organic) dyes can be stabilized, and higher selectivity could potentially be achieved through pre-organizing desired reaction partners via non-covalent interactions. Perylene diimide (PDI) is an organic dye, which can be readily reduced to its mono- and dianion. Excitation of both anions leads to highly reducing excited states, which are able to reduce a variety of substrates via single electron transfer. The incorporation of PDI into a heteroleptic [M4La2Lb2] supramolecular square has been recently demonstrated. Herein we investigate its photophysical properties and demonstrate that incorporated PDI indeed features photocatalytic activity. Initial results suggest that the pre-organisation by binding positively affects the outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jasslie Nielsen
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Petrus C M Laan
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Raoul Plessius
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry & Catalysis, Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse 9-11, D-26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Pullen
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bio-Inspired Catalysis, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GS Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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37
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Bobylev EO, Knol RA, Mathew S, Poole DA, Kotsogianni I, Martin NI, de Bruin B, Kros A, Reek JNH. In vivo biodistribution of kinetically stable Pt 2L 4 nanospheres that show anti-cancer activity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6943-6952. [PMID: 37389250 PMCID: PMC10306072 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01086d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in the application of metal-organic cages (MOCs) in a biomedicinal context, as they can offer non-classical distribution in organisms compared to molecular substrates, while revealing novel cytotoxicity mechanisms. Unfortunately, many MOCs are not sufficiently stable under in vivo conditions, making it difficult to study their structure-activity relationships in living cells. As such, it is currently unclear whether MOC cytotoxicity stems from supramolecular features or their decomposition products. Herein, we describe the toxicity and photophysical properties of highly-stable rhodamine functionalized platinum-based Pt2L4 nanospheres as well as their building blocks under in vitro and in vivo conditions. We show that in both zebrafish and human cancer cell lines, the Pt2L4 nanospheres demonstrate reduced cytotoxicity and altered biodistribution within the body of zebrafish embryos compared to the building blocks. We anticipate that the composition-dependent biodistribution of Pt2L4 spheres together with their cytotoxic and photophysical properties provides the fundament for MOC application in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard O Bobylev
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Renzo A Knol
- Dept. of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ioli Kotsogianni
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I Martin
- Biological Chemistry Group, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Kros
- Dept. of Supramolecular & Biomaterials Chemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University P.O. Box 9502 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
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38
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García-Romero Á, Miguel D, Wright DS, Álvarez CM, García-Rodríguez R. Structural and dimensional control of porphyrin capsules using Group 15 tris(3-pyridyl) linkers. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6522-6530. [PMID: 37350820 PMCID: PMC10283503 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While supramolecular chemistry involving organic and metallo-organic host assemblies is a well-established and important field with applications in gas-storage, drug-delivery and the regio- and stereo-control of organic reactions, the use of main group elements in this setting (beyond the second row of the p-block) has been little explored. In this paper we show how periodic trends in the p-block can provide the means for systematic size and structural control in an important class of supramolecular porphyrin-based capsules. The formation of molecular and extended 2D capsule arrangements between the heavier Group 15 tris(3-pyridyl) linkers Sb(3-py)3 and Bi(3-py)3 and the metallo-porphyrins MTPP (M = Zn, Mg; TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin, 3-py = 3-pyridyl) is the first study involving heavier Group 15 pyridyl linkers. The increase in C-E bond length in the E(3-py)3 linkers moving down Group 15 (from E = P, to Sb, to Bi) can be used to alter the dimensions and structural preference of the capsules, as can oxidation of the Group 15 bridgehead atoms themselves. The subtle changes in the dimensions and Lewis acidity of the encapsulates have a dramatic effect on the rate and selectivity of the catalytic oxidative cleavage of organic diols and catalytic oxidation of α-hydroxyketones. By providing simple tools for modulating the chemical and steric properties of the capsules this work should have direct applications for the tuning of the activity and specificity of a range of catalytic systems based on main-group-based capsules of this type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro García-Romero
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Daniel Miguel
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Chemistry Department, Cambridge University Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Celedonio M Álvarez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Raúl García-Rodríguez
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid Campus Miguel Delibes, 47011 Valladolid Spain
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39
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Ghanbari B, Asadi Mofarrah L, Clegg JK. Selective Supramolecular Recognition of Nitroaromatics by a Fluorescent Metal-Organic Cage Based on a Pyridine-Decorated Dibenzodiaza-Crown Macrocyclic Co(II) Complex. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7434-7445. [PMID: 37134276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Two isomorphous fluorescent (FL) lantern-shaped metal-organic cages 1 and 2 were prepared by coordination-directed self-assembly of Co(II) centers with a new aza-crown macrocyclic ligand bearing pyridine pendant arms (Lpy). The cage structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric, elemental microanalysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures of 1 and 2 show that anions (Cl- in 1 and Br- in 2) are encapsulated within the cage cavity. 1 and 2 bear two coordinated water molecules that are directed inside the cages, surrounded by the eight pyridine rings at the "bottom" and the "roof" of the cage. These hydrogen bond donors, π systems, and the cationic nature of the cages enable 1 and 2 to encapsulate the anions. FL experiments revealed that 1 could detect nitroaromatic compounds by exhibiting selective and sensitive fluorescence quenching toward p-nitroaniline (PNA), recommending a limit of detection of 4.24 ppm. Moreover, the addition of 50 μL of PNA and o-nitrophenol to the ethanolic suspension of 1 led to a significant large FL red shift, namely, 87 and 24 nm, respectively, which were significantly higher than the corresponding values observed in the presence of other nitroaromatic compounds. The titration of the ethanolic suspension of 1, with various concentrations of PNA (>12 μM) demonstrated a concentration-dependent emission red shift. Hence, the efficient FL quenching of 1 was capable of distinguishing the dinitrobenzene isomers. Meanwhile, the observed red shift (10 nm) and quenching of this emission band under the influence of a trace amount of o- and p-nitrophenol isomers also showed that 1 could discriminate between o- and p-nitrophenol. Replacement of the chlorido with a bromido ligand in 1 generated cage 2 which was a more electron-donating cage than 1. The FL experiments showed that 2 was partially more sensitive and less selective toward NACs than 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Ghanbari
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Asadi Mofarrah
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-3516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jack K Clegg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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40
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Hu X, Han M, Wang L, Shao L, Peeyush Y, Du J, Kelley SP, Dalgarno SJ, Atwood DA, Feng S, Atwood JL. A copper-seamed coordination nanocapsule as a semiconductor photocatalyst for molecular oxygen activation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4532-4537. [PMID: 37152257 PMCID: PMC10155914 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00318c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we report that a Cu2+-seamed coordination nanocapsule can serve as an efficient semiconductor photocatalyst for molecular oxygen activation. This capsule was constructed through a redox reaction facilitated self-assembly of cuprous bromide and C-pentyl-pyrogallol[4]arene. Photophysical and electrochemical studies revealed its strong visible-light absorption and photocurrent polarity switching effect. This novel molecular solid material is capable of activating molecular oxygen into reactive oxygen species under simulated sunlight irradiation. The oxygen activation process has been exploited for catalyzing aerobic oxidation reactions. The present work provides new insights into designing nonporous discrete metal-organic supramolecular assemblies for solar-driven molecular oxygen activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangquan Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia 601 S College Ave Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Meirong Han
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Leicheng Wang
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P. R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia 601 S College Ave Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Yadav Peeyush
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia 601 S College Ave Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Jialei Du
- Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, University of Jinan Jinan 250022 P. R. China
| | - Steven P Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia 601 S College Ave Columbia MO 65211 USA
| | - Scott J Dalgarno
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University Riccarton Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK
| | - David A Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506 USA
| | - Sisi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 P. R. China
| | - Jerry L Atwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia 601 S College Ave Columbia MO 65211 USA
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41
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Espinosa CF, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Secondary Bracing Ligands Drive Heteroleptic Cuboctahedral Pd II12 Cage Formation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9965-9969. [PMID: 37115100 PMCID: PMC10176475 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The structural complexity of self-assembled metal-organic capsules can be increased by incorporating two or more different ligands into a single discrete product. Such complexity can be useful, by enabling larger, less-symmetrical, or more guests to be bound. Here we describe a rational design strategy for the use of subcomponent self-assembly to selectively prepare a heteroleptic cage with a large cavity volume (2631 Å3) from simple, commercially available starting materials. Our strategy involves the initial isolation of a tris(iminopyridyl) PdII3 complex 1, which reacts with tris(pyridyl)triazine ligand 2 to form a heteroleptic sandwich-like architecture 3. The tris(iminopyridyl) ligand within 3 serves as a "brace" to control the orientations of the labile coordination sites on the PdII centers. Self-assembly of 3 with additional 2 was thus directed to generate a large PdII12 heteroleptic cuboctahedron host. This new cuboctahedron was observed to bind multiple polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon guests simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carles Fuertes Espinosa
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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42
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Takahashi S, Iuchi S, Hiraoka S, Sato H. Theoretical and computational methodologies for understanding coordination self-assembly complexes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14659-14671. [PMID: 37051715 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00082f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This perspective highlights three theoretical and computational methods to capture the coordination self-assembly processes at the molecular level: quantum chemical modeling, molecular dynamics, and reaction network analysis. These methods cover the different scales from the metal-ligand bond to a more global aspect, and approaches that are best suited to understand the coordination self-assembly from different perspectives are introduced. Theoretical and numerical researches based on these methods are not merely ways of interpreting the experimental studies but complementary to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Takahashi
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Satoru Iuchi
- Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hiraoka
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Sato
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Kyoto University, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
- Fukui Institute for Fundamental Chemistry, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8103, Japan
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43
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Wang Z, Mei L, Guo C, Huang S, Shi WQ, Li X, Feng W, Li X, Yang C, Yuan L. Supramolecular Shish Kebabs: Higher Order Dimeric Structures from Ring-in-Rings Complexes with Conformational Adaptivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216690. [PMID: 36652350 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Use of abiotic chemical systems for understanding higher order superstructures is challenging. Here we report a ring-in-ring(s) system comprising a hydrogen-bonded macrocycle and cyclobis(paraquat-o-phenylene) tetracation (o-Box) or cyclobis(paraquat-p-phenylene) tetracation (CBPQT4+ , p-Box) that assembles to construct discrete higher order structures with adaptive conformation. As indicated by mass spectrometry, computational modeling, NMR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, this ring-in-ring(s) system features the box-directed aggregation of multiple macrocycles, leading to generation of several stable species such as H4G (1 a/o-Box) and H5G (1 a/o-Box). Remarkably, a dimeric shish-kebab-like ring-in-rings superstructure H7G2 (1 a/o-Box) or H8G2 (1 a/p-Box) is formed from the coaxial stacking of two ring-in-rings units. The formation of such unique dimeric superstructures is attributed to the large π-surface of this 2D planar macrocycle and the conformational variation of both host and guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China) (The first email address should be
| | - Lei Mei
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chenxing Guo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China
| | - Song Huang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China) (The first email address should be
| | - Wei-Qun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China) (The first email address should be
| | - Wen Feng
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China) (The first email address should be
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518071, China.,University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China) (The first email address should be
| | - Lihua Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiation Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610064, China) (The first email address should be
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44
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Halliwell C, Soria JF, Fernandez A. Beyond Microporosity in Porous Organic Molecular Materials (POMMs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217729. [PMID: 36637113 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic molecular materials (POMMs) are a novel class of porous materials that cover a wide range of organic-based molecular building blocks connected through weak supramolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonds, π-π stacking, van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. Despite of their diverse chemical and structural nature, common features to POMMs include solution processability, crystallinity and microporosity. Herein, we focus, for the first time, on the advance of the field of POMMs beyond the archetypical microporosity. In particular, we highlight relevant examples of meso- and macroporous POMMs, as well as hierchachical ones (micro-/meso-, micro-/macro- and meso-/macroporous). We also remark some of their unique properties, and how they can be key in many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Halliwell
- Chemistry Department, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Jesus Ferrando Soria
- Departament de Química Inorgànica, Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernandez
- Chemistry Department, School of Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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45
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Zhang ZE, Zhang YF, Zhang YZ, Li HL, Sun LY, Wang LJ, Han YF. Construction and Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Multifunctional Coordination Cages with Triangular Metal-Metal-Bonded Units. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7446-7453. [PMID: 36947714 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a series of face-capped (Tr2M3)4L4 (Tr = cycloheptatrienyl cationic ring; M = metal; L = organosulfur ligand) tetrahedral cages 1-3 functionalized with 12 appended crown ether moieties were designed and synthesized. The reversible binding of ammonium cations with peripheral crown ether moieties to adjust internal guest-binding was realized. Combination of a bisammonium linker and cage 3 led to the formation of a supramolecular gel SPN1 via host-guest interactions between the crown ether moieties and ammonium salts. The obtained supramolecular gel exhibited multiple-stimuli responsiveness, injectability, and excellent self-healing properties and could be further developed to a SPN1-based drug delivery system. In addition, the storage modulus of SPN1 was 20 times higher than that of the model gel without Pd-Pd bonded blocks, and SPN1 had better self-healing properties compared with the latter, demonstrating the importance of such cages in improving mechanical strength without losing the dynamic properties of the material. The cytotoxicity in vitro of the drug-loaded (doxorubicin or methotrexate) SPN1 was significantly improved compared to that of free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-En Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
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von Baeckmann C, Ruiz-Relaño S, Imaz I, Handke M, Juanhuix J, Gándara F, Carné-Sanchez A, Maspoch D. Stepwise assembly of heterometallic, heteroleptic "triblock Janus-type" metal-organic polyhedra. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3423-3426. [PMID: 36853262 PMCID: PMC10019128 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06815j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the chemical complexity of metal-organic cages (MOCs) or polyhedra (MOPs) demands control over the simultaneous organization of diverse organic linkers and metal ions into discrete caged structures. Herein, we show that a pre-assembled complex of the archetypical cuboctahedral MOP can be used as a template to replicate such caged structure, one having a "triblock Janus-type" configuration that is both heterometallic and heteroleptic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Sara Ruiz-Relaño
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Marcel Handke
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Judith Juanhuix
- Alba Synchrotron Light Facility, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08290, Spain
| | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Arnau Carné-Sanchez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC, and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain. .,Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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Tessarolo J, Benchimol E, Jouaiti A, Hosseini MW, Clever GH. Modular enhancement of circularly polarized luminescence in Pd 2A 2B 2 heteroleptic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3467-3470. [PMID: 36876714 PMCID: PMC10019126 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00262d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal-mediated assembly allows us to combine an achiral emissive ligand A with different chiral ligands (such as B) in a non-statistical fashion, obtaining Pd2A2B2 heteroleptic cages showing circularly polarized luminescence (CPL). By using the 'shape complementary assembly' (SCA) strategy, the cages are exclusively obtained as cis-Pd2A2B2 stereoisomers, as confirmed by NMR, MS and DFT analyses. Their unique chiroptical properties derive from the synergy of all the building blocks. Ligand B imparts the chiral information of its aliphatic backbone, comprising two stereogenic sp3 carbon centres, to the overall structure, causing CD and CPL signal induction for the chromophore on ligand A. The heteroleptic cage shows CPL with a |glum| value of 2.5 × 10-3, which is 3-times higher than that for a progenitor based on aromatic helical building block H, thus opening a rational route towards optimizing the CPL properties of self-assembled nanostructures in a modular way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Tessarolo
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
| | - Elie Benchimol
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
| | - Abdelaziz Jouaiti
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire, UMR Unistra-CNRS 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Mir Wais Hosseini
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire, UMR Unistra-CNRS 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guido H Clever
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, TU Dortmund University, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, Dortmund 44227, Germany.
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48
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Ge YY, Zhou XC, Zheng J, Luo J, Lai YL, Su J, Zhang HJ, Zhou XP, Li D. Self-Assembly of Two Tubular Metalloligand-Based Palladium-Organic Cages as Hosts for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4048-4053. [PMID: 36847302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report two tubular metal-organic cages (MOCs), synthesized by the self-assembly of bidentate metalloligands with different lengths and PdII. These two MOCs feature Pd4L8-type square tubular and Pd3L6-type triangular cage structures, respectively. Both MOCs have been fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculation. Both cages can be employed for encapsulating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and show high binding affinity toward coronene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ying Ge
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Chao Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jie Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Liang Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Su
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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Jiang Y, Zeng ZY, Jin T, Peng Z, Xu L. Precision syntheses of molecular necklaces based on coordination interactions. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:2915-2923. [PMID: 36794450 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecular necklaces (MNs) are mechanically interlocked molecules that have attracted considerable attention due to their delicate structures and potential applications, such as in the syntheses of polymeric materials and DNA cleavage. However, complex and lengthy synthetic routes have limited development of further applications. Owing to their dynamic reversibility, strong bond energy and high orientation, coordination interactions were employed to synthesize MNs. In this review, progress in the coordination-based MNs has been summarized, with emphasis on design strategies and potential applications based on coordination interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yefei Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Zhi-Yong Zeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Tongxia Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241001, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyong Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Lin Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai, P. R. China. .,Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Wuhu 241001, P. R. China
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50
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Momeni BZ, Abd-El-Aziz AS. Recent advances in the design and applications of platinum-based supramolecular architectures and macromolecules. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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