1
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Rajpal S, Mizaikoff B, Mishra P. Rational design of MIPs for the detection of Myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA), a biomarker for viral infection. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131101. [PMID: 38547939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective patient care and the containment of antimicrobial resistance outbreaks. The intricate challenge of distinguishing bacterial from viral infections, coupled with limited diagnostic tools and overlapping symptoms has driven the utilization of molecular imprinting techniques. This study focuses on developing cost-effective, chemically stable antibody analogs for the interferon-induced protein myxovirus resistance protein A (MxA). MxA is an intracellular, cytoplasmic GTPase having activity against a wide range of viruses and serves as a distinctive biomarker for viral infections. We utilized computational design to guide the polymer assembly, centering on epitope imprinting to target MxA-specific regions crucial for interaction. Molecular docking calculations, alongside a pioneering multi-monomer simultaneous docking (MMSD) protocol, efficiently elucidate cooperativity during pre-polymerization. Monomer binding affinity scores, such as for APTMS, exhibited notable increase, ranging from -3.11 to -13.03 kcal/mol across various MMSD combinations compared to a maximum of -2.78 kcal/mol in single monomer docking, highlighting the capacity of MMSD in elucidating crucial monomer-monomer interactions. This computational approach provides a theoretical alternative to labor-intensive experimental optimization, streamlining the development process for synthetic receptors. Simulations reveal unique interactions enhancing MIP-peptide complementarity, yielding optimized receptors selectively binding to MxA epitopes. The obtained MIPs demonstrated a maximum adsorption capacity of approximately 12 mg/g and captured 1.6 times more epitope and 2.6 times more epitope containing MxA protein than corresponding NIPs. A proof-of-concept study demonstrates MxA protein binding to synthetic receptors, highlighting the potential of MIPs, analogous to antibodies, in overcoming current diagnostic challenges for precise detection of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Rajpal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India; Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße 14, 89077 Ulm, Germany
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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2
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Sehit E, Yao G, Battocchio G, Radfar R, Trimpert J, Mroginski MA, Süssmuth R, Altintas Z. Computationally Designed Epitope-Mediated Imprinted Polymers versus Conventional Epitope Imprints for the Detection of Human Adenovirus in Water and Human Serum Samples. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1831-1841. [PMID: 38489767 PMCID: PMC11059108 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Detection of pathogenic viruses for point-of-care applications has attracted great attention since the COVID-19 pandemic. Current virus diagnostic tools are laborious and expensive, while requiring medically trained staff. Although user-friendly and cost-effective biosensors are utilized for virus detection, many of them rely on recognition elements that suffer major drawbacks. Herein, computationally designed epitope-imprinted polymers (eIPs) are conjugated with a portable piezoelectric sensing platform to establish a sensitive and robust biosensor for the human pathogenic adenovirus (HAdV). The template epitope is selected from the knob part of the HAdV capsid, ensuring surface accessibility. Computational simulations are performed to evaluate the conformational stability of the selected epitope. Further, molecular dynamics simulations are executed to investigate the interactions between the epitope and the different functional monomers for the smart design of eIPs. The HAdV epitope is imprinted via the solid-phase synthesis method to produce eIPs using in silico-selected ingredients. The synthetic receptors show a remarkable detection sensitivity (LOD: 102 pfu mL-1) and affinity (dissociation constant (Kd): 6.48 × 10-12 M) for HAdV. Moreover, the computational eIPs lead to around twofold improved binding behavior than the eIPs synthesized with a well-established conventional recipe. The proposed computational strategy holds enormous potential for the intelligent design of ultrasensitive imprinted polymer binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekin Sehit
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Guiyang Yao
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Giovanni Battocchio
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rahil Radfar
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jakob Trimpert
- Institute
of Virology, Free University of Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A. Mroginski
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roderich Süssmuth
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute
of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
- Institute
of Materials Science, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24143 Kiel, Germany
- Kiel
Nano, Surface and Interface Science (KiNSIS), Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Zhang X, Yarman A, Kovács N, Bognár Z, Gyurcsányi RE, Bier FF, Scheller FW. Specific features of epitope-MIPs and whole-protein MIPs as illustrated for AFP and RBD of SARS-CoV-2. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:242. [PMID: 38573524 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanofilms for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 using either a peptide (epitope-MIP) or the whole protein (protein-MIP) as the template were prepared by electropolymerization of scopoletin. Conducting atomic force microscopy revealed after template removal and electrochemical deposition of gold a larger surface density of imprinted cavities for the epitope-imprinted polymers than when using the whole protein as template. However, comparable affinities towards the respective target protein (AFP and RBD) were obtained for both types of MIPs as expressed by the KD values in the lower nanomolar range. On the other hand, while the cross reactivity of both protein-MIPs towards human serum albumin (HSA) amounts to around 50% in the saturation region, the nonspecific binding to the respective epitope-MIPs is as low as that for the non-imprinted polymer (NIP). This effect might be caused by the different sizes of the imprinted cavities. Thus, in addition to the lower costs the reduced nonspecific binding is an advantage of epitope-imprinted polymers for the recognition of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Aysu Yarman
- Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Cad. Beykoz, Istanbul, 34820, Turkey
| | - Norbert Kovács
- BME "Lendület" Chemical Nanosensors Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Bognár
- BME "Lendület" Chemical Nanosensors Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert E Gyurcsányi
- BME "Lendület" Chemical Nanosensors Research Group, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Frank F Bier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frieder W Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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4
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Ayankojo AG, Reut J, Syritski V. Electrochemically Synthesized MIP Sensors: Applications in Healthcare Diagnostics. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:71. [PMID: 38391990 PMCID: PMC10886925 DOI: 10.3390/bios14020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Early-stage detection and diagnosis of diseases is essential to the prompt commencement of treatment regimens, curbing the spread of the disease, and improving human health. Thus, the accurate detection of disease biomarkers through the development of robust, sensitive, and selective diagnostic tools has remained cutting-edge scientific research for decades. Due to their merits of being selective, stable, simple, and having a low preparation cost, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are increasingly becoming artificial substitutes for natural receptors in the design of state-of-the-art sensing devices. While there are different MIP preparation approaches, electrochemical synthesis presents a unique and outstanding method for chemical sensing applications, allowing the direct formation of the polymer on the transducer as well as simplicity in tuning the film properties, thus accelerating the trend in the design of commercial MIP-based sensors. This review evaluates recent achievements in the applications of electrosynthesized MIP sensors for clinical analysis of disease biomarkers, identifying major trends and highlighting interesting perspectives on the realization of commercial MIP-endowed testing devices for rapid determination of prevailing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vitali Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (A.G.A.); (J.R.)
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5
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Zhang X, Yarman A, Bagheri M, El-Sherbiny IM, Hassan RYA, Kurbanoglu S, Waffo AFT, Zebger I, Karabulut TC, Bier FF, Lieberzeit P, Scheller FW. Imprinted Polymers on the Route to Plastibodies for Biomacromolecules (MIPs), Viruses (VIPs), and Cells (CIPs). ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 187:107-148. [PMID: 37884758 DOI: 10.1007/10_2023_234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Around 30% of the scientific papers published on imprinted polymers describe the recognition of proteins, nucleic acids, viruses, and cells. The straightforward synthesis from only one up to six functional monomers and the simple integration into a sensor are significant advantages as compared with enzymes or antibodies. Furthermore, they can be synthesized against toxic substances and structures of low immunogenicity and allow multi-analyte measurements via multi-template synthesis. The affinity is sufficiently high for protein biomarkers, DNA, viruses, and cells. However, the cross-reactivity of highly abundant proteins is still a challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aysu Yarman
- Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Turkish-German University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahdien Bagheri
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
- Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ingo Zebger
- Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Frank F Bier
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter Lieberzeit
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty for Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Frieder W Scheller
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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6
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Wang M, Fa S, Zhang G, Yu J, Zhang Q. Sequentially Controlled Recognition of Different Proteins Using Programmable Protein Imprinted Nanospheres. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304957. [PMID: 37518853 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Although protein imprinted materials with multiple templates are developed to selectively separate different proteins, it is difficult to achieve the programmed adsorption and separation of different proteins using one material, because the available protein imprinted materials are constructed through irreversible crosslinking and their structures are unprogrammable and non-reconstructive. Herein, a novel nanosphere (MS@PTL-g-PNIPAM) is designed, which not only is temperature and pH responsive but also can dynamically reversibly crosslink/de-crosslink under ultraviolet light of different wavelengths. With the help of the dynamically reversible photo-crosslinking, the nanospheres can be repeatedly programmed into protein imprinted nanospheres toward different target proteins. Moreover, the prepared imprinted nanospheres can easily achieve the controlled rebinding and release of target proteins, benefiting from the introduced temperature- and pH-responsive moieties. As a consequence, this study realizes the specific separation of different target proteins from protein mixture and the real bovine blood sequentially by programming one material. It is resource saving, time saving, recyclable, and it will provide convenience for protein imprinted materials to use in the blood purification, drug delivery, and virus detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Shixin Fa
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jiate Yu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
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7
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Stephen AN, Dennison SR, Holden MA, Reddy SM. Rapid sub-nanomolar protein determination in serum using electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymers (E-MIPs). Analyst 2023; 148:5476-5485. [PMID: 37767770 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01498c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Rapid detection of biologicals is important for a range of applications such as medical screening and diagnostics. Antibodies are typically employed for biosensing with high sensitivity and selectivity but can take months to prepare. Here, we investigate electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymers (E-MIPs), which are produced in minutes as alternative-antibody rapid biosensors for the selective recognition of model proteins bovine haemoglobin (BHb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). We evaluated two disposable screen-printed electrodes (SPE) designated AT-Au and BT-Au based on their different annealing temperatures. E-MIPs for BHb demonstrated an imprinting factor of 146 : 1 at 1 nM and 12 : 1 at 0.1 nM, showing high effectiveness of E-MIPs compared to their control non-imprinted polymers. The BHb imprinted E-MIP, when tested against BSA as a non-target protein, gave a selectivity factor of 6 : 1 for BHb. Sensor sensitivity directly depended on the nature of the SPE, with AT-Au SPE demonstrating limits of detection in the sub-micromolar range typically achieved for MIPs, while BT-Au SPE exhibited sensitivity in the sub-nanomolar range for target protein. We attribute this to differences in electrode surface area between AT-Au and BT-Au SPEs. The E-MIPs were also tested in calf serum as a model biological medium. The BT-Au SPE MIPs detected the presence of target protein in <10 min with an LOD of 50 pM and LOQ of 100 pM, suggesting their suitability for protein determination in serum with minimal sample preparation. Using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we determine equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) for E-MIPs using the Hill-Langmuir adsorption model. KD of BHb E-MIP was determined to be 0.86 ± 0.11 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Stephen
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - S R Dennison
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - M A Holden
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
| | - S M Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, UCLan Centre for Smart Materials, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
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8
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Sullivan MV, Allabush F, Flynn H, Balansethupathy B, Reed JA, Barnes ET, Robson C, O'Hara P, Milburn LJ, Bunka D, Tolley A, Mendes PM, Tucker JHR, Turner NW. Highly Selective Aptamer-Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Hybrids for Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Variants. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2200215. [PMID: 37287590 PMCID: PMC10242533 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Virus recognition has been driven to the forefront of molecular recognition research due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Development of highly sensitive recognition elements, both natural and synthetic is critical to facing such a global issue. However, as viruses mutate, it is possible for their recognition to wane through changes in the target substrate, which can lead to detection avoidance and increased false negatives. Likewise, the ability to detect specific variants is of great interest for clinical analysis of all viruses. Here, a hybrid aptamer-molecularly imprinted polymer (aptaMIP), that maintains selective recognition for the spike protein template across various mutations, while improving performance over individual aptamer or MIP components (which themselves demonstrate excellent performance). The aptaMIP exhibits an equilibrium dissociation constant of 1.61 nM toward its template which matches or exceeds published examples of imprinting of the spike protein. The work here demonstrates that "fixing" the aptamer within a polymeric scaffold increases its capability to selectivity recognize its original target and points toward a methodology that will allow variant selective molecular recognition with exceptional affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V. Sullivan
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort UniversityThe GatewayLeicesterLE1 9BHUK
| | - Francia Allabush
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | - Harriet Flynn
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | | | - Joseph A. Reed
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - Edward T. Barnes
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - Callum Robson
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - Phoebe O'Hara
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - Laura J. Milburn
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - David Bunka
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - Arron Tolley
- The Aptamer GroupWindmill HouseInnovation WayHeslingtonYork, YO10 5BRUK
| | - Paula M. Mendes
- School of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUK
| | | | - Nicholas W. Turner
- Leicester School of PharmacyDe Montfort UniversityThe GatewayLeicesterLE1 9BHUK
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Tse Sum Bui B, Mier A, Haupt K. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Synthetic Antibodies for Protein Recognition: The Next Generation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206453. [PMID: 36650929 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are chemical antibody mimics obtained by nanomoulding the 3D shape and chemical functionalities of a desired target in a synthetic polymer. Consequently, they possess exquisite molecular recognition cavities for binding the target molecule, often with specificity and affinity similar to those of antigen-antibody interactions. Research on MIPs targeting proteins began in the mid-90s, and this review will evaluate the progress made till now, starting from their synthesis in a monolith bulk format through surface imprinting to biocompatible soluble nanogels prepared by solid-phase synthesis. MIPs in the latter format will be discussed more in detail because of their tremendous potential of replacing antibodies in the biomedical domain like in diagnostics and therapeutics, where the workforce of antibodies is concentrated. Emphasis is also put on the development of epitope imprinting, which consists of imprinting a short surface-exposed fragment of a protein, resulting in MIPs capable of selectively recognizing the whole macromolecule, amidst others in complex biological media, on cells or tissues. Thus selecting the 'best' peptide antigen is crucial and in this context a rational approach, inspired from that used to predict peptide immunogens for peptide antibodies, is described for its unambiguous identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Tse Sum Bui
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203 Cedex, France
| | - Alejandra Mier
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203 Cedex, France
| | - Karsten Haupt
- Université de Technologie de Compiègne, CNRS Laboratory for Enzyme and Cell Engineering, Rue du Docteur Schweitzer, CS 60319, Compiègne, 60203 Cedex, France
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10
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Past and present of electrochemical science in Hungary. J Solid State Electrochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-023-05410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe electrochemistry-related scientific activities in Hungary over the past 3 decades are reviewed. In the first section, we summarize those research areas that are already ceased; in the next section, the ongoing research is discussed; finally, the trends and outlook are highlighted. A special emphasis is put on new experimental methods elaborated in the country.
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11
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Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-CoV-2-S) was used as a template molecule and polypyrrole (Ppy) was applied as an electro-generated conducting polymer, which was acting as a matrix for the formation of molecular imprints. Two types of Ppy-layers: molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (MIP-Ppy) and non-imprinted polypyrrole (NIP-Ppy) were electrochemically deposited on the working platinum electrode. The performance of electrodes modified by MIP-Ppy and NIP-Ppy layers was evaluated by pulsed amperometric detection (PAD). During the assessment of measurement results registered by PAD, the integrated Cottrell equation (Anson plot) was used to calculate the amount of charge passed through the MIP-Ppy and NIP-Ppy layers. The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins and molecularly imprinted polypyrrole (MIP-Ppy) was assessed by the Anson plot based calculations. This assessment reveals that SARS-CoV-2-S glycoproteins are interacting with MIP-Ppy more strongly than with NIP-Ppy.
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12
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Zhang X, Waffo AT, Yarman A, Kovács N, Bognár Z, Wollenberger U, El-Sherbiny IM, Hassan RYA, Bier FF, Gyurcsányi RE, Zebger I, Scheller FW. How an ACE2 mimicking epitope-MIP nanofilm recognizes template-related peptides and the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:18106-18114. [PMID: 36448745 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03898f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Here we aim to gain a mechanistic understanding of the formation of epitope-imprinted polymer nanofilms using a non-terminal peptide sequence, i.e. the peptide GFNCYFP (G485 to P491) of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD). This epitope is chemisorbed on the gold surface through the central cysteine 488 followed by the electrosynthesis of a ∼5 nm thick polyscopoletin film around the surface confined templates. The interaction of peptides and the parent RBD and spike protein with the imprinted polyscopoletin nanofilm was followed by electrochemical redox marker gating, surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy and conductive AFM. Because the use of non-terminal epitopes is especially intricate, here we characterize the binding pockets through their interaction with 5 peptides rationally derived from the template sequence, i.e. implementing central single amino acid mismatch as well as elongations and truncations at its C- and N- termini. Already a single amino acid mismatch, i.e. the central Cys488 substituted by a serine, results in ca. 15-fold lower affinity. Further truncation of the peptides to tetrapeptide (EGFN) and hexapeptide (YFPLQS) results also in a significantly lower affinity. We concluded that the affinity towards the different peptides is mainly determined by the four amino acid motif CYFP present in the sequence of the template peptide. A higher affinity than that for the peptides is found for the parent proteins RBD and spike protein, which seems to be due to out of cavity effects caused by their larger footprint on the nanofilm surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Armel T Waffo
- Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Aysu Yarman
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
- Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Cad, 86, Beykoz, Istanbul 34820, Turkey
| | - Norbert Kovács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsófia Bognár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ulla Wollenberger
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sherbiny
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST) & Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Rabeay Y A Hassan
- Nanoscience Program, University of Science and Technology (UST) & Center for Materials Science (CMS), Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt
| | - Frank F Bier
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Róbert E Gyurcsányi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
- ELKH-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ingo Zebger
- Institut für Chemie, PC 14 Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frieder W Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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13
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Wang M, Zhang G, Liu Q, Wei M, Ren Y, Fa S, Zhang Q. Ring -opening of polythiolactones to construct protein-imprinted nanospheres with high recognition and regulation capabilities. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16865-16873. [PMID: 36281642 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03715g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Developing and preparing novel protein-imprinted nanomaterials with high recognition ability remains challenging because it is difficult to controllably and orderly design and arrange functional groups on the imprinted polymer layers of protein-imprinted nanomaterials to improve their protein identification. Herein, we present a new technology using rationally designed polythiolactone-decorated magnetic nanospheres as the precursor of multifunctionalized imprinted materials. Moreover, the strategy of ring-opening the polythiolactione layers using primary amines with terminal alcohols, acids and pyrrolidines introduces abundant recognition sites, which enhance the recognition for template proteins through multiple hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Thiols generated in situ by the ring-opening reaction provide sufficient crosslinking sites proximate to each recognition site for the formation of imprinting cavities, endowing the imprinted nanospheres with promising regulation capabilities. Based on the rational design, the imprinted nanospheres can be prepared conveniently and present tunable rebinding capacity and specificity for bovine serum albumin (BSA). The maximum saturated rebinding capacity of imprinted materials for BSA is up to 285 ± 15 mg g-1 and the highest imprinting factor reaches 5.79. The simple and versatile strategy demonstrated in this study shows promise for the design of other protein-imprinted materials with high recognition ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
| | - Guoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
| | - Mengmeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
| | - Yafeng Ren
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
| | - Shixin Fa
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, PR China.
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14
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Ayerdurai V, Lach P, Lis-Cieplak A, Cieplak M, Kutner W, Sharma PS. An advantageous application of molecularly imprinted polymers in food processing and quality control. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3407-3440. [PMID: 36300633 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2132208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In the global market era, food product control is very challenging. It is impossible to track and control all production and delivery chains not only for regular customers but also for the State Sanitary Inspections. Certified laboratories currently use accurate food safety and quality inspection methods. However, these methods are very laborious and costly. The present review highlights the need to develop fast, robust, and cost-effective analytical assays to determine food contamination. Application of the molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as selective recognition units for chemosensors' fabrication was herein explored. MIPs enable fast and inexpensive electrochemical and optical transduction, significantly improving detectability, sensitivity, and selectivity. MIPs compromise durability of synthetic materials with a high affinity to target analytes and selectivity of molecular recognition. Imprinted molecular cavities, present in MIPs structure, are complementary to the target analyte molecules in terms of size, shape, and location of recognizing sites. They perfectly mimic natural molecular recognition. The present review article critically covers MIPs' applications in selective assays for a wide range of food products. Moreover, numerous potential applications of MIPs in the food industry, including sample pretreatment before analysis, removal of contaminants, or extraction of high-value ingredients, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrycja Lach
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Cieplak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Kutner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, School of Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Ma C, Lu D, Gan H, Yao Z, Zhu DZ, Luo J, Fu Q, Kurup P. The critical experimental aspects for developing pathogen electrochemical biosensors: A lesson during the COVID-19 pandemic. Talanta 2022:124009. [PMCID: PMC9562616 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Though the bitter global pandemic posed a severe public health threat, it set an unprecedented stage for different research teams to present various technologies for detecting SARS-CoV-2, providing a rare and hard-won lesson for one to comprehensively survey the core experimental aspects in developing pathogens electrochemical biosensors. Apart from collecting all the published biosensor studies, we focused on the effects and consequences of using different receptors, such as antibodies, aptamers, ACE 2, and MIPs, which are one of the core topics of developing a pathogen biosensor. In addition, we tried to find an appropriate and distinctive application scenario (e.g., wastewater-based epidemiology) to maximize the advantages of using electrochemical biosensors to detect pathogens. Based on the enormous amount of information from those published studies, features that fit and favor wastewater pathogen detection can be picked up and integrated into a specific strategy to perform quantitative measurements in wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dingnan Lu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huihui Gan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China
| | - David Z. Zhu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Jiayue Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China,Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA
| | - Pradeep Kurup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA,Corresponding author
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16
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Senehi NL, Ykema MR, Sun R, Verduzco R, Stadler LB, Tao YJ, Alvarez PJJ. Protein-imprinted particles for coronavirus capture from solution. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:4318-4326. [PMID: 36168868 PMCID: PMC9538460 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting is a promising strategy to selectively adsorb viruses, but it requires discerning and validating epitopes that serve as effective imprinting templates. In this work, glycoprotein-imprinted particles were synthesized for coronavirus capture. Adsorption was maximized at pH 6 (the glycoprotein isoelectric point) where the glycoprotein-imprinted particles outperformed non-imprinted particles, adsorbing 4.96 × 106 ± 3.33 × 103 versus 3.54 × 106 ± 1.39 × 106 median tissue culture infectious dose/mg of the target coronavirus, human coronavirus - organ culture 43, within the first 30 min (p = 0.012). During competitive adsorption, with pH adjustment (pH 6), the glycoprotein-imprinted particles adsorbed more target virus than non-target coronavirus (human coronavirus - Netherland 63) with 2.34 versus 1.94 log removal in 90 min (p < 0.01). In contrast, the non-imprinted particles showed no significant difference in target versus non-target virus removal. Electrostatic potential calculation shows that the human coronavirus - organ culture 43 glycoprotein has positively charged pockets at pH 6, which may facilitate adsorption at lower pH values. Therefore, tuning the target virus glycoprotein charge via pH adjustment enhanced adsorption by minimizing repulsive electrostatic interactions with the particles. Overall, these results highlight the effective use of glycoprotein-imprinted particles for coronavirus capture and discern the merits and limitations of glycoprotein imprinting for the capture of enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi L. Senehi
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | | | - Ruonan Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Lauren B. Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Yizhi J. Tao
- Department of BiosciencesRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Pedro J. J. Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringRice UniversityHoustonTexasUSA
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17
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Goldoni R, Thomaz DV, Di Giulio T, Malitesta C, Mazzotta E. An insight into polyscopoletin electrosynthesis by a quality-by-design approach. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022; 57:12161-12175. [PMID: 35755421 PMCID: PMC9215150 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-022-07349-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Scopoletin (SP) as a functional monomer for electropolymerization has recently been investigated in the context of molecularly imprinted polymers for biosensing applications. Herein we describe an in-depth analysis of the mechanisms involved in the electropolymerization of SP toward the optimization of the experimental conditions for applications in sensor studies. PolySP films have been in situ synthesized on a standard glassy carbon electrodes by varying three independent experimental parameters, and the output of the analysis has been evaluated in terms of the resulting electroactive area and surface coverage. A quality-by-design approach including design-of-experiments principles and response surface methodology produced unbiased observations on the most relevant parameters to be controlled during the electropolymerization of SP. By combining the output of electroactive area and surface overage, we highlighted a strong dependence on the monomer concentration and scan rate. Thus, an appropriate selection of these two parameters should be sought to have an optimal electropolymerization process, leading to uniform films and homogeneous surface behavior. This study shows that the application of multi-factorial analysis in a comprehensive design of experiments allows the systematic study of polymer electrosynthesis. Therefore, this research is expected to guide further efforts in the electropolymerization of several functional monomers. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-022-07349-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Goldoni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico Di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
- National Research Council, Institute of Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering (CNR-IEIIT), 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Douglas Vieira Thomaz
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziano Di Giulio
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Cosimino Malitesta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Mazzotta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Analitica, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (Di.S.Te.B.A.), Università del Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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18
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Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for SARS-CoV-2: Where Are We Now? Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7020058. [PMID: 35645185 PMCID: PMC9149885 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the first reported case of COVID-19 in 2019 in China and the official declaration from the World Health Organization in March 2021 as a pandemic, fast and accurate diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has played a major role worldwide. For this reason, various methods have been developed, comprising reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunoassays, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and bio(mimetic)sensors. Among the developed methods, RT-PCR is so far the gold standard. Herein, we give an overview of the MIP-based sensors utilized since the beginning of the pandemic.
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19
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Drobysh M, Ramanaviciene A, Viter R, Chen CF, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Ratautaite V, Ramanavicius A. Biosensors for the Determination of SARS-CoV-2 Virus and Diagnosis of COVID-19 Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:666. [PMID: 35054850 PMCID: PMC8776074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring and tracking infection is required in order to reduce the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To achieve this goal, the development and deployment of quick, accurate, and sensitive diagnostic methods are necessary. The determination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is performed by biosensing devices, which vary according to detection methods and the biomarkers which are inducing/providing an analytical signal. RNA hybridisation, antigen-antibody affinity interaction, and a variety of other biological reactions are commonly used to generate analytical signals that can be precisely detected using electrochemical, electrochemiluminescence, optical, and other methodologies and transducers. Electrochemical biosensors, in particular, correspond to the current trend of bioanalytical process acceleration and simplification. Immunosensors are based on the determination of antigen-antibody interaction, which on some occasions can be determined in a label-free mode with sufficient sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryia Drobysh
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.D.); (U.S.-B.); (V.R.)
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Roman Viter
- Center for Collective Use of Scientific Equipment, Sumy State University, Sanatornaya Str. 31, 40018 Sumy, Ukraine
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Chien-Fu Chen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd., Da’an Dist., Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.D.); (U.S.-B.); (V.R.)
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.D.); (U.S.-B.); (V.R.)
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- State Research Institute Center for Physical and Technological Sciences, Sauletekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (M.D.); (U.S.-B.); (V.R.)
- NanoTechnas—Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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