1
|
Fiscina JE, Darras A, Attinger D, Wagner C. Impact of anti-coagulant choice on blood elongational behavior. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:4561-4566. [PMID: 38775063 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Blood is a highly complex fluid with rheological properties that have a significant impact on various flow phenomena. In particular, it exhibits a non-Newtonian elongational viscosity that is comparable to polymer solutions. In this study, we investigate the effect of three different anticoagulants, namely EDTA (ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid), heparin, and citrate, on the elongational properties of both human and swine blood. We observe a unique two stage thinning process and a strong dependency of the characteristic relaxation time on the chosen anticoagulant, with the longest relaxation time and thus the highest elongational viscosity being found for the case of citrate. Our findings for the latter are consistent with the physiological values obtained from a dripping droplet of human blood without any anticoagulant. Furthermore, our study resolves the discrepancy found in the literature regarding the reported range of characteristic relaxation times, confirming that the elongational viscosity must be taken into account for a full rheological characterization of blood. These results have important implications for understanding blood flow in various physiological, pathological and technological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Darras
- Saarland University, Physics Department, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | | | - Christian Wagner
- Saarland University, Physics Department, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- University of Luxemburg, Physics and Materials Science Research Unit, 1511 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Y, Xie J. Numerical analysis of blood flow through stenosed microvessels using a multi-phase model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29843. [PMID: 38694061 PMCID: PMC11058301 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Blood flow in arterioles have attracted considerable research attention due to their clinical implications. However, the fluid structure interaction between red blood cells and plasma in the blood poses formidable difficulty to the computational efforts. In this contribution, we seek to represent the red blood cells in the blood as a continuous non-Newtonian phase and construct a multi-phase model for the blood flow in microvessels. The methods are presented and validated using a channel with sudden expansion. And the resulting blood flow inside a stenosed microvessel is investigated at different inlet velocity amplitudes and hematocrits. It is show that the increase of both inlet velocity amplitude and inlet hematocrit leads to longer and thicker cell-rich layer downstream the stenosis. Besides, it is found that the maximum values of wall shear stress scales up with inlet velocity amplitudes and hematocrits. These results show the validity of the proposed computational model and provide helpful insights into blood flow behaviors inside stenosed vessels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Frist Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jue Xie
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Frist Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang Q, Chen D, Li C, Liu R, Wang X. Mechanism of hypoxia-induced damage to the mechanical property in human erythrocytes-band 3 phosphorylation and sulfhydryl oxidation of membrane proteins. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1399154. [PMID: 38706947 PMCID: PMC11066195 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1399154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The integrity of the erythrocyte membrane cytoskeletal network controls the morphology, specific surface area, material exchange, and state of erythrocytes in the blood circulation. The antioxidant properties of resveratrol have been reported, but studies on the effect of resveratrol on the hypoxia-induced mechanical properties of erythrocytes are rare. Methods: In this study, the effects of different concentrations of resveratrol on the protection of red blood cell mor-phology and changes in intracellular redox levels were examined to select an appropriate concentration for further study. The Young's modulus and surface roughness of the red blood cells and blood viscosity were measured via atomic force microsco-py and a blood rheometer, respectively. Flow cytometry, free hemoglobin levels, and membrane lipid peroxidation levels were used to characterize cell membrane damage in the presence and absence of resveratrol after hypoxia. The effects of oxida-tive stress on the erythrocyte membrane proteins band 3 and spectrin were further investigated by immunofluorescent label-ing and Western blotting. Results and discussion: Resveratrol changed the surface roughness and Young's modulus of the erythrocyte mem-brane, reduced the rate of eryptosis in erythrocytes after hypoxia, and stabilized the intracellular redox level. Further data showed that resveratrol protected the erythrocyte membrane proteins band 3 and spectrin. Moreover, resistance to band 3 pro-tein tyrosine phosphorylation and sulfhydryl oxidation can protect the stability of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton net-work, thereby protecting erythrocyte deformability under hypoxia. The results of the present study may provide new insights into the roles of resveratrol in the prevention of hypoxia and as an antioxidant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karmakar A, Burgreen GW, Rydquist G, Antaki JF. A homogenized two-phase computational framework for meso- and macroscale blood flow simulations. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2024; 247:108090. [PMID: 38394788 PMCID: PMC11018323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2024.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Owing to the complexity of physics linked with blood flow and its associated phenomena, appropriate modeling of the multi-constituent rheology of blood is of primary importance. To this effect, various kinds of computational fluid dynamic models have been developed, each with merits and limitations. However, when additional physics like thrombosis and embolization is included within the framework of these models, computationally efficient scalable translation becomes very difficult. Therefore, this paper presents a homogenized two-phase blood flow framework with similar characteristics to a single fluid model but retains the flow resolution of a classical two-fluid model. The presented framework is validated against four different sets of experiments. METHODS The two-phase model of blood presented here is based on the classical diffusion-flux framework. Diffusion flux models are known to be less computationally expensive than two-fluid multiphase models since the numerical implementation resembles single-phase flow models. Diffusion flux models typically use empirical slip velocity correlations to resolve the motion between phases. However, such correlations do not exist for blood. Therefore, a modified slip velocity equation is proposed, derived rigorously from the two-fluid governing equations. An additional drag law for red blood cells (RBCs) as a function of volume fraction is evaluated using a previously published cell-resolved solver. A new hematocrit-dependent expression for lift force on RBCs is proposed. The final governing equations are discretized and solved using the open-source software OpenFOAM. RESULTS The framework is validated against four sets of experiments: (i) flow through a rectangular microchannel to validate RBC velocity profiles against experimental measurements and compare computed hematocrit distributions against previously reported simulation results (ii) flow through a sudden expansion microchannel for comparing experimentally obtained contours of hematocrit distributions and normalized cell-free region length obtained at different flowrates and inlet hematocrits, (iii) flow through two hyperbolic channels to evaluate model predictions of cell-free layer thickness, and (iv) flow through a microchannel that mimics crevices of a left ventricular assist device to predict hematocrit distributions observed experimentally. The simulation results exhibit good agreement with the results of all four experiments. CONCLUSION The computational framework presented in this paper has the advantage of resolving the multiscale physics of blood flow while still leveraging numerical techniques used for solving single-phase flows. Therefore, it becomes an excellent candidate for addressing more complicated problems related to blood flow, such as modeling mechanical entrapment of RBCs within blood clots, predicting thrombus composition, and visualizing clot embolization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Karmakar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Greg W Burgreen
- Center for Advanced Vehicular Systems, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Grant Rydquist
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - James F Antaki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goetz A, Jeken-Rico P, Chau Y, Sédat J, Larcher A, Hachem E. Analysis of Intracranial Aneurysm Haemodynamics Altered by Wall Movement. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:269. [PMID: 38534544 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics is intensively used to deepen our understanding of aneurysm growth and rupture in an attempt to support physicians during therapy planning. Numerous studies assumed fully rigid vessel walls in their simulations, whose sole haemodynamics may fail to provide a satisfactory criterion for rupture risk assessment. Moreover, direct in vivo observations of intracranial aneurysm pulsation were recently reported, encouraging the development of fluid-structure interaction for their modelling and for new assessments. In this work, we describe a new fluid-structure interaction functional setting for the careful evaluation of different aneurysm shapes. The configurations consist of three real aneurysm domes positioned on a toroidal channel. All geometric features, employed meshes, flow quantities, comparisons with the rigid wall model and corresponding plots are provided for the sake of reproducibility. The results emphasise the alteration of flow patterns and haemodynamic descriptors when wall deformations were taken into account compared with a standard rigid wall approach, thereby underlining the impact of fluid-structure interaction modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurèle Goetz
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Pablo Jeken-Rico
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Yves Chau
- Department of Neuro-Interventional and Vascular Interventional, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Jacques Sédat
- Department of Neuro-Interventional and Vascular Interventional, University Hospital of Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Aurélien Larcher
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Elie Hachem
- Computing and Fluids Research Group, CEMEF, Mines Paris PSL, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watson C, Saaid H, Vedula V, Cardenas JC, Henke PK, Nicoud F, Xu XY, Hunt BJ, Manning KB. Venous Thromboembolism: Review of Clinical Challenges, Biology, Assessment, Treatment, and Modeling. Ann Biomed Eng 2024; 52:467-486. [PMID: 37914979 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03390-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a massive clinical challenge, annually affecting millions of patients globally. VTE is a particularly consequential pathology, as incidence is correlated with extremely common risk factors, and a large cohort of patients experience recurrent VTE after initial intervention. Altered hemodynamics, hypercoagulability, and damaged vascular tissue cause deep-vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, the two permutations of VTE. Venous valves have been identified as likely locations for initial blood clot formation, but the exact pathway by which thrombosis occurs in this environment is not entirely clear. Several risk factors are known to increase the likelihood of VTE, particularly those that increase inflammation and coagulability, increase venous resistance, and damage the endothelial lining. While these risk factors are useful as predictive tools, VTE diagnosis prior to presentation of outward symptoms is difficult, chiefly due to challenges in successfully imaging deep-vein thrombi. Clinically, VTE can be managed by anticoagulants or mechanical intervention. Recently, direct oral anticoagulants and catheter-directed thrombolysis have emerged as leading tools in resolution of venous thrombosis. While a satisfactory VTE model has yet to be developed, recent strides have been made in advancing in silico models of venous hemodynamics, hemorheology, fluid-structure interaction, and clot growth. These models are often guided by imaging-informed boundary conditions or inspired by benchtop animal models. These gaps in knowledge are critical targets to address necessary improvements in prediction and diagnosis, clinical management, and VTE experimental and computational models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor Watson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Hicham Saaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA
| | - Vijay Vedula
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica C Cardenas
- Department of Surgery and the Center for Translational Injury Research, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter K Henke
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Franck Nicoud
- CNRS, IMAG, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Xiao Yun Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Beverley J Hunt
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, King's College, London, UK
- Thrombosis and Haemophilia Centre, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Keefe B Manning
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, PA, 16802-4400, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jafarinia A, Badeli V, Krispel T, Melito GM, Brenn G, Reinbacher-Köstinger A, Kaltenbacher M, Hochrainer T. Modeling Anisotropic Electrical Conductivity of Blood: Translating Microscale Effects of Red Blood Cell Motion into a Macroscale Property of Blood. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:147. [PMID: 38391633 PMCID: PMC10885929 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are a leading global cause of mortality. The current standard diagnostic methods, such as imaging and invasive procedures, are relatively expensive and partly connected with risks to the patient. Bioimpedance measurements hold the promise to offer rapid, safe, and low-cost alternative diagnostic methods. In the realm of cardiovascular diseases, bioimpedance methods rely on the changing electrical conductivity of blood, which depends on the local hemodynamics. However, the exact dependence of blood conductivity on the hemodynamic parameters is not yet fully understood, and the existing models for this dependence are limited to rather academic flow fields in straight pipes or channels. In this work, we suggest two closely connected anisotropic electrical conductivity models for blood in general three-dimensional flows, which consider the orientation and alignment of red blood cells (RBCs) in shear flows. In shear flows, RBCs adopt preferred orientations through a rotation of their membrane known as tank-treading motion. The two models are built on two different assumptions as to which hemodynamic characteristic determines the preferred orientation. The models are evaluated in two example simulations of blood flow. In a straight rigid vessel, the models coincide and are in accordance with experimental observations. In a simplified aorta geometry, the models yield different results. These differences are analyzed quantitatively, but a validation of the models with experiments is yet outstanding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jafarinia
- Institue of Strength of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vahid Badeli
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Krispel
- Institue of Strength of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gian Marco Melito
- Institute of Mechanics, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/IV, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günter Brenn
- Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alice Reinbacher-Köstinger
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Manfred Kaltenbacher
- Institute of Fundamentals and Theory in Electrical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 18, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Hochrainer
- Institue of Strength of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24/I, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martínez A, Hoeijmakers M, Geronzi L, Morgenthaler V, Tomasi J, Rochette M, Biancolini ME. Effect of turbulence and viscosity models on wall shear stress derived biomarkers for aorta simulations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 167:107603. [PMID: 37922602 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ascending aorta simulations provide insight into patient-specific hemodynamic conditions. Numerous studies have assessed fluid biomarkers which show a potential to aid clinicians in the diagnosis process. Unfortunately, there exists a large disparity in the computational methodology used to model turbulence and viscosity. Recognizing this disparity, some authors focused on analysing the influence of either the turbulence or viscosity models on the biomarkers in order to quantify the importance of these model choices. However, no analysis has yet been done on their combined effect. In order to fully understand and quantify the effect of the computational methodology, an assessment of the combined effect of turbulence and viscosity model choice was performed. Our results show that (1) non-Newtonian viscosity has greater impact (2.9-5.0%) on wall shear stress than Large Eddy Simulation turbulence modelling (0.1-1.4%), (2) the contribution of non-Newtonian viscosity is amplified when combined with a subgrid-scale turbulence model, (3) wall shear stress is underestimated when considering Newtonian viscosity by 2.9-5.0% and (4) cycle-to-cycle variability can impact the results as much as the numerical model if insufficient cycles are performed. These results demonstrate that, when assessing the effect of computational methodologies, the resultant combined effect of the different modelling assumptions differs from the aggregated effect of the isolated modifications. Accurate aortic flow modelling requires non-Newtonian viscosity and Large Eddy Simulation turbulence modelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Ansys France, Villeurbanne, France.
| | | | - Leonardo Geronzi
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Ansys France, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Jacques Tomasi
- University of Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, LTSI-UMR 1099, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jing S, Zhu H. Relationship between lipoprotein(a) and whole blood reducing viscosity: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36236. [PMID: 38050213 PMCID: PMC10695618 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been confirmed as a causal risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but its role on circulation is not completely clear and is still being explored. Therefore, this study attempts to explore the relationship between Lp(a) and whole blood reducing viscosity (WBRV), to better understand the role of Lp(a) in circulatory and cardiovascular diseases. We retrospectively analyzed the data of consecutive subjects in the physical examination center of the Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University Medical College from January 2022 to May 2022. Pearson or spearman correlation analysis was used to test the statistical relationship between 2 continuous variables according to whether they are normal; 131 participants were retrospectively enrolled in this study. The low-density lipoprotein concentration was associated with whole blood viscosity at low-shear (R = 0.220, P = .012), middle-shear (R = 0.226, P = .01), and high-shear viscosity (R = 0.212, P = .015), as well as plasma viscosity (RS = 0.207, P = .018). Lp(a) was not associated with whole blood viscosity at low, middle, and high shear rates, but was associated with WBRV at low shear (RS = 0.204, P = .019) and middle shear rates (RS = 0.197, P = .024). Lp(a) is associated with high WBRV, which may impart more insights into the role of Lp(a) in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Jing
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haibo Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Woo HG, Kim HG, Lee KM, Ha SH, Jo H, Heo SH, Chang DI, Kim BJ. Blood viscosity associated with stroke mechanism and early neurological deterioration in middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9384. [PMID: 37296267 PMCID: PMC10256783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood viscosity may affect the mechanisms of stroke and early neurological deterioration (END). We aimed to investigate the relationship between blood viscosity, stroke mechanisms, and END in patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction. Patients with symptomatic MCA atherosclerosis (≥ 50% stenosis) were recruited. Blood viscosity was compared across patients with different mechanisms of symptomatic MCA disease: in situ thrombo-occlusion (sMCA-IST), artery-to-artery embolism (sMCA-AAE), and local branch occlusion (sMCA-LBO). END was defined as four points increase in the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score from baseline during the first week. The association between blood viscosity and END was also evaluated. A total of 360 patients (76 with sMCA-IST, 216 with sMCA-AAE, and 68 with sMCA-LBO) were investigated. Blood viscosity was highest in patients with sMCA-IST, followed by sMCA-AAE and sMCA-LBO (P < 0.001). Blood viscosity was associated with END in patients with MCA disease. Low shear viscosity was associated with END in patients with sMCA- LBO (adjusted odds ratio, aOR 1.524; 95% confidence interval, CI 1.035-2.246), sMCA- IST (aOR 1.365; 95% CI 1.013-1.839), and sMCA- AAE (aOR 1.285; 95% CI 1.010-1.634). Blood viscosity was related to END in patients with stroke caused by MCA disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Geol Woo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyug-Gi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Lee
- Department of Radiology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Ha
- Department of Neurology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - HangJin Jo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Advanced Nuclear Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Heo
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Il Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bum Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, Song-Pa, PO Box 145, Seoul, 138-600, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hersey E, Rodriguez M, Johnsen E. Dynamics of an oscillating microbubble in a blood-like Carreau fluid. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2023; 153:1836. [PMID: 37002083 DOI: 10.1121/10.0017342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A numerical model for cavitation in blood is developed based on the Keller-Miksis equation for spherical bubble dynamics with the Carreau model to represent the non-Newtonian behavior of blood. Three different pressure waveforms driving the bubble oscillations are considered: a single-cycle Gaussian waveform causing free growth and collapse, a sinusoidal waveform continuously driving the bubble, and a multi-cycle pulse relevant to contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Parameters in the Carreau model are fit to experimental measurements of blood viscosity. In the Carreau model, the relaxation time constant is 5-6 orders of magnitude larger than the Rayleigh collapse time. As a result, non-Newtonian effects do not significantly modify the bubble dynamics but do give rise to variations in the near-field stresses as non-Newtonian behavior is observed at distances 10-100 initial bubble radii away from the bubble wall. For sinusoidal forcing, a scaling relation is found for the maximum non-Newtonian length, as well as for the shear stress, which is 3 orders of magnitude larger than the maximum bubble radius.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hersey
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mauro Rodriguez
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Eric Johnsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Salipante PF. Microfluidic techniques for mechanical measurements of biological samples. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2023; 4:011303. [PMID: 38505816 PMCID: PMC10903441 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The use of microfluidics to make mechanical property measurements is increasingly common. Fabrication of microfluidic devices has enabled various types of flow control and sensor integration at micrometer length scales to interrogate biological materials. For rheological measurements of biofluids, the small length scales are well suited to reach high rates, and measurements can be made on droplet-sized samples. The control of flow fields, constrictions, and external fields can be used in microfluidics to make mechanical measurements of individual bioparticle properties, often at high sampling rates for high-throughput measurements. Microfluidics also enables the measurement of bio-surfaces, such as the elasticity and permeability properties of layers of cells cultured in microfluidic devices. Recent progress on these topics is reviewed, and future directions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Salipante
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Polymers and Complex Fluids Group, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hirschmann F, Lopez H, Roosen-Runge F, Seydel T, Schreiber F, Oettel M. Effects of flexibility in coarse-grained models for bovine serum albumin and immunoglobulin G. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:084112. [PMID: 36859072 DOI: 10.1063/5.0132493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We construct a coarse-grained, structure-based, low-resolution, 6-bead flexible model of bovine serum albumin (BSA, PDB: 4F5S), which is a popular example of a globular protein in biophysical research. The model is obtained via direct Boltzmann inversion using all-atom simulations of a single molecule, and its particular form is selected from a large pool of 6-bead coarse-grained models using two suitable metrics that quantify the agreement in the distribution of collective coordinates between all-atom and coarse-grained Brownian dynamics simulations of solutions in the dilute limit. For immunoglobulin G (IgG), a similar structure-based 12-bead model has been introduced in the literature [Chaudhri et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 116, 8045 (2012)] and is employed here to compare findings for the compact BSA molecule and the more anisotropic IgG molecule. We define several modified coarse-grained models of BSA and IgG, which differ in their internal constraints and thus account for a variation of flexibility. We study denser solutions of the coarse-grained models with purely repulsive molecules (achievable by suitable salt conditions) and address the effect of packing and flexibility on dynamic and static behavior. Translational and rotational self-diffusivity is enhanced for more elastic models. Finally, we discuss a number of effective sphere sizes for the BSA molecule, which can be defined from its static and dynamic properties. Here, it is found that the effective sphere diameters lie between 4.9 and 6.1 nm, corresponding to a relative spread of about ±10% around a mean of 5.5 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hirschmann
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hender Lopez
- School of Physics, Clinical and Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman D07 ADY7, Ireland
| | - Felix Roosen-Runge
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 20506 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tilo Seydel
- Institut Max von Laue-Paul Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Frank Schreiber
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Oettel
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Concentration Scaling on Linear Viscoelastic Properties of Cellular Suspensions and Effects of Equilibrium Phase Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24044107. [PMID: 36835519 PMCID: PMC9961039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Concentration scaling on linear viscoelastic properties of cellular suspensions has been studied by rheometric characterisation of Phormidium suspensions and human blood in a wide range of volume fraction under small amplitude oscillatory shear experiments. The rheometric characterisation results are analysed by the time-concentration superposition (TCS) principle and show a power law scaling of characteristic relaxation time, plateau modulus and the zero-shear viscosity over the concentration ranges studied. The results show that the concentration effect of Phormidium suspensions on their elasticity is much stronger than that of human blood due to its strong cellular interactions and a high aspect ratio. For human blood, no obvious phase transition could be observed over the range of hematocrits studied here and with respect to a high-frequency dynamic regime, only one concentration scaling exponent could be identified. For Phormidium suspensions with respect to a low-frequency dynamic regime, three concentration scaling exponents in the volume fraction Region I (0.36≤ϕ/ϕref≤0.46), Region II (0.59≤ϕ/ϕref≤2.89) and Region III (3.11≤ϕ/ϕref≤3.44) are identified. The image observation shows that the network formation of Phormidium suspensions occurs as the volume fraction is increased from Region I to Region II; the sol-gel transition takes place from Region II to Region III. In combination with analysis of other nanoscale suspensions and liquid crystalline polymer solutions reported in the literature, it is revealed that such a power law concentration scaling exponent depends on colloidal or molecular interactions mediated with solvent and is sensitive to the equilibrium phase behaviour of complex fluids. The TCS principle is an unambiguous tool to give a quantitative estimation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Farina A, Fasano A, Rosso F. A theoretical model for the Fåhræus effect in medium-large microvessels. J Theor Biol 2023; 558:111355. [PMID: 36402201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2022.111355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model capable to reproduce a celebrated phenomenon in blood microcirculation known as Fåhræus effect, since its discovery by Robin Fåhræus (1929). This consists in a decaying of the relative hematocrit in small vessels as the vessel diameter decreases. The key point of the model is a formula, direct consequence of the basic principles of fluid dynamics, that links the relative hematocrit to the reservoir hematocrit and the vessel diameter, which confirms the observed behavior. To test the model we selected, among the few experiments carried on since then, those performed by Barbee and Cokelet (1971). The agreement is remarkable. An extended comparison is also carried out with a celebrated empirical formula proposed by Pries et al. (1992) to describe the same phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angiolo Farina
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica "Ulisse Dini", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 67/a, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| | - Antonio Fasano
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica "Ulisse Dini", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 67/a, 50134 Firenze, Italy; FIAB S.p.A., Vicchio, Firenze, Italy; I.A.S.I. - C.N.R., Via dei Taurini, Roma, Italy.
| | - Fabio Rosso
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Informatica "Ulisse Dini", Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale Morgagni 67/a, 50134 Firenze, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu Z, Yue P, Feng JJ. Poroelastic modelling reveals the cooperation between two mechanisms for albuminuria. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220634. [PMID: 36628531 PMCID: PMC9832287 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Albuminuria occurs when albumin leaks abnormally into the urine. Its mechanism remains unclear. A gel-compression hypothesis attributes the glomerular barrier to compression of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) as a gel layer. Loss of podocyte foot processes would allow the gel layer to expand circumferentially, enlarge its pores and leak albumin into the urine. To test this hypothesis, we develop a poroelastic model of the GBM. It predicts GBM compression in healthy glomerulus and GBM expansion in the diseased state, essentially confirming the hypothesis. However, by itself, the gel compression and expansion mechanism fails to account for two features of albuminuria: the reduction in filtration flux and the thickening of the GBM. A second mechanism, the constriction of flow area at the slit diaphragm downstream of the GBM, must be included. The cooperation between the two mechanisms produces the amount of increase in GBM porosity expected in vivo in a mutant mouse model, and also captures the two in vivo features of reduced filtration flux and increased GBM thickness. Finally, the model supports the idea that in the healthy glomerulus, gel compression may help maintain a roughly constant filtration flux under varying filtration pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zelai Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
| | - Pengtao Yue
- Department of Mathematics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James J. Feng
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
- Department of Mathematics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhou Q, Schirrmann K, Doman E, Chen Q, Singh N, Selvaganapathy PR, Bernabeu MO, Jensen OE, Juel A, Chernyavsky IL, Krüger T. Red blood cell dynamics in extravascular biological tissues modelled as canonical disordered porous media. Interface Focus 2022; 12:20220037. [PMID: 36325194 PMCID: PMC9560785 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2022.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of blood flow in the smallest vessels and passages of the human body, where the cellular character of blood becomes prominent, plays a dominant role in the transport and exchange of solutes. Recent studies have revealed that the microhaemodynamics of a vascular network is underpinned by its interconnected structure, and certain structural alterations such as capillary dilation and blockage can substantially change blood flow patterns. However, for extravascular media with disordered microstructure (e.g. the porous intervillous space in the placenta), it remains unclear how the medium’s structure affects the haemodynamics. Here, we simulate cellular blood flow in simple models of canonical porous media representative of extravascular biological tissue, with corroborative microfluidic experiments performed for validation purposes. For the media considered here, we observe three main effects: first, the relative apparent viscosity of blood increases with the structural disorder of the medium; second, the presence of red blood cells (RBCs) dynamically alters the flow distribution in the medium; third, symmetry breaking introduced by moderate structural disorder can promote more homogeneous distribution of RBCs. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the cell-scale haemodynamics that mediates the relationship linking the function of certain biological tissues to their microstructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhou
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kerstin Schirrmann
- Manchester Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Eleanor Doman
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Qi Chen
- Manchester Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Naval Singh
- Manchester Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - P. Ravi Selvaganapathy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Miguel O. Bernabeu
- Centre for Medical Informatics, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- The Bayes Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Oliver E. Jensen
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anne Juel
- Manchester Centre for Nonlinear Dynamics, Manchester, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Igor L. Chernyavsky
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Timm Krüger
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang CL, Gao MZ, Gao XJ, Mu XY, Wang JQ, Gao DM, Qiao MQ. Mechanism Study on Chinese Medicine in Treatment of Nodular Goiter. Chin J Integr Med 2022; 29:566-576. [PMID: 36044118 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-022-3724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nodular goiter has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. Clinically, there has been a burgeoning interest in nodular goiter due to the risk of progression to thyroid cancer. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of Chinese medicine (CM) in nodular goiter. Articles were systematically retrieved from databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. New evidence showed that CM exhibited multi-pathway and multi-target characteristics in the treatment of nodular goiter, involving hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis, oxidative stress, blood rheology, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy, especially inhibition of cell proliferation and promotion of cell apoptosis, involving multiple signal pathways and a variety of cytokines. This review provides a scientific basis for the therapeutic use of CM against nodular goiter. Nonetheless, future studies are warranted to identify more regulatory genes and pathways to provide new approaches for the treatment of nodular goiter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lin Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ming-Zhou Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiang-Ju Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Mu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Jie-Qiong Wang
- Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China.,School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Youth Research and Innovation Team of Pharmacology of Liver Viscera in Emotional Disease and Syndromes, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Dong-Mei Gao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Ming-Qi Qiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China. .,Research and Innovation Team of Emotional Diseases and Syndromes of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China. .,Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Classical Theory, Ministry of Education, Jinan, 250355, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Circulating cell clusters aggravate the hemorheological abnormalities in COVID-19. Biophys J 2022; 121:3309-3319. [PMID: 36028998 PMCID: PMC9420024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microthrombi and circulating cell clusters (CCCs) are common microscopic findings in patients with COVID-19 at different stages in the disease course, implying that they may function as the primary drivers in disease progression. Inspired by a recent flow imaging cytometry study of the blood samples from patients with COVID-19, we perform computational simulations to investigate the dynamics of different types of CCCs, namely white blood cell (WBC) clusters, platelet clusters and red blood cell (RBC) clusters, over a range of shear flows and quantify their impact on the viscosity of the blood. Our simulation results indicate that the increased level of fibrinogen in patients with COVID-19 can promote the formation of RBC clusters at relatively low shear rates, thereby elevating the blood viscosity, a mechanism that also leads to an increase in viscosity in other blood diseases, such as sickle cell disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We further discover that the presence of WBC clusters could also aggravate the abnormalities of local blood rheology. In particular, the extent of elevation of the local blood viscosity is enlarged as the size of the WBC clusters grows. On the other hand, the impact of platelet clusters on the local rheology is found to be negligible, which is likely due to the smaller size of the platelets. The difference in the impact of WBC and platelet clusters on local hemorheology provides a compelling explanation for the clinical finding that the number of WBC clusters is significantly correlated with thrombotic events in COVID-19 whereas platelet clusters do not. Overall, our study demonstrates that our computational models based on dissipative particle dynamics can serve as a powerful tool to conduct quantitative investigation of the mechanism causing the pathological alterations of hemorheology and explore their connections to the clinical manifestations in COVID-19.
Collapse
|
20
|
Giannokostas K, Dimakopoulos Y, Tsamopoulos J. Shear stress and intravascular pressure effects on vascular dynamics: two-phase blood flow in elastic microvessels accounting for the passive stresses. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1659-1684. [PMID: 35962247 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01612-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
We study the steady hemodynamics in physiological elastic microvessels proposing an advanced fluid-structure interaction model. The arteriolar tissue is modeled as a two-layer fiber-reinforced hyperelastic material representing its Media and Adventitia layers. The constitutive model employed (Holzapfel et al. in J Elast 61:1-48, 2000) is parametrized via available data on stress-strain experiments for arterioles. The model is completed by simulating the blood/plasma flow in the lumen, using the thixotropic elasto-viscoplastic model in its core, and the linear Phan-Thien and Tanner viscoelastic model in its annular part. The Cell-Free Layer (CFL) and the Fåhraeus and Fåhraeus-Lindqvist effects are considered via analytical expressions based on experimental data (Giannokostas et al. in Materials (Basel) 14:367, 2021b). The coupling between tissue deformation and blood flow is achieved through the experimentally verified pressure-shear hypothesis (Pries et al. Circ Res 77:1017-1023, 1995). Our calculations confirm that the increase in the reference inner radius produces larger expansion. Also, by increasing the intraluminal pressure, the thinning of the walls is more pronounced and it may reach 40% of the initial thickness. Comparing our predictions with those in rigid-wall microtubes, we conclude that apart from the vital importance of vasodilation, there is an up to 25% reduction in wall shear stress. The passive vasodilation contributes to the decrease in the tissue stress fields and affects the hemodynamic features such as the CFL thickness, reducing the plasma layer when blood flows in vessels with elastic walls, in quantitative agreement with previous experiments. Our calculations verify the correctness of the pressure-shear hypothesis but not that of the Laplace law.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Giannokostas
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Rheology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Y Dimakopoulos
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Rheology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
| | - J Tsamopoulos
- Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics and Rheology, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bui CM, Ho ANT, Nguyen XB. Flow Behaviors of Polymer Solution in a Lid-Driven Cavity. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122330. [PMID: 35745906 PMCID: PMC9228522 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, a numerical study of polymer flow behaviors in a lid-driven cavity, which is inspired by the coating process, at a broad range of Oldroyd numbers (0≤Od≤50), is carried out. The Reynolds number is height-based and kept at Re=0.001. The fluid investigated is of Carbopol gel possessing yield stress and shear-thinning properties. To express rheological characteristics, the Herschel–Bulkley model cooperated with Papanastasiou’s regularization scheme is utilized. Results show that the polymer flow characteristics, i.e., velocity, viscosity, and vortex distributions, are considerably influenced by viscoplastic behaviors. Additionally, there exist solid-like regions which can be of either moving rigid or static dead types in the flow patterns; they become greater and tend to merge together to construct larger ones when Od increases. Furthermore, various polymer flow aspects in different cavity configurations are discussed and analyzed; the cavity width/aspect ratio and skewed angle are found to have significant impacts on the vortex structures and the formation of solid-like regions. Moreover, results for the critical aspect ratio at which the static dead zone is broken into two parts and the characteristic height of this zone are also reported in detail.
Collapse
|
22
|
Gaynes BI, Shapiro MB, Augustine AS, Xu Y, Lin Y, Mirbod P, Dieter R, Cheng Y, Wu M, Venkataraman H, Gao Y, Petrov P, Xu J. Hierarchical data visualization of experimental erythrocyte aggregation employing cross correlation and optical flow applications. Microvasc Res 2022; 143:104386. [PMID: 35623407 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Appraisal of microvascular erythrocyte velocity as well as aggregation are critical features of hemorheological assessment. Examination of erythrocyte velocity-aggregate characteristics is critical in assessing disorders associated with coagulopathy. Microvascular erythrocyte velocity can be assessed using various methodologic approaches; however, the shared assessment of erythrocyte velocity and aggregation has not been well described. The purpose of this study therefore is to examine three independent erythrocyte assessment strategies with and without experimentally induced aggregation in order to elucidate appropriate analytic strategy for combined velocity/aggregation assessment applicable to in-vivo capillaroscopy. We employed a hierarchical microfluidic model combined with Bland-Altman analysis to examine agreement between three methodologies to assess erythrocyte velocity appropriate for interpretation of cinematography of in-vivo microvascular hemorheology. We utilized optical and manual techniques as well as a technique which we term transversal temporal cross-correlation (TTC) to observe and measure both erythrocyte velocity and aggregation. In general, optical, manual and TTC agree in estimation of velocity at relatively low flow rate, however with an increase in infusion rate the optical flow method yielded the velocity estimates that were lower than the TTC and manual velocity estimates. We suggest that this difference was due to the fact that slower moving particles close to the channel wall were better illuminated than faster particles deeper in the channel which affected the optical flow analysis. Combined velocity/aggregation appraisal using TTC provides an efficient approach for estimating erythrocyte aggregation appropriate for in-vivo applications. We demonstrated that the optical flow and TTC analyses can be used to estimate erythrocyte velocity and aggregation both in ex-vivo microfluidics laboratory experiments as well as in-vivo recordings. The simplicity of TTC velocity may be advantageous for developing velocity estimate methods to be used in the clinic. The trade-off is that TTC estimation cannot capture features of the flow based on optical flow analysis of individually tracked particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce I Gaynes
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States of America; Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States of America
| | - Mark B Shapiro
- Anthem, Inc., 220 Virginia Ave, Indianapolis, IN 46204, United States of America; University of Illinois at Chicago, Richard and Loan Hill Department of Biomedical Engineering, 851 S Morgan St, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Abel Saju Augustine
- Anthem, Inc., 220 Virginia Ave, Indianapolis, IN 46204, United States of America
| | - Yang Xu
- San Diego State University, Department of Computer Science, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Yang Lin
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Mechanical, Industrial & Systems Engineering, 2 East Alumni Avenue, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Parisa Mirbod
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 842 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Robert Dieter
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, United States of America; Edward Hines Jr. VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, United States of America
| | - Yang Cheng
- University of Southern California, Viterbi Department of Computer Science, 941 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States of America
| | - Mengren Wu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 842 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Harish Venkataraman
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Computer Science, 851 S Morgan St, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Yuan Gao
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 842 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Plamen Petrov
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Computer Science, 851 S Morgan St, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America; Hydrogen Health, 125 W 25th St, New York, NY 10001, United States of America
| | - Jie Xu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 842 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jariwala S, Wagner NJ, Beris AN. A Thermodynamically Consistent, Microscopically-Based, Model of the Rheology of Aggregating Particles Suspensions. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24050717. [PMID: 35626600 PMCID: PMC9142112 DOI: 10.3390/e24050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we outline the development of a thermodynamically consistent microscopic model for a suspension of aggregating particles under arbitrary, inertia-less deformation. As a proof-of-concept, we show how the combination of a simplified population-balance-based description of the aggregating particle microstructure along with the use of the single-generator bracket description of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, which leads naturally to the formulation of the model equations. Notable elements of the model are a lognormal distribution for the aggregate size population, a population balance-based model of the aggregation and breakup processes and a conformation tensor-based viscoelastic description of the elastic network of the particle aggregates. The resulting example model is evaluated in steady and transient shear forces and elongational flows and shown to offer predictions that are consistent with observed rheological behavior of typical systems of aggregating particles. Additionally, an expression for the total entropy production is also provided that allows one to judge the thermodynamic consistency and to evaluate the importance of the various dissipative phenomena involved in given flow processes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Guzman-Sepulveda JR, Batarseh M, Wu R, DeCampli WM, Dogariu A. Passive high-frequency microrheology of blood. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:2452-2461. [PMID: 35279707 PMCID: PMC8941587 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01726h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Indicative of various pathologies, blood properties are under intense scrutiny. The hemorheological characteristics are traditionally gauged by bulk, low-frequency indicators that average out critical information about the complex, multi-scale, and multi-component structure. In particular, one cannot discriminate between the erythrocytes contribution to global rheology and the impact of plasma. Nevertheless, in their fast stochastic movement, before they encounter each other, the erythrocytes probe the subtle viscoelasticity of their protein-rich environment. Thus, if these short time scales can be resolved experimentally, the plasma properties could be determined without having to separate the blood components; the blood is practically testing itself. This microrheological description of blood plasma provides a direct link between the composition of whole blood and its coagulability status. We present a parametric model for the viscoelasticity of plasma, which is probed by the erythrocytes over frequency ranges of kilohertz in a picoliter-sized volume. The model is validated both in vitro, using artificial hemo-systems where the composition is controlled, as well as on whole blood where continuous measurements provide real-time information. We also discuss the possibility of using this passive microrheology as an in vivo assay for clinically relevant situations where the blood clotting condition must be observed and managed continuously for diagnosis or during therapeutic procedures at different stages of hemostatic and thrombotic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Rafael Guzman-Sepulveda
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA.
| | - Mahed Batarseh
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA.
| | - Ruitao Wu
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA.
| | - William M DeCampli
- Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Heart Center, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, Florida, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Aristide Dogariu
- CREOL, The College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, 4304 Scorpius, Orlando, Florida, 32816, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Javadi E, Jamali S. Thixotropy and rheological hysteresis in blood flow. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:084901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0079214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Javadi
- Northeastern University, United States of America
| | - Safa Jamali
- Mechanical Engineering, Northeastern University, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Perazzo A, Peng Z, Young YN, Feng Z, Wood DK, Higgins JM, Stone HA. The effect of rigid cells on blood viscosity: linking rheology and sickle cell anemia. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:554-565. [PMID: 34931640 PMCID: PMC8925304 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a disease that affects red blood cells (RBCs). Healthy RBCs are highly deformable objects that under flow can penetrate blood capillaries smaller than their typical size. In SCA there is an impaired deformability of some cells, which are much stiffer and with a different shape than healthy cells, and thereby affect regular blood flow. It is known that blood from patients with SCA has a higher viscosity than normal blood. However, it is unclear how the rigidity of cells is related to the viscosity of blood, in part because SCA patients are often treated with transfusions of variable amounts of normal RBCs and only a fraction of cells will be stiff. Here, we report systematic experimental measurements of the viscosity of a suspension varying the fraction of rigid particles within a suspension of healthy cells. We also perform systematic numerical simulations of a similar mixed suspension of soft RBCs, rigid particles, and their hydrodynamic interactions. Our results show that there is a rheological signature within blood viscosity to clearly identify the fraction of rigidified cells among healthy deformable cells down to a 5% volume fraction of rigidified cells. Although aggregation of RBCs is known to affect blood rheology at low shear rates, and our simulations mimic this effect via an adhesion potential, we show that such adhesion, or aggregation, is unlikely to provide a physical rationalization for the viscosity increase observed in the experiments at moderate shear rates due to rigidified cells. Through numerical simulations, we also highlight that most of the viscosity increase of the suspension is due to the rigidity of the particles rather than their sickled or spherical shape. Our results are relevant to better characterize SCA, provide useful insights relevant to rheological consequences of blood transfusions, and, more generally, extend to the rheology of mixed suspensions having particles with different rigidities, as well as offering possibilities for developments in the field of soft material composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Perazzo
- Novaflux Inc., Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Advanced BioDevices LLC, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Zhangli Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Y-N Young
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Zhe Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - David K Wood
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - John M Higgins
- Center for Systems Biology and Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Howard A Stone
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| |
Collapse
|