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Ciuffreda P, Xynomilakis O, Casati S, Ottria R. Fluorescence-Based Enzyme Activity Assay: Ascertaining the Activity and Inhibition of Endocannabinoid Hydrolytic Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7693. [PMID: 39062935 PMCID: PMC11276806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system, known for its regulatory role in various physiological processes, relies on the activities of several hydrolytic enzymes, such as fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), and α/β-hydrolase domains 6 (ABHD6) and 12 (ABHD12), to maintain homeostasis. Accurate measurement of these enzymes' activities is crucial for understanding their function and for the development of potential therapeutic agents. Fluorometric assays, which offer high sensitivity, specificity, and real-time monitoring capabilities, have become essential tools in enzymatic studies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the principles behind these assays, the various substrates and fluorophores used, and advances in assay techniques used not only for the determination of the kinetic mechanisms of enzyme reactions but also for setting up kinetic assays for the high-throughput screening of each critical enzyme involved in endocannabinoid degradation. Through this comprehensive review, we aim to highlight the strengths and limitations of current fluorometric assays and suggest future directions for improving the measurement of enzyme activity in the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberta Ottria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (O.X.); (S.C.)
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Zhao H, Liu Y, Cai N, Liao X, Tang L, Wang Y. Endocannabinoid Hydrolase Inhibitors: Potential Novel Anxiolytic Drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2143-2167. [PMID: 38882045 PMCID: PMC11179644 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s462785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the idea of targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety disorders has received increasing attention. Previous studies focused more on developing cannabinoid receptor agonists or supplementing exogenous cannabinoids, which are prone to various adverse effects due to their strong pharmacological activity and poor receptor selectivity, limiting their application in clinical research. Endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors are considered to be the most promising development strategies for the treatment of anxiety disorders. More recent efforts have emphasized that inhibition of two major endogenous cannabinoid hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), indirectly activates cannabinoid receptors by increasing endogenous cannabinoid levels in the synaptic gap, circumventing receptor desensitization resulting from direct enhancement of endogenous cannabinoid signaling. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the anxiolytic effects of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors and their potential pharmacological mechanisms, highlight reported novel inhibitors or natural products, and provide an outlook on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Cai
- Outpatient Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Han J, Zhang S, He J, Li T. Piperine: Chemistry and Biology. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:696. [PMID: 38133200 PMCID: PMC10747706 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15120696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Piperine is a plant-derived promising piperamide candidate isolated from the black pepper (Piper nigrum L.). In the last few years, this natural botanical product and its derivatives have aroused much attention for their comprehensive biological activities, including not only medical but also agricultural bioactivities. In order to achieve sustainable development and improve survival conditions, looking for environmentally friendly pesticides with low toxicity and residue is an extremely urgent challenge. Fortunately, plant-derived pesticides are rising like a shining star, guiding us in the direction of development in pesticidal research. In the present review, the recent progress in the biological activities, mechanisms of action, and structural modifications of piperine and its derivatives from 2020 to 2023 are summarized. The structure-activity relationships were analyzed in order to pave the way for future development and utilization of piperine and its derivatives as potent drugs and pesticides for improving the local economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han
- School of Public Administration, Xi’an University of Finance and Economics, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Shaoyong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vector Biology and Pathogen Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Jun He
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
| | - Tianze Li
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang 712100, China;
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Li D, Leng Y, Liao Z, Hu J, Sun Y, Deng S, Wang C, Tian X, Zhou J, Wang R. Nor-triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against FAAH. Nat Prod Res 2023; 37:579-585. [PMID: 35608196 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2022.2078817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two new nor-triterpenoids ganodrenol A (1), B (2), and a new natural product ganodrenol C (3), along with three known nor-triterpenoids (4-6) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. The chemical structures of these isolates were determined by 1 D and 2 D NMR, HRESIMS, and X-ray crystallography analysis. The inhibitory effects of isolated triterpenoids (1-6) against FAAH were evaluated by an in vitro assay, and compound 4 showed an inhibition rate of 70.27%. In addition, the cytotoxic effect of compounds (1-6) was evaluated against LOVO, MCF-7, and RAW264.7 cells, which displayed no significant cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China.,College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqi Leng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengzheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinfang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, People's Republic of China
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Ma Y, Wu Y, Wang X, Gao G, Zhou X. Research Progress of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes Based on 1,3-Dichloro-7-hydroxy-9,9-dimethyl-2(9 H)-acridone (DDAO). CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202206044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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6
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Li DW, Liu M, Leng YQ, Hu JF, Deng S, Leng AJ, Ma XC, Wang RY, Zhou J, Wang C. Lanostane triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory effects against FAAH. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 203:113339. [PMID: 35961409 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a famous edible and medicinal fungus. Through a bioactive phytochemical investigation of the ethanolic extracts of the fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, twenty-nine triterpenoids, including eleven previously undescribed triterpenoids, were isolated and characterized based on spectroscopic data. The inhibitory effects of all the triterpenes against fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) were found to be in the range of 30-60% at 100 μM. Methyl ganoderate A displayed the strongest inhibitory activity (61%) against FAAH. Furthermore, all compounds displayed no cytotoxicity against LOVO and MCF-7 human cancer cells. Hence, our present study provides information about G. lucidum as a functional food or pharmaceutical supplement for the treatment of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Li
- The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People's Republic of China; The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Qi Leng
- School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Fang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sa Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Jing Leng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chi Ma
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruo-Yu Wang
- The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Academy of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, People's Republic of China.
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High-throughput optical assays for sensing serine hydrolases in living systems and their applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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8
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Lin YX, Sun JT, Liao ZZ, Sun Y, Tian XG, Jin LL, Wang C, Leng AJ, Zhou J, Li DW. Triterpenoids from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and their inhibitory activity against FAAH. Fitoterapia 2022; 158:105161. [PMID: 35217118 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen triterpenoids including four new lanostane triterpenoids (1-3 and 5) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum by various chromatographic techniques. Their chemical structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic data, including 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and HRESIMS. In addition, the spectral data of compound 4 was reported for the first time. In an in vitro bioassay, most isolated triterpenoids could inhibit the hydrolysis activity of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Furthermore, there is no cytotoxicity observed for these isolated triterpenoids. Therefore, G. lucidum showed the potential application for anti-neuroinflammation and more FAAH inhibitors may be explored from G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xin Lin
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Jin-Tao Sun
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Zheng-Zheng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Yan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines; Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ge Tian
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Ling-Ling Jin
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Ai-Jing Leng
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
| | - Da-Wei Li
- College of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, PR China.
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