1
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Kleiner S, Wulf V, Bisker G. Single-walled carbon nanotubes as near-infrared fluorescent probes for bio-inspired supramolecular self-assembled hydrogels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 670:439-448. [PMID: 38772260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogels derived from fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-conjugated amino acids and peptides demonstrate remarkable potential in biomedical applications, including drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and tissue engineering. These hydrogels can be injectable, offering a minimally invasive approach to hydrogel implantation. Given their potential for prolonged application, there is a need for non-destructive evaluation of their properties over extended periods. Thus, we introduce a hydrogel characterization platform employing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes. Our approach involves generating supramolecular self-assembling hydrogels from aromatic Fmoc-amino acids. Integrating SWCNTs into the hydrogels maintains their structural and mechanical properties, establishing SWCNTs as optical probes for hydrogels. We demonstrate that the SWCNT NIR-fluorescence changes during the gelation process correlate to rheological changes within the hydrogels. Additionally, single particle tracking of SWCNTs incorporated in the hydrogels provides insights into differences in hydrogel morphologies. Furthermore, the disassembly process of the hydrogels can be monitored through the SWCNT fluorescence modulation. The unique attribute of SWCNTs as non-photobleaching fluorescent sensors, emitting at the biologically transparent window, offers a non-destructive method for studying hydrogel dynamics over extended periods. This platform could be applied to a wide range of self-assembling hydrogels to advance our understanding and applications of supramolecular assembly technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirel Kleiner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Verena Wulf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gili Bisker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Physics and Chemistry of Living Systems, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel.
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2
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Hara Y, Yoshizawa K, Yaguchi A, Hiramatsu H, Uchida N, Muraoka T. ROS-Responsive Methionine-Containing Amphiphilic Peptides Impart Enzyme-Triggered Phase Transition and Antioxidant Cell Protection. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:3499-3506. [PMID: 38720562 PMCID: PMC11170935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.4c00129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by cellular activities, such as metabolism and immune response, and play important roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. However, overproduced ROS causes irreversible damage to nucleic acids and membrane lipids, supporting genetic mutations and enhancing the effects of aging. Cells defend themselves against ROS using antioxidant systems based on redox-active sulfur and transition metals. Inspired by such biological redox-responsive systems, we developed methionine-containing self-assembling peptides. The Met-containing peptides formed hydrogels that underwent a gel-to-sol phase transition upon oxidation by H2O2, and the sensitivity of the peptides to the oxidant increased as the number of Met residues increased. The peptide containing three Met residues, the largest number of Met residues in our series of designed peptides, showed the highest sensitivity to oxidation and detoxification to protect cells from ROS damage. In addition, this peptide underwent a phase transition in response to H2O2 produced by an oxidizing enzyme. This study demonstrates the design of a supramolecular biomaterial that is responsive to enzymatically generated ROS and can protect cells against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshika Hara
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshizawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuya Yaguchi
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Hiramatsu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry and Institute of Molecular Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Center
for Emergent Functional Matter Science National
Yang Ming Chiao Tung University 1001 Ta-Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Noriyuki Uchida
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Muraoka
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei 184-8588, Tokyo, Japan
- Kanagawa
Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 705-1 Shimoimaizumi, Ebina 243-0435, Kanagawa, Japan
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3
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Hua Z, Li Y, Chen T, Wu D, Xu Y, Hu JN. Morin-Based Nanoparticles for Regulation of Blood Glucose. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:21400-21414. [PMID: 38640094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Morin, a naturally occurring bioactive compound shows great potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, and regulator of blood glucose levels. However, its low water solubility, poor lipid solubility, limited bioavailability, and rapid clearance in vivo hinder its application in blood glucose regulation. To address these limitations, we report an enzymatically synthesized nanosized morin particle (MNs) encapsulated in sodium alginate microgels (M@SA). This approach significantly enhances morin's delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy in blood glucose regulation. Utilizing horseradish peroxidase, we synthesized MNs averaging 305.7 ± 88.7 nm in size. These MNs were then encapsulated via electrohydrodynamic microdroplet spraying to form M@SA microgels. In vivo studies revealed that M@SA microgels demonstrated prolonged intestinal retention and superior efficacy compared with unmodified morin and MNs alone. Moreover, MNs notably improved glucose uptake in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, M@SA microgels effectively regulated blood glucose, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress in diabetic mice while mitigating liver, kidney, and pancreatic damage and enhancing anti-inflammatory responses. Our findings propose a promising strategy for the oral administration of natural compounds for blood glucose regulation, with implications for broader therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Hua
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Tao Chen
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Di Wu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Yu Xu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- SKL of Marine Food Processing & Safety Control, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
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4
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Scarel E, De Corti M, Polentarutti M, Pierri G, Tedesco C, Marchesan S. Self-assembly of heterochiral, aliphatic dipeptides with Leu. J Pept Sci 2024; 30:e3559. [PMID: 38111175 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the self-assembly behavior of heterochiral, aliphatic dipeptides, l-Leu-d-Xaa (Xaa = Ala, Val, Ile, Leu), in green solvents such as acetonitrile (MeCN) and buffered water at neutral pH. Interestingly, water plays a structuring role because at 1% v/v, it enables dipeptide self-assembly in MeCN to yield organogels, which then undergo transition towards crystals. Other organic solvents and oils were tested for gelation, and metastable gels were formed in tetrahydrofuran, although at high peptide concentration (80 mM). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed the dipeptides' supramolecular packing modes in amphipathic layers, as opposed to water channels reported for the homochiral Leu-Leu, or hydrophobic columns reported for homochiral Leu-Val and Leu-Ile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Scarel
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco De Corti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Pierri
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Consiglia Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchesan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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5
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Halder M, Singh A, Negi D, Singh Y. Investigating the Role of Amino Acids in Short Peptides for Hydroxyapatite Binding and Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Aid Bone Regeneration. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2286-2301. [PMID: 38502906 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Bone defects show a slow rate of osteoconduction and imperfect reconstruction, and the current treatment strategies to treat bone defects suffer from limitations like immunogenicity, lack of cell adhesion, and the absence of osteogenic activity. In this context, bioactive supramolecular peptides and peptide gels offer unique opportunities to develop biomaterials that can play a dominant role in the biomineralization of bone tissues and promote bone formation. In this article, we have demonstrated the potential of six tetrapeptides for specific binding to hydroxyapatite (HAp), a major inorganic component of the bone, and their effect on the growth and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We adopted a simplistic approach of rationally designing amphiphilic peptides by incorporating amino acids, Ser, pSer, Pro, Hyp, Asp, and Glu, which are present in either collagenous or noncollagenous proteins and render properties like antioxidant, calcification, and mineralization. A total of six tetrapeptides, Trp-Trp-His-Ser (WWHS), Trp-Trp-His-pSer (WWHJ), Trp-Trp-His-Pro (WWHP), Trp-Trp-His-Hyp (WWHO), Trp-Trp-His-Asp (WWHD), and Trp-Trp-His-Glu (WWHE), were synthesized. Four peptides were found to self-assemble into nanofibrillar gels resembling the extracellular matrix (ECM), and the remaining two peptides (WWHJ, WWHP) self-assembled into nanorods. The peptides showed excellent cell adhesion, encapsulation, proliferation, and migration and induced the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as evident from the enhanced mineralization, resulting from the upregulation of osteogenic markers, RUNX 2, COL I, OPN, and OCN, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) production, and calcium deposition. The peptides also induced the downregulation of inflammatory markers, TNF-α and iNOS, and the upregulation of the anti-inflammatory marker, IL-10, resulting in M2 macrophage polarization. RANKL and TRAP genes were downregulated in a coculture system of MC3T3-E1 and RAW 264.7 cells, implying that peptides promote osteogenesis and inhibit osteoclastogenesis. The peptide-based biomaterials developed in this work can enhance bone regeneration capacity and show strong potential as scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Halder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Ananya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Negi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Yashveer Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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6
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Li SH, Li YF, Wu D, Xu Y, Yan HJ, Hu JN. Metal-polyphenol microgels for oral delivery of puerarin to alleviate the onset of diabetes. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:757-772. [PMID: 37768531 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Puerarin (Pue) is a naturally bioactive compound with many potential functions in regulating blood glucose and lipid metabolism. However, the low bioavailability and rapid elimination in vivo limit the application of Pue in diabetic treatment. Here, we developed a metal-polyphenol-functionalized microgel to effectively deliver Pue in vivo and eventually alleviate the onset of diabetes. Pue was initially encapsulated in alginate beads through electrospray technology, and further immersed in Fe3+ and tannic acid solution from tannic acid (TA)-iron (Fe) coatings (TF). These constructed Pue@SA-TF microgels exhibited uniform spheres with an average size of 367.89 ± 18.74 µm and high encapsulation efficiency of Pue with 61.16 ± 1.39%. In vivo experiments proved that compared with free Pue and microgels without TF coatings, the biological distribution of Pue@SA-TF microgels specifically accumulated in the small intestine, prolonged the retention time of Pue, and achieved a high effectiveness in vivo. Anti-diabetic experimental results showed that Pue@SA-TF microgels significantly improved the levels of blood glucose, blood lipid, and oxidative stress in diabetic mice. Meanwhile, histopathological observations indicated that Pue@SA-TF microgels could significantly alleviate the damage to the liver, kidney, and pancreas in diabetic mice. Our study provided an effective strategy for oral delivery of Pue and achieved high anti-diabetic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hui Li
- Research Group of Nutrition and Health, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yan-Fei Li
- Research Group of Nutrition and Health, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Di Wu
- Research Group of Nutrition and Health, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Research Group of Nutrition and Health, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Hui-Jia Yan
- Research Group of Nutrition and Health, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Hu
- Research Group of Nutrition and Health, National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116034, China.
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7
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Chen Z, Zhou W, Wei Y, Shi L, Zhang Z, Dadgar M, Zhu G, Zhang G. Preparation and performance of a stimuli-responsive drug delivery system: novel light-triggered temperature-sensitive drug-loaded microcapsules. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9757-9764. [PMID: 37807767 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive/smart drug delivery systems (DDSs), particularly those that use temperature as a stimuli-response factor to activate drug release, are the subject of recent research. A phase change material (PCM) is a popular thermally responsive material that can be used as a drug carrier and only when the system temperature is above the phase change point is the drug released following the phase change material changing from solid to liquid. In this study, a novel NIR light-triggered temperature-sensitive drug delivery system is developed for controllable release of acyclovir (ACV). For this purpose, a mixture of a phase change material (T38) and an ACV compound is first emulsified with copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) as a Pickering stabilizer and a photothermal conversion material, and then encapsulated with SiO2 to form a photothermal stimuli-responsive delivery system. This system shows a uniform spherical shape with a well-distinct core-shell structure, and is further experimentally proven to be able to controllably release drugs with solid-liquid transition of the phase change carrier upon temperature change. These results indicate that cumulative release of ACV can reach 51.2% at 40 °C within 20 hours, which is much higher than 27.3% release achieved below the melting point of T38. In addition, CuO NPs with excellent photothermal conversion ability endow the system with precisely controllable drug delivery via NIR light stimulation, where the cumulative drug release can reach 83.6% after 7 cycles of light stimulation, allowing controlled release at a specific time or location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Wangting Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yujing Wei
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Lingling Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Zhaoxia Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Mehran Dadgar
- Department of Textile, University of Neyshabur, Adib Boulevard, Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran
| | - Guocheng Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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8
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Rasool N, Negi D, Singh Y. Thiol-Functionalized, Antioxidant, and Osteogenic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Osteoporosis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37172017 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disorder characterized by decreased bone mass, leading to brittle bones and fractures. Oxidative stress has been identified as the most profound trigger for the initiation and progression of osteoporosis. Current treatment strategies do not induce new bone formation and fail to address a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have been explored in bone tissue regeneration owing to their inherent osteogenic property, but they lack antioxidant and cell adhesion properties, required in such applications. We have developed thiolated, bioactive mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-SH) to address this challenge. MSNs were fabricated using the Stöber method, and 11% of the surface was functionalized post-synthesis with thiol groups using MPTMS to obtain MSN-SH. The particle size measured by the dynamic light scattering technique was found to be around 300 nm. The surface morphology was investigated using HR-TEM, and their physical and chemical properties were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. They exhibited more than 90% antioxidant activity, neutralized ROS formed in cells, and provided protection against ROS-induced cell damage. The cell viability assay in murine osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3) showed that MSN-SH is cell-proliferative in nature with 140% cell viability. Osteogenic potential was evaluated by measuring the ALP activities, calcium deposition, and gene expression levels of osteogenic markers, such as RUNX2, ALP, OCN, and OPN, and results revealed that MSN-SH increases calcium deposition and induces osteogenesis through upregulation of osteogenic genes and markers without the involvement of any osteogenic supplements. Besides promoting osteogenesis, MSN-SH was found to inhibit osteoclastogenesis. The nanomaterial was found to be regenerative in nature, and it stimulated migration of osteoblast cells and caused a complete wound closure within 48 h. We were able to achieve a multifunctional nanomaterial by simply modifying the surface. MSNs have been explored for bone tissue engineering/osteoporosis as a composite system incorporating metals, like gold and cerium, or as a nanocarrier loaded with growth factors or active drugs. This study offers a simple and economical method to enhance the existing properties of MSNs and impart new activities by a single-step surface modification. It can be concluded that MSN-SH holds promise as a complementary and alternate treatment for osteoporosis along with the standardized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahida Rasool
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Deepa Negi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
| | - Yashveer Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, Punjab, India
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9
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Ravarino P, Panja S, Adams DJ. Spatiotemporal Control Over Base-Catalysed Hydrogelation Using a Bilayer System. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200606. [PMID: 35995598 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the formation and directional growth of hydrogels is a challenge. In this paper, we propose a new methodology to program the gel formation both over space and time, using the diffusion and subsequent hydrolysis of 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) from an immiscible organic solution to the aqueous gel media. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Ravarino
- Dipartimento di Chimica Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Santanu Panja
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, U.K
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10
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Dong L, Ren Y, Zhang W, Liu Y, Liu M, Hong C, Wang M, Zhan B, Ding X, Wang X. Painless and flexible bi-directional blood glucose-regulating system inspired by inverter air conditioner. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5318-5325. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00920j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing painless and flexible blood glucose regulating has been a century-long arduous mission. The current therapeutic systems can only regulate blood glucose unidirectionally (reduce), and the adjustment range is large,...
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