1
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Tomaník L, Pugini M, Mudryk K, Thürmer S, Stemer D, Credidio B, Trinter F, Winter B, Slavíček P. Liquid-jet photoemission spectroscopy as a structural tool: site-specific acid-base chemistry of vitamin C. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19673-19684. [PMID: 38963770 PMCID: PMC11267885 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Liquid-jet photoemission spectroscopy (LJ-PES) directly probes the electronic structure of solutes and solvents. It also emerges as a novel tool to explore chemical structure in aqueous solutions, yet the scope of the approach has to be examined. Here, we present a pH-dependent liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopic investigation of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). We combine core-level photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations, allowing us to site-specifically explore the acid-base chemistry of the biomolecule. For the first time, we demonstrate the capability of the method to simultaneously assign two deprotonation sites within the molecule. We show that a large change in chemical shift appears even for atoms distant several bonds from the chemically modified group. Furthermore, we present a highly efficient and accurate computational protocol based on a single structure using the maximum-overlap method for modeling core-level photoelectron spectra in aqueous environments. This work poses a broader question: to what extent can LJ-PES complement established structural techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance? Answering this question is highly relevant in view of the large number of incorrect molecular structures published.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukáš Tomaník
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Michele Pugini
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karen Mudryk
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Dominik Stemer
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bruno Credidio
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Florian Trinter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Bernd Winter
- Molecular Physics, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Petr Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Tsizin S, Ban L, Chasovskikh E, Yoder BL, Signorell R. Valence photoelectron imaging of molecular oxybenzone. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:19236-19246. [PMID: 38957915 PMCID: PMC11253247 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06224d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
An oxybenzone molecule in the gas phase was characterized by mass spectrometry and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, using both single and multiphoton ionization schemes. A tabletop high harmonic generation source with a monochromator was used for single-photon ionization of oxybenzone with photon energies of up to 35.7 eV. From this, vertical ionization and appearance energies, as well as energy-dependent anisotropy parameters were retrieved and compared with the results from DFT calculations. For two-photon ionization using 4.7 eV light, we found a higher appearance energy than in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) case, highlighting the possible influence of an intermediate state on the photoionization process. We found no differences in the mass spectra when ionizing oxybenzone by single-photons between 17.2 and 35.7 eV. However, for the multiphoton ionization, the fragmentation process was found to be sensitive to the photoionization order and laser intensity. The "softest" method was found to be two-photon ionization using 4.7 eV light, which led to no measurable fragmentation up to an intensity of 5 × 1012 W cm-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Tsizin
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2., CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Loren Ban
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2., CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Egor Chasovskikh
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2., CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Bruce L Yoder
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2., CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2., CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Bloß D, Trinter F, Unger I, Zindel C, Honisch C, Viehmann J, Kiefer N, Marder L, Küstner-Wetekam C, Heikura E, Cederbaum LS, Björneholm O, Hergenhahn U, Ehresmann A, Hans A. X-ray radiation damage cycle of solvated inorganic ions. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4594. [PMID: 38816362 PMCID: PMC11139941 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
X-ray-induced damage is one of the key topics in radiation chemistry. Substantial damage is attributed to low-energy electrons and radicals emerging from direct inner-shell photoionization or produced by subsequent processes. We apply multi-electron coincidence spectroscopy to X-ray-irradiated aqueous solutions of inorganic ions to investigate the production of low-energy electrons (LEEs) in a predicted cascade of intermolecular charge- and energy-transfer processes, namely electron-transfer-mediated decay (ETMD) and interatomic/intermolecular Coulombic decay (ICD). An advanced coincidence technique allows us to identify several LEE-producing steps during the decay of 1s vacancies in solvated Mg2+ ions, which escaped observation in previous non-coincident experiments. We provide strong evidence for the predicted recovering of the ion's initial state. In natural environments the recovering of the ion's initial state is expected to cause inorganic ions to be radiation-damage hot spots, repeatedly producing destructive particles under continuous irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bloß
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Isaak Unger
- Chemical and Biomolecular Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Zindel
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Carolin Honisch
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Johannes Viehmann
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nils Kiefer
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lutz Marder
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Catmarna Küstner-Wetekam
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Emilia Heikura
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Lorenz S Cederbaum
- Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Olle Björneholm
- Chemical and Biomolecular Physics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Andreas Hans
- Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.
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4
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Hoek H, Gerber T, Richter C, Dupuy R, Rapf RJ, Oertel H, Buttersack T, Trotochaud L, Karslıoğlu O, Goodacre D, Blum M, Gericke SM, Buechner C, Rude B, Mugele F, Wilson KR, Bluhm H. Compression of a Stearic Acid Surfactant Layer on Water Investigated by Ambient Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:3755-3763. [PMID: 38578662 PMCID: PMC11033867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
We present a combined Langmuir-Pockels trough and ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS) study of the compression of stearic acid surfactant layers on neat water. Changes in the packing density of the molecules are directly determined from C 1s and O 1s APXPS data. The experimental data are fit with a 2D model for the stearic acid coverage. Based on the results of these proof-of-principle experiments, we discuss the remaining challenges that need to be overcome for future investigations of the role of surfactants in heterogeneous chemical reactions at liquid-vapor interfaces in combined Langmuir-Pockels trough and APXPS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harmen Hoek
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Physics
of Complex Fluids − MESA+institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Timm Gerber
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca J. Rapf
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Holger Oertel
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lena Trotochaud
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Osman Karslıoğlu
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dana Goodacre
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, The University of
Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Monika Blum
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Sabrina M. Gericke
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christin Buechner
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Bruce Rude
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Frieder Mugele
- Physics
of Complex Fluids − MESA+institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente,
PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin R. Wilson
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Fritz
Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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5
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Kwan V, Consta S, Malek SMA. Variation of Surface Propensity of Halides with Droplet Size and Temperature: The Planar Interface Limit. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:193-207. [PMID: 38127582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The radial number density profiles of halide and alkali ions in aqueous clusters with equimolar radius ≲1.4 nm, which correspond to ≲255 H2O molecules, have been extensively studied by computations. However, the surface abundance of Cl-, Br-, and I- relative to the bulk interior in these smaller clusters may not be representative of the larger systems. Indeed, here we show that the larger the cluster is, the lower the relative surface abundance of chaotropic halides is. In droplets with an equimolar radius of ≈2.45 nm, which corresponds to ≈2000 H2O molecules, the polarizable halides show a clear number density maximum in the droplet's bulk-like interior. A similar pattern is observed in simulations of the aqueous planar interface with halide salts at room temperature. At elevated temperature the surface propensity of Cl- decreases gradually, while that of I- is partially preserved. The change in the chaotropic halide location at higher temperatures than the room temperature may considerably affect photochemical reactivity in atmospheric aerosols, vapor-liquid nucleation and growth mechanisms, and salt crystallization via solvent evaporation. We argue that the commonly used approach of nullifying parameters in a force field in order to find the factors that determine the ion location does not provide transferable insight into other force fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kwan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Styliani Consta
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7
| | - Shahrazad M A Malek
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada A1B 3X7
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6
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Gopakumar G, Unger I, Slavíček P, Hergenhahn U, Öhrwall G, Malerz S, Céolin D, Trinter F, Winter B, Wilkinson I, Caleman C, Muchová E, Björneholm O. Radiation damage by extensive local water ionization from two-step electron-transfer-mediated decay of solvated ions. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1408-1414. [PMID: 37620544 PMCID: PMC10533389 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular radiation damage is largely mediated by radicals and low-energy electrons formed by water ionization rather than by direct ionization of biomolecules. It was speculated that such an extensive, localized water ionization can be caused by ultrafast processes following excitation by core-level ionization of hydrated metal ions. In this model, ions relax via a cascade of local Auger-Meitner and, importantly, non-local charge- and energy-transfer processes involving the water environment. Here, we experimentally and theoretically show that, for solvated paradigmatic intermediate-mass Al3+ ions, electronic relaxation involves two sequential solute-solvent electron transfer-mediated decay processes. The electron transfer-mediated decay steps correspond to sequential relaxation from Al5+ to Al3+ accompanied by formation of four ionized water molecules and two low-energy electrons. Such charge multiplication and the generated highly reactive species are expected to initiate cascades of radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gopakumar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - I Unger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- FS-BIG, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - P Slavíček
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - U Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Öhrwall
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - S Malerz
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Céolin
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Paris, France
| | - F Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - B Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, Germany
| | - I Wilkinson
- Institute for Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Caleman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Muchová
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - O Björneholm
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Thøgersen J, Weidner T, Jensen F. The primary photolysis of aqueous carbonate di-anions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:14104-14116. [PMID: 37161877 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00236e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We study the primary photolysis dynamics of aqueous carbonate, CO32-(aq), and hydrogen carbonate, HCO3-(aq), when they are excited at λ = 200 nm. The photolysis is recorded with sub-picosecond time resolution using UV pump-Vis probe and UV pump-IR probe transient absorption spectroscopy and interpreted with the aid of density functional theory calculations. When CO32- is excited via single photon absorption at λ = 200 nm, Φ(t = 20 ps) = 82 ± 5% of the excited di-anions either detach an electron or dissociate. The electron detachment takes place from the excited state in t < 1 ps and forms ground state CO3˙- and eaq-. Dissociation occurs from both the electronic ground and excited states of CO32-. Dissociation from the CO32- excited state is assisted by water molecules and forms CO2˙-, OH˙ and OH-. The dissociation occurs both directly from the Franck-Condon region in t < 1 ps and indirectly with a time constant of τ = 13.9 ± 0.5 ps as the excited state relaxes. Dissociation of vibrationally excited CO32- molecules in the electronic ground state is also assisted by water molecules and forms CO2 and two OH- anions. The dissociation and subsequent vibrational relaxation of CO2 occur with a time constant of τ = 10.2 ± 0.5 ps. The residual 1 - Φ(t = 20 ps) = 18 ± 5% of the excited CO32- di-anions return by internal conversion to the equilibrated CO32- ground state with a time constant of τ = 4.0 ± 0.4 ps. The extinction coefficient of aqueous hydrogen carbonate HCO3-(aq) at λ = 200 nm is an order of magnitude smaller than that of carbonate, so even though the hydrogen carbonate anions dominate the carbonate di-anions in the hydrogen carbonate solution, the primary photolysis of hydrogen carbonate is obscured by the photo-products of carbonate. Hence, we are unable to assess the primary photolysis of hydrogen carbonate. However, the weak one-photon absorption facilitates two-photon ionization of water, which forms hydronium, H3O+, cations. The sudden increase in the acidity induced by two-photon ionization protonates the ground state hydrogen carbonate molecules, thus offering a rare spectroscopic glimpse of aqueous carbonic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Thøgersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University. Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Weidner
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University. Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Frank Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University. Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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8
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Buttersack T, Haak H, Bluhm H, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Winter B. Imaging temperature and thickness of thin planar liquid water jets in vacuum. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034901. [PMID: 37398627 PMCID: PMC10314331 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We present spatially resolved measurements of the temperature of a flat liquid water microjet for varying ambient pressures, from vacuum to 100% relative humidity. The entire jet surface is probed in a single shot by a high-resolution infrared camera. Obtained 2D images are substantially influenced by the temperature of the apparatus on the opposite side of the infrared camera; a protocol to correct for the thermal background radiation is presented. In vacuum, we observe cooling rates due to water evaporation on the order of 105 K/s. For our system, this corresponds to a temperature decrease in approximately 15 K between upstream and downstream positions of the flowing leaf. Making reasonable assumptions on the absorption of the thermal background radiation in the flatjet, we can extend our analysis to infer a thickness map. For a reference system, our value for the thickness is in good agreement with the one reported from white light interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernd Winter
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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9
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Carter-Fenk K, Johnson BA, Herbert JM, Schenter GK, Mundy CJ. Birth of the Hydrated Electron via Charge-Transfer-to-Solvent Excitation of Aqueous Iodide. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:870-878. [PMID: 36657160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A primary means to generate hydrated electrons in laboratory experiments is excitation to the charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) state of a solute such as I-(aq), but this initial step in the genesis of e-(aq) has never been simulated directly using ab initio molecular dynamics. We report the first such simulations, combining ground- and excited-state simulations of I-(aq) with a detailed analysis of fluctuations in the Coulomb potential experienced by the nascent solvated electron. What emerges is a two-step picture of the evolution of e-(aq) starting from the CTTS state: I-(aq) + hν → I-*(aq) → I•(aq) + e-(aq). Notably, the equilibrated ground state of e-(aq) evolves from I-*(aq) without any nonadiabatic transitions, simply as a result of solvent reorganization. The methodology used here should be applicable to other photochemical electron transfer processes in solution, an important class of problems directly relevant to photocatalysis and energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carter-Fenk
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Britta A Johnson
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - John M Herbert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Gregory K Schenter
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
| | - Christopher J Mundy
- Physical Science Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington99352, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington98195, United States
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10
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Dupuy R, Thürmer S, Richter C, Buttersack T, Trinter F, Winter B, Bluhm H. Core-Level Photoelectron Angular Distributions at the Liquid-Vapor Interface. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:215-223. [PMID: 36695522 PMCID: PMC9910046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusPhotoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a powerful tool for the investigation of liquid-vapor interfaces, with applications in many fields from environmental chemistry to fundamental physics. Among the aspects that have been addressed with PES is the question of how molecules and ions arrange and distribute themselves within the interface, that is, the first few nanometers into solution. This information is of crucial importance, for instance, for atmospheric chemistry, to determine which species are exposed in what concentration to the gas-phase environment. Other topics of interest include the surface propensity of surfactants, their tendency for orientation and self-assembly, as well as ion double layers beneath the liquid-vapor interface. The chemical specificity and surface sensitivity of PES make it in principle well suited for this endeavor. Ideally, one would want to access complete atomic-density distributions along the surface normal, which, however, is difficult to achieve experimentally for reasons to be outlined in this Account. A major complication is the lack of accurate information on electron transport and scattering properties, especially in the kinetic-energy regime below 100 eV, a pre-requisite to retrieving the depth information contained in photoelectron signals.In this Account, we discuss the measurement of the photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) as a way to obtain depth information. Photoelectrons scatter with a certain probability when moving through the bulk liquid before being expelled into a vacuum. Elastic scattering changes the electron direction without a change in the electron kinetic energy, in contrast to inelastic scattering. Random elastic-scattering events usually lead to a reduction of the measured anisotropy as compared to the initial, that is, nascent PAD. This effect that would be considered parasitic when attempting to retrieve information on photoionization dynamics from nascent liquid-phase PADs can be turned into a powerful tool to access information on elastic scattering, and hence probing depth, by measuring core-level PADs. Core-level PADs are relatively unaffected by effects other than elastic scattering, such as orbital character changes due to solvation. By comparing a molecule's gas-phase angular anisotropy, assumed to represent the nascent PAD, with its liquid-phase anisotropy, one can estimate the magnitude of elastic versus inelastic scattering experienced by photoelectrons on their way to the surface from the site at which they were generated. Scattering events increase with increasing depth into solution, and thus it is possible to correlate the observed reduction in angular anisotropy with the depth below the surface along the surface normal.We will showcase this approach for a few examples. In particular, our recent works on surfactant molecules demonstrated that one can indeed probe atomic distances within these molecules with a high sensitivity of ∼1 Å resolution along the surface normal. We were also able to show that the anisotropy reduction scales linearly with the distance along the surface normal within certain limits. The limits and prospects of this technique are discussed at the end, with a focus on possible future applications, including depth profiling at solid-vapor interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Dupuy
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Clemens Richter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Trinter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,Institut
für Kernphysik, Goethe-Universität
Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
1, Frankfurt am Main60438, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195Berlin, Germany,
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11
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Winter B, Thürmer S, Wilkinson I. Absolute Electronic Energetics and Quantitative Work Functions of Liquids from Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:77-85. [PMID: 36599420 PMCID: PMC9850918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy (LJ-PES) enabled a breakthrough in the experimental study of the electronic structure of liquid water, aqueous solutions, and volatile liquids more generally. The novelty of this technique, dating back over 25 years, lies in stabilizing a continuous, micron-diameter LJ in a vacuum environment to enable PES studies. A key quantity in PES is the most probable energy associated with vertical promotion of an electron into vacuum: the vertical ionization energy, VIE, for neutrals and cations, or vertical detachment energy, VDE, for anions. These quantities can be used to identify species, their chemical states and bonding environments, and their structural properties in solution. The ability to accurately measure VIEs and VDEs is correspondingly crucial. An associated principal challenge is the determination of these quantities with respect to well-defined energy references. Only with recently developed methods are such measurements routinely and generally viable for liquids. Practically, these methods involve the application of condensed-matter concepts to the acquisition of photoelectron (PE) spectra from liquid samples, rather than solely relying on molecular-physics treatments that have been commonly implemented since the first LJ-PES experiments. This includes explicit consideration of the traversal of electrons to and through the liquid's surface, prior to free-electron detection. Our approach to measuring VIEs and VDEs with respect to the liquid vacuum level specifically involves detecting the lowest-energy electrons emitted from the sample, which have barely enough energy to surmount the surface potential and accumulate in the low-energy tail of the liquid-phase spectrum. By applying a sufficient bias potential to the liquid sample, this low-energy spectral tail can generally be exposed, with its sharp, low-energy cutoff revealing the genuine kinetic-energy-zero in a measured spectrum, independent of any perturbing intrinsic or extrinsic potentials in the experiment. Together with a precisely known ionizing photon energy, this feature enables the straightforward determination of VIEs or VDEs, with respect to the liquid-phase vacuum level, from any PE feature of interest. Furthermore, by additionally determining solution-phase VIEs and VDEs with respect to the common equilibrated energy level in condensed matter, the Fermi level─the generally implemented reference energy in solid-state PES─solution work functions, eΦ, and liquid-vacuum surface dipole effects can be quantified. With LJs, the Fermi level can only be properly accessed by controlling unwanted surface charging and all other extrinsic potentials, which lead to energy shifts of all PE features and preclude access to accurate electronic energetics. More specifically, conditions must be engineered to minimize all undesirable potentials, while maintaining the equilibrated, intrinsic (contact) potential difference between the sample and apparatus. The establishment of these liquid-phase, accurate energy-referencing protocols importantly enables VIE and VDE determinations from near-arbitrary solutions and the quantitative distinction between bulk electronic structure and interfacial effects. We will review and exemplify these protocols for liquid water and several exemplary aqueous solutions here, with a focus on the lowest-ionization- or lowest-detachment-energy PE peaks, which importantly relate to the oxidative stabilities of aqueous-phase species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Winter
- Molecular
Physics Department, Fritz-Haber-Institut
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Thürmer
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan,
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Institute
of Electronic Structure Dynamics, Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany,
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12
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Huart L, Fournier M, Dupuy R, Vacheresse R, Reinhardt M, Cubaynes D, Céolin D, Hervé du Penhoat MA, Renault JP, Guigner JM, Kumar A, Lutet-Toti B, Bozek J, Ismail I, Journel L, Lablanquie P, Penent F, Nicolas C, Palaudoux J. First (e,e) coincidence measurements on solvated sodium benzoate in water using a magnetic bottle time-of-flight spectrometer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:11085-11092. [PMID: 36484473 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02982k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate molecules solvated in water are studied using coincidence electron spectroscopy coupled with a liquid microjet device.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Huart
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MHNH, 75252 Paris, France
| | - M. Fournier
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - R. Dupuy
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Vacheresse
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. Reinhardt
- Nano and Molecular Systems Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
| | - D. Cubaynes
- ISMO, CNRS UMR 8214, Université Paris Sud, bâtiment 350, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - D. Céolin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - M. A. Hervé du Penhoat
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MHNH, 75252 Paris, France
| | - J. P. Renault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, CEA Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - J.-M. Guigner
- Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, Sorbonne Université, UMR CNRS 7590, MHNH, 75252 Paris, France
| | - A. Kumar
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
| | - B. Lutet-Toti
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J. Bozek
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
| | - I. Ismail
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - L. Journel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - P. Lablanquie
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - F. Penent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - C. Nicolas
- Synchrotron Soleil, 91192 Saint Aubin, France
| | - J. Palaudoux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique – Matière et Rayonnement, LCP-MR, F-75005 Paris Cedex 05, France
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13
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Abstract
Knowledge of the electronic structure of an aqueous solution is a prerequisite to understanding its chemical and biological reactivity and its response to light. One of the most direct ways of determining electronic structure is to use photoelectron spectroscopy to measure electron binding energies. Initially, photoelectron spectroscopy was restricted to the gas or solid phases due to the requirement for high vacuum to minimize inelastic scattering of the emitted electrons. The introduction of liquid-jets and their combination with intense X-ray sources at synchrotrons in the late 1990s expanded the scope of photoelectron spectroscopy to include liquids. Liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy is now an active research field involving a growing number of research groups. A limitation of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of aqueous solutions is the requirement to use solutes with reasonably high concentrations in order to obtain photoelectron spectra with adequate signal-to-noise after subtracting the spectrum of water. This has excluded most studies of organic molecules, which tend to be only weakly soluble. A solution to this problem is to use resonance-enhanced photoelectron spectroscopy with ultraviolet (UV) light pulses (hν ≲ 6 eV). However, the development of UV liquid-jet photoelectron spectroscopy has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of inelastic scattering of low kinetic energy electrons (≲5 eV) and the impact on spectral lineshapes and positions.In this Account, we describe the key steps involved in the measurement of UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions: photoionization/detachment, electron transport of low kinetic energy electrons through the conduction band, transmission through the water-vacuum interface, and transport through the spectrometer. We also explain the steps we take to record accurate UV photoelectron spectra of liquids with excellent signal-to-noise. We then describe how we have combined Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution to develop an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. The huge potential of our experimental and spectral retrieval methods is illustrated using three examples. The first is a measurement of the vertical detachment energy of the green fluorescent protein chromophore, a sparingly soluble organic anion whose electronic structure underpins its fluorescence and photooxidation properties. The second is a measurement of the vertical ionization energy of liquid water, which has been the subject of discussion since the first X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement in 1997. The third is a UV photoelectron spectroscopy study of the vertical ionization energy of aqueous phenol which demonstrates the possibility of retrieving true photoelectron spectra from measurements with contributions from components with different concentration profiles.
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14
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Low PJ, Chu W, Nie Z, Bin Mohd Yusof MS, Prezhdo OV, Loh ZH. Observation of a transient intermediate in the ultrafast relaxation dynamics of the excess electron in strong-field-ionized liquid water. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7300. [DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34981-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractA unified picture of the electronic relaxation dynamics of ionized liquid water has remained elusive despite decades of study. Here, we employ sub-two-cycle visible to short-wave infrared pump-probe spectroscopy and ab initio nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations to reveal that the excess electron injected into the conduction band (CB) of ionized liquid water undergoes sequential relaxation to the hydrated electron s ground state via an intermediate state, identified as the elusive p excited state. The measured CB and p-electron lifetimes are 0.26 ± 0.02 ps and 62 ± 10 fs, respectively. Ab initio quantum dynamics yield similar lifetimes and furthermore reveal vibrational modes that participate in the different stages of electronic relaxation, with initial relaxation within the dense CB manifold coupled to hindered translational motions whereas subsequent p-to-s relaxation facilitated by librational and even intramolecular bending modes of water. Finally, energetic considerations suggest that a hitherto unobserved trap state resides ~0.3-eV below the CB edge of liquid water. Our results provide a detailed atomistic picture of the electronic relaxation dynamics of ionized liquid water with unprecedented time resolution.
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15
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Abstract
Reaction dynamics in the liquid-vapor interface is one of the crucial physical sciences but is still starving for in-depth exploration. It is challenging to selectively detect the interfacial species or the yields of chemical reaction therein, meanwhile shielding or reducing the interference from the vapor and liquid bulk. Mass spectrometry is a straightforward method but is also frustrated in such a selective detection. Using a liquid microjet in combination with a pulsed electron beam, a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and a quadrupole mass filter, we recently innovated time-delayed mass spectrometry for investigations of the liquid-vapor interface. In this Account, we illustrate how this unique method succeeds in disentangling different sources, i.e., the vapor and liquid-vapor interface, of the ionic yields of the electron impacts with a liquid beam of alcohol in vacuum. These achievements are basically attributed to the application of an onion-peeling strategy in the ion detection. Concretely, the microsecond time scale of molecular volatilization can be resolved well by tuning the delay time between the nanosecond pulses of incident electron bunch and ion attractor. First, the specific orientation of the interfacial molecule, i.e., a well-known fact about the hydrophobic hydrocarbon groups pointing outside the liquid surface of alcohol, is validated again. More importantly, the dynamic features of time-delayed mass spectra, in particular, for the ionic yields from the liquid-vapor interface, are rationalized explicitly. Moreover, we demonstrate evidence of in situ molecular dimers in the liquid-vapor interface of 1-propanol. As the first example of electron-induced reaction in the liquid-vapor interface, dimethyl ether can be synthesized in the liquid methanol interface due to local interfacial acidification by high-energy electron impacts. On the contrary, the low energy electron can lead to local basicity through dissociative electron attachment (DEA). Besides the primary low-energy electrons, the low-energy secondary and inelastically scattered electrons in the higher-energy impacts of the primary electrons can also participate in the DEA process. In contrast to the gas- or solid-phase DEAs, that in the liquid-vapor interface shows distinct differences in both the types and efficiencies of anionic products. With these and efforts in the future, we develop a molecular-level understanding of how the chemical reactions happen in the liquid-vapor interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shan Xi Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Wangjiang West Road, Hefei230088, China
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16
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Scholz M, Fortune WG, Tau O, Fielding HH. Accurate Vertical Ionization Energy of Water and Retrieval of True Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectra of Aqueous Solutions. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6889-6895. [PMID: 35862937 PMCID: PMC9358712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) photoelectron spectroscopy provides a direct way of measuring valence electronic structure; however, its application to aqueous solutions has been hampered by a lack of quantitative understanding of how inelastic scattering of low-energy (<5 eV) electrons in liquid water distorts the measured electron kinetic energy distributions. Here, we present an efficient and widely applicable method for retrieving true UV photoelectron spectra of aqueous solutions. Our method combines Monte Carlo simulations of electron scattering and spectral inversion, with molecular dynamics simulations of depth profiles of organic solutes in aqueous solution. Its application is demonstrated for both liquid water, and aqueous solutions of phenol and phenolate, which are ubiquitous biologically relevant structural motifs.
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17
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Fournier M, Huart L, Dupuy R, Vacheresse R, Reinhardt M, Cubaynes D, Céolin D, Hervé du Penhoat MA, Renault JP, Guigner JM, Kumar A, Lutet-Toti B, Bozek J, Ismail I, Journel L, Lablanquie P, Penent F, Nicolas C, Palaudoux J. Coupling a magnetic bottle multi-electron spectrometer with a liquid micro-jet device: a comprehensive study of solvated sodium benzoate at the O 1 s threshold. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202227301009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a magnetic bottle time-of-flight electron-electron coincidence spectrometer to perform measurements on solvated molecules in a liquid micro-jet. We present here the first results obtained after ionization of the oxygen 1s inner-shell of sodium benzoate molecules and show the possibilities to filter out the electron signal arising from the liquid phase from the signal of water molecules in the gas phase. Both photoelectrons and Auger electrons spectra (unfiltered and filtered) are presented.
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18
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Dowek D, Decleva P. Trends in angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24614-24654. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02725a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective article, main trends of angle-resolved molecular photoelectron spectroscopy in the laboratory up to the molecular frame, in different regimes of light-matter interactions, are highlighted with emphasis on foundations and most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Dowek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Piero Decleva
- CNR IOM and Dipartimento DSCF, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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