1
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Franc M, Schulz J, Štěpnička P. Facile synthesis and bonding of 4-ferrocenyl-1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene complexes. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38904982 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Ferrocene-substituted carbenes have emerged as attractive, redox-active ligands. However, among the compounds studied to date, ferrocenylated 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidenes, which are closely related to the archetypal imidazol-2-ylidenes, are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the triazolium salt [CHN(Me)NCHN(Fc)]I (2; Fc = ferrocenyl), obtained by alkylation of 4-ferrocenyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole (1) with MeI, reacts selectively with metal alkoxide/hydroxide precursors [(cod)Rh(OMe)]2 and [(IPr)Au(OH)] (cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene, IPr = 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) to produce the ferrocene-substituted 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene complexes [(cod)RhI{CN(Me)NCHN(Fc)}] and [(IPr)Au{CN(Me)NCHN(Fc)}]I in good yields. The complexes were characterised by NMR and IR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Density function theory (DFT) calculations were used to rationalise the electrochemical behaviour of the carbene complexes and to elucidate the bonding situation in these compounds. An analysis using intrinsic bond orbitals (IBOs) revealed that the 1,2,4-triazol-5-ylidene ligand exerted a strong trans influence and showed a synergistic stabilisation by the negative inductive and positive π-donor effects of the nitrogen atoms adjacent to the carbene carbon atom; these effects were enhanced by conjugation with the CHN bond at the exterior, similar to that in imidazol-2-ylidenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Franc
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Schulz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
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2
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Kushwaha R, Upadhyay A, Peters S, Yadav AK, Mishra A, Bera A, Sadhukhan T, Banerjee S. Visible and Red Light-Triggered Anticancer Profile of a Ferrocene-Re(I)-Tricarbonyl Conjugate: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12226-12238. [PMID: 38814099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
We have red-shifted the light absorbance property of a Re(I)-tricarbonyl complex via distant conjugation of a ferrocene moiety and developed a novel complex ReFctp, [Re(Fctp)(CO)3Cl], where Fctp = 4'-ferrocenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine. ReFctp showed green to red light absorption ability and blue emission, indicating its potential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) application. The conjugation of ferrocene introduced ferrocene-based transitions, which lie at a higher wavelength within the PDT therapeutic window. The time-dependent density functional theory and excited state calculations revealed an efficient intersystem crossing for ReFctp, which is helpful for PDT. ReFctp elicited both PDT type I and type II pathways for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and facilitated NADH (1,4-dihydro-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) oxidation upon exposure to visible light. Importantly, ReFctp showed effective penetration through the layers of clinically relevant 3D multicellular tumor spheroids and localized primarily in mitochondria (Pearson's correlation coefficient, PCC = 0.65) of A549 cancer cells. ReFctp produced more than 20 times higher phototoxicity (IC50 ∼1.5 μM) by inducing ROS generation and altering mitochondrial membrane potential in A549 cancer cells than the nonferrocene analogue Retp, [Re(CO)3(tp)Cl], where tp = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine. ReFctp induced apoptotic mode of cell death with a notable photocytotoxicity index (PI, PI = IC50dark/IC50light) and selectivity index (SI, SI = normal cell's IC50dark/cancer cell's IC50light) in the range of 25-33.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Aarti Upadhyay
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Silda Peters
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Arya Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Arpan Bera
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Tumpa Sadhukhan
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Samya Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
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3
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Škoch K, Antala J, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis and catalytic properties of palladium(II) complexes with P,π-chelating ferrocene phosphinoallyl ligands and their non-tethered analogues. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8722-8731. [PMID: 38712379 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00961d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid phosphines usually combine a phosphine moiety with another heteroatom secondary donor group in their structures while compounds equipped with hydrocarbyl π-donor moieties remain uncommon. This contribution reports the synthesis and structural characterization of the first P/π-allyl-chelating complexes that were obtained using the structurally flexible and redox-active ferrocene unit as the scaffold, viz. [PdCl(R2PfcCHCHCH2-η3:κP)] (1R; R = Ph and cyclohexyl (Cy); fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl). These compounds were synthesized from the respective phosphinoferrocene carboxaldehydes R2PfcCHO via reaction with vinylmagnesium bromide to generate 1-(phosphinoferrocenyl)allyl alcohols, which were subsequently acetylated. The resulting allyl acetates reacted smoothly with [Pd2(dba)3]/[Et3NH]Cl (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) to produce the target compounds. Complexes 1R and their nontethered analogues [PdCl(η3-C3H5)(FcPR2-κP)] (5R; Fc = ferrocenyl) were evaluated as pre-catalysts for the Pd-catalysed allylic amination of cinnamyl acetate with aliphatic amines and Suzuki-Miyaura-type cross-coupling of 4-tolylboronic acid with benzoyl chloride. In these reactions, better results were achieved with compounds 5R (particularly with 5Ph), presumably because they form more stable LPd(0)-type catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Škoch
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Antala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
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4
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Bischoff IA, Danés S, Thoni P, Morgenstern B, Andrada DM, Müller C, Lambert J, Gießelmann ECJ, Zimmer M, Schäfer A. A lithium-aluminium heterobimetallic dimetallocene. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01531-y. [PMID: 38744915 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Homobimetallic dimetallocenes exhibiting two identical metal atoms sandwiched between two η5 bonded cyclopentadienyl rings is a narrow class of compounds, with representative examples being dizincocene and diberyllocene. Here we report the synthesis and structural characterization of a heterobimetallic dimetallocene, accessible through heterocoupling of lithium and aluminylene fragments with pentaisopropylcyclopentadienyl ligands. The Al-Li bond features a high ionic character and profits from attractive dispersion interactions between the isopropyl groups of the cyclopentadienyl ligands. A key synthetic step is the isolation of a cyclopentadienylaluminylene monomer, which also enables the structural characterization of this species. In addition to their structural authentication by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, both compounds were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in solution and in the solid state. Furthermore, reactivity studies of the lithium-aluminium heterobimetallic dimetallocene with an N-heterocyclic carbene and different heteroallenes were performed and show that the Al-Li bond is easily cleaved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga-Alexandra Bischoff
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sergi Danés
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Philipp Thoni
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Bernd Morgenstern
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Elias C J Gießelmann
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Zimmer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - André Schäfer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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5
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Scherz F, Bauer M, Domenianni LI, Hoyer C, Schmidt J, Sarkar B, Vöhringer P, Krewald V. Ultrafast photogeneration of a metal-organic nitrene from 1,1'-diazidoferrocene. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6707-6715. [PMID: 38725494 PMCID: PMC11077559 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ferrocene and its derivatives have fascinated chemists for more than 70 years, not least due to the analogies with the properties of benzene. Despite these similarities, the obvious difference between benzene and ferrocene is the presence of an iron ion and hence the availability of d-orbitals for properties and reactivity. Phenylnitrene with its rich photochemistry can be considered an analogue of nitrenoferrocene. As with most organic and inorganic nitrenes, nitrenoferrocene can be obtained by irradiating the azide precursor. We study the photophysical and photochemical processes of dinitrogen release from 1,1'-diazidoferrocene to form 1-azido-1'-nitrenoferrocene with UV-pump-mid-IR-probe transient absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent density functional theory calculations including spin-orbit coupling. An intermediate with a bent azide moiety is identified that is pre-organised for dinitrogen release via a low-lying transition state. The photochemical decay paths on the singlet and triplet surfaces including the importance of spin-orbit coupling are discussed. We compare our findings with the processes discussed for photochemical dinitrogen activation and highlight implications for the photochemistry of azides more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Scherz
- Department of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Markus Bauer
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstraße 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Luis I Domenianni
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstraße 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Carolin Hoyer
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Jonas Schmidt
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstraße 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34-36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Vöhringer
- Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn Wegelerstraße 12 53115 Bonn Germany
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department of Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
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6
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Mathialagan SK, Parreiras SO, Tenorio M, Černa L, Moreno D, Muñiz-Cano B, Navío C, Valvidares M, Valbuena MA, Urgel JI, Gargiani P, Miranda R, Camarero J, Martínez JI, Gallego JM, Écija D. On-Surface Synthesis of Organolanthanide Sandwich Complexes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2308125. [PMID: 38610109 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The synthesis of lanthanide-based organometallic sandwich compounds is very appealing regarding their potential for single-molecule magnetism. Here, it is exploited by on-surface synthesis to design unprecedented lanthanide-directed organometallic sandwich complexes on Au(111). The reported compounds consist of Dy or Er atoms sandwiched between partially deprotonated hexahydroxybenzene molecules, thus introducing a distinct family of homoleptic organometallic sandwiches based on six-membered ring ligands. Their structural, electronic, and magnetic properties are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray linear and circular magnetic dichroism, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, complemented by density functional theory-based calculations. Both lanthanide complexes self-assemble in close-packed islands featuring a hexagonal lattice. It is unveiled that, despite exhibiting analogous self-assembly, the erbium-based species is magnetically isotropic, whereas the dysprosium-based compound features an in-plane magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofia O Parreiras
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Maria Tenorio
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lenka Černa
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Brno University of Technology, Brno, 60190, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Moreno
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Beatriz Muñiz-Cano
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cristina Navío
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Miguel A Valbuena
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - José I Urgel
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Unidad de Nanomateriales Avanzados, IMDEA Nanoscience, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el ICMM, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | | | - Rodolfo Miranda
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Julio Camarero
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - José I Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - José M Gallego
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - David Écija
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanoscience), Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Unidad de Nanomateriales Avanzados, IMDEA Nanoscience, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el ICMM, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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7
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Saviozzi C, Biancalana L, Funaioli T, Bortoluzzi M, De Franco M, Guelfi M, Gandin V, Marchetti F. Triiron Complex with N-Ferrocenyl Aminocarbyne Ligand Bridging a Diiron Core: DFT, Electrochemical, and Biological Insights. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1054-1067. [PMID: 38166407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The first N-ferrocenyl aminocarbyne complex, [Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO){μ-CN(Me)(Fc)}]CF3SO3 ([2]CF3SO3), was synthesized with an 88% yield from [Fe2Cp2(CO)4], isocyanoferrocene (CNFc), and methyl triflate. The synthesis proceeded through the intermediate formation of [Fe2Cp2(CO)3(CNFc)], 1. Multinuclear NMR experiments revealed the presence of cis and trans isomers for [2]CF3SO3 in organic solvents, in agreement with DFT outcomes. Electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies demonstrated one reduction process occurring prevalently at the diiron core and one oxidation involving the ferrocenyl substituent. The oxidation process is expected to favor the redox activation of [2]+ in a biological environment. Both [2]CF3SO3 and its phenyl analogue [Fe2Cp2(CO)2(μ-CO){μ-CN(Me)(Ph)}]CF3SO3 ([3]CF3SO3), prepared for comparison, exerted moderate antiproliferative activity against the human cancer cell lines A431, HCT-15, PSN-1, 2008, and U1285. However, [2]CF3SO3 exhibited a higher cytotoxicity than [3]CF3SO3, showed a substantial ability to induce intracellular ROS production, and outperformed cisplatin in a three-dimensional SCLC cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Saviozzi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Biancalana
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Tiziana Funaioli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Bortoluzzi
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, University of Venezia "Ca' Foscari", Via Torino 155, I-30170 Mestre (VE), Italy
| | - Michele De Franco
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Guelfi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 5, I-35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Marchetti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
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8
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Kasprzak A, Zuchowska A, Romanczuk P, Kowalczyk A, Grudzinski IP, Malkowska A, Nowicka AM, Sakurai H. Oxidation-derived anticancer potential of sumanene-ferrocene conjugates. Dalton Trans 2023; 53:56-64. [PMID: 38078478 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03810f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
An effective synthetic protocol towards the oxidation of sumanene-ferrocene conjugates bearing one to four ferrocene moieties has been established. The oxidation protocol was based on the transformation of FeII from ferrocene to FeIII-containing ferrocenium cations by means of the treatment of the title organometallic buckybowls with a mild oxidant. Successful isolation of these ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives 5-7 gave rise to the biological evaluation of the first, buckybowl-based anticancer agents, as elucidated by in vitro assays with human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MDA-MB-231) and embryotoxicity trials in zebrafish embryos supported with in silico toxicology studies. The designed ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives featured attractive properties in terms of their use in cancer treatments in humans. The tetra-ferrocenium sumanene derivative 7 featured especially beneficial biological features, elucidated by low (<40% for 10 μM) viabilities of MDA-MB-231 cancer cells together with a 1.4-1.7-fold higher viability of normal cells (human mammary fibroblasts, HMF) for respective concentrations. Compound 7 featured significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells thanks to the presence of sumanene and ferrocenium moieties; the latter motif also provided the selectivity of anticancer action. The biological properties of 7 were also improved in comparison with those of native building blocks, which suggested the effects of the presence of the sumanene skeleton towards the anticancer action of this molecule. Ferrocenium-tethered sumanene derivatives exhibited potential towards the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), responsible for biological damage to the cancer cells, with the most efficient generation of the tetra-ferrocenium sumanene derivative 7. Derivative 7 also did not show any embryotoxicity in zebrafish embryos at the tested concentrations, which supports its potential as an effective and cancer-specific anticancer agent. In silico computational analysis also showed no chromosomal aberrations and no mutation with AMES tests for the compound 7 tested with and without microsomal rat liver fractions, which supports its further use as a potent drug candidate in detailed anticancer studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Zuchowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ireneusz P Grudzinski
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Malkowska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha Str. 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Nowicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura Str. 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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9
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Zhang ZE, An YY, Wang F, Li HL, Jiang WL, Han YF. Construction and Hierarchical Self-Assembly of a Supramolecular Metal-Carbene Complex with Multifunctional Units. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202303043. [PMID: 37749755 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical combinations involving metal-ligand interactions and host-guest interactions can consolidate building blocks with unique functions into material properties. This study reports the construction and hierarchical self-assembly of multifunctional trinuclear AuI tricarbene complex containing three crown ether units and three ferrocene units. Host-guest interactions between the multifunctional trinuclear AuI tricarbene complex and organic ammonium salts were investigated, revealing that crown ether-based host-guest interactions can effectively regulate the electrochemical properties of the complex. Utilizing bisammonium salt as the cross-linker and multifunctional trinuclear AuI tricarbene complex as the core, a stimuli-responsive and self-healing supramolecular gel with different functional units was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-En Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan An
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Ling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, P.R. China
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10
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Guchhait C, Suriyaa V, Sahu N, Sarkar SD, Adhikari B. Ferrocene: an exotic building block for supramolecular assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14482-14496. [PMID: 37997157 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene (Fc), a classical organometallic complex, has found potential applications in ligand design, catalysis, and analytical, biological, medicinal and materials chemistry. In recent years, the use of Fc as a building block in supramolecular chemistry has emerged. The molecular shape, size, and hydrophobicity of Fc make it an ideal guest for a variety of macrocyclic host molecules to form stable host-guest complexes. The vertical distance (3.3 Å) between two cyclopentadienyl rings and molecular "ball bearing" property in Fc support the formation of intramolecular π-π stacking, H-bonding and metallophilic interactions between two appropriate substituents in 1,n'-disubstituted ferrocenes. Along with these molecular features, the rigidity along with rotational flexibility, redox reversibility and oxidation-triggered tunable hydrophobicity of Fc have led to its use as an exotic building block for the development of a wide range of supramolecular assemblies such as smart molecular receptors, intricate metal-organic assemblies, supramolecular polymers, and gels including out-of-equilibrium assemblies and metal nanoparticle assemblies. This review highlights the concepts behind the design and development of these assemblies, where the Fc unit has a direct and defined role in their formation and function. The use of Fc in supramolecular assembly is still a relatively young field and set to be the subject of increasing research interest towards the development of fascinating supramolecular structures with tailored properties and programmable functions towards applications in materials and biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakanta Guchhait
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Vembanan Suriyaa
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Nihar Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Sovik Dey Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
| | - Bimalendu Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008, India.
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11
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Sariga, Varghese A. The Renaissance of Ferrocene-Based Electrocatalysts: Properties, Synthesis Strategies, and Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2023; 381:32. [PMID: 37910233 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-023-00441-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating electrochemical properties of the redox-active compound ferrocene have inspired researchers across the globe to develop ferrocene-based electrocatalysts for a wide variety of applications. Advantages including excellent chemical and thermal stability, solubility in organic solvents, a pair of stable redox states, rapid electron transfer, and nontoxic nature improve its utility in various electrochemical applications. The use of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts enables control over the intrinsic properties and electroactive sites at the surface of the electrode to achieve specific electrochemical activities. Ferrocene and its derivatives can function as a potential redox medium that promotes electron transfer rates, thereby enhancing the reaction kinetics and electrochemical responses of the device. The outstanding electrocatalytic activity of ferrocene-based compounds at lower operating potentials enhances the specificity and sensitivity of reactions and also amplifies the response signals. Owing to their versatile redox chemistry and catalytic activities, ferrocene-based electrocatalysts are widely employed in various energy-related systems, molecular machines, and agricultural, biological, medicinal, and sensing applications. This review highlights the importance of ferrocene-based electrocatalysts, with emphasis on their properties, synthesis strategies for obtaining different ferrocene-based compounds, and their electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sariga
- CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India
| | - Anitha Varghese
- CHRIST (Deemed to Be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560029, India.
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12
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Astruc D. The numerous paths of ferrocene. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1650. [PMID: 37907604 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
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13
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Martín-Fernández C, Ferrer M, Alkorta I, Montero-Campillo MM, Elguero J, Mandado M. Metastable Charged Dimers in Organometallic Species: A Look into Hydrogen Bonding between Metallocene Derivatives. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16523-16537. [PMID: 37755334 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiply charged complexes bound by noncovalent interactions have been previously described in the literature, although they were mostly focused on organic and main group inorganic systems. In this work, we show that similar complexes can also be found for organometallic systems containing transition metals and deepen in the reasons behind the existence of these species. We have studied the structures, binding energies, and dissociation profiles in the gas phase of a series of charged hydrogen-bonded dimers of metallocene (Ru, Co, Rh, and Mn) derivatives isoelectronic with the ferrocene dimer. Our results indicate that the carboxylic acid-containing dimers are more strongly bonded and present larger barriers to dissociation than the amide ones and that the cationic complexes tend to be more stable than the anionic ones. Additionally, we describe for the first time the symmetric proton transfer that can occur while in the metastable phase. Finally, we use a density-based energy decomposition analysis to shine light on the nature of the interaction between the dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maxime Ferrer
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- PhD Programme in Theoretical Chemistry and Computational Modelling, Doctoral School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química (Módulo 13, Facultad de Ciencias), Campus de Excelencia UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Mandado
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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14
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Favaron C, Gabano E, Zanellato I, Gaiaschi L, Casali C, Bottone MG, Ravera M. Effects of Ferrocene and Ferrocenium on MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells and Interconnection with Regulated Cell Death Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:6469. [PMID: 37764244 PMCID: PMC10537025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of ferrocene (Fc) and ferrocenium (Fc+) induced in triple negative human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were explored by immunofluorescence, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The different abilities of Fc and Fc+ to produce reactive oxygen species and induce oxidative stress were clearly observed by activating apoptosis and morphological changes after treatment, but also after tests performed on the model organism D. discoideum, particularly in the case of Fc+. The induction of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by an overload of lipid peroxides in cellular membranes, occurred after 2 h of treatment with Fc+ but not Fc. However, the more stable Fc showed its effects by activating necroptosis after a longer-lasting treatment. The differences observed in terms of cell death mechanisms and timing may be due to rapid interconversion between the two oxidative forms of internalized iron species (from Fe2+ to Fe3+ and vice versa). Potential limitations include the fact that iron metabolism and mitophagy have not been investigated. However, the ability of both Fc and Fc+ to trigger different and interregulated types of cell death makes them suitable to potentially overcome the shortcomings of traditional apoptosis-mediated anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Favaron
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Gabano
- Department of Sustainable Development and Ecological Transition, University of Piemonte Orientale, Piazza S. Eusebio 5, 13100 Vercelli, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Zanellato
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ludovica Gaiaschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Claudio Casali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Maria Grazia Bottone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.F.); (L.G.); (C.C.)
| | - Mauro Ravera
- Department of Sciences and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Viale Teresa Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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15
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Schulz J, Antala J, Rezazgui D, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis, Structure, Reactivity, and Intramolecular Donor-Acceptor Interactions in a Phosphinoferrocene Stibine and Its Corresponding Phosphine Chalcogenides and Stiboranes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:14028-14043. [PMID: 37566394 PMCID: PMC10466383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene-based phosphines equipped with additional functional groups are versatile ligands for coordination chemistry and catalysis. This contribution describes a new compound of this type, combining phosphine and stibine groups at the ferrocene backbone, viz. 1-(diphenylphosphino)-1'-(diphenylstibino)ferrocene (1). Phosphinostibine 1 and the corresponding P-chalcogenide derivatives Ph2P(E)fcSbPh2 (1E, fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl, E = O, S, Se) were synthesized and further converted to the corresponding stiboranes Ph2P(E)fcSb(O2C6Cl4)Ph2 (6 and 6E) by oxidation with o-chloranil. All compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction analysis, cyclic voltammetry, and theoretical methods. Both NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations confirmed the presence of P → Sb and P═O → Sb donor-acceptor interactions in 6 and 6O, triggered by the oxidation of the stibine moiety into Lewis acidic stiborane. The corresponding interactions in 6S and 6Se were of the same type but significantly weaker. A coordination study with AuCl as the model metal fragment revealed that the phosphine group acts as the "primary" coordination site, in line with its higher basicity. The obtained Au(I) complexes were applied as catalysts in the Au-catalyzed cyclization of N-propargylbenzamide and in the oxidative [2 + 2 + 1] cyclization of ethynylbenzene with acetonitrile and pyridine N-oxides. The catalytic results showed that the stibine complexes had worse catalytic performance than their phosphine counterparts, most likely due to the formation of weaker coordination bonds and hence poorer stabilization of the active metal species. Nevertheless, the stibine moiety could be used to fine-tune the properties of the ligated metal center by changing the oxidation state or substituents at the "remote" Sb atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Schulz
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Antala
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Rezazgui
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Zhao H, Pan Y, Lau KC. Ferrocene/ferrocenium, cobaltocene/cobaltocenium and nickelocene/nickelocenium: from gas phase ionization energy to one-electron reduction potential in solvated medium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37325896 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01904g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We propose a theoretical procedure for accurate determination of reduction potentials for three metallocene couples, Cp2M+/Cp2M, where M = Fe, Co and Ni. This procedure first computes the gas phase ionization energy (IE) using the explicitly correlated CCSD(T)-F12 method and includes the zero-point energy correction, core-valence electronic correlation, and relativistic and spin-orbit coupling effects. By means of Born-Haber thermochemical cycle, the one-electron reduction potential is obtained as the sum of the gas phase IE and the corresponding Gibbs free energies of solvation (ΔGsolv) for both the neutral and cationic species. Among the three solvent models (PCM, SMD and uESE) investigated here, it turns out that only the SMD model (computed at the DFT level) gives the best estimation of the value for "ΔGsolv(cation) - ΔGsolv(neutral)" and thus, combining with the accurate IE values, the theoretical protocol is capable of yielding reliable values (in V) for , and . These predictions compare favorably with the available experimental data (in V): , , and . We show that our theoretical procedure is reliable for accurate reduction potential predictions of Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe, Cp2Co+/Cp2Co and Cp2Ni+/Cp2Ni redox couples in aqueous and non-aqueous media; the maximum absolute deviation is as small as ≈120 mV, which outperforms those of the existing theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yi Pan
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Kai-Chung Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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17
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Astruc D. From sandwich complexes to dendrimers: journey toward applications to sensing, molecular electronics, materials science, and biomedicine. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37191211 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01175e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This review links various areas of inorganic chemistry around the themes developed by our research group during the last four decades. It is firstly based on the electronic structure of iron sandwich complexes, showing how the metal electron count dictates their reactivities, with various applications (via C-H activation, C-C bond formation) as reducing and oxidizing agents, redox and electrocatalysts and precursors of dendrimers and catalyst templates through bursting reactions. Various electron-transfer processes and consequences are explored, including the influence of the redox state on the acidity of robust ligands and the possibility to iterate in situ C-H activation and C-C bond formation to build arene-cored dendrimers. Examples of how these dendrimers are functionalized are illustrated using the cross olefin metathesis reactions, with application to the synthesis of soft nanomaterials and biomaterials. Mixed and average valence complexes give rise to remarkable subsequent organometallic reactions, including the salt influence on these reactions. The stereo-electronic aspect of these mixed valencies is pointed out in star-shaped multi-ferrocenes with a frustration effect and other multi-organoiron systems, with the perspective of understanding electron-transfer processes among dendrimer redox sites involving electrostatic effects and application to redox sensing and polymer metallocene batteries. Dendritic redox sensing is summarized for biologically relevant anions such as ATP2- with supramolecular exoreceptor interactions at the dendrimer periphery in parallel with the seminal work on metallocene-derived endoreceptors by Beer's group. This aspect includes the design of the first metallodendrimers that have applications in both redox sensing and micellar catalysis with nanoparticles. These properties provide the opportunity to summarize the biomedical (mostly anticancer) applications of ferrocenes, dendrimers and dendritic ferrocenes in biomedicine (in particular the contribution from our group, but not only). Finally, the use of dendrimers as templates for catalysis is illustrated with numerous reactions including C-C bond formation, click reactions and H2 production reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Astruc
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS No. 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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18
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Rupf SM, Sievers R, Riemann PS, Reimann M, Kaupp M, Fasting C, Malischewski M. Persilylation of ferrocene: the ultimate discipline in sterically overcrowded metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:6870-6875. [PMID: 37157981 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01133j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report the preparation and structural characterization of the first persilylated metallocene via the metalation of decabromoferrocene. Although Grignard conditions turned out to be insufficient due to the steric and electronic effects of silyl groups causing a decreased nucleophilicity of the metalated intermediates, stepwise lithium-halogen exchange yields complex mixtures of polysilylated compounds FeC10DMSnH10-n (n = 10, 9, 8) including the targeted decasilylated ferrocene. These mixtures were successfully separated allowing a systematic study of silylation effects on ferrocene by XRD, CV, NMR and UV/vis spectroscopy supported by DFT calculations. The findings were used to develop a high-yielding and simple preparation method to generate a tenfold substituted overcrowded ferrocene, FeC10DMS8Me2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Rupf
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Robin Sievers
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paulin S Riemann
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Marc Reimann
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlo Fasting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34-36, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Zagidullin AA, Lakomkina AR, Khrizanforov MN, Fayzullin RR, Kholin KV, Gerasimova TP, Shekurov RP, Bezkishko IA, Miluykov VA. Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of 2,3,4,5-Tetraphenyl-1-Monophosphaferrocene Derivatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062481. [PMID: 36985450 PMCID: PMC10056091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroleptic 2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-monophosphaferrocene [FeCp(η5-PC4Ph4)] was obtained at a 62% yield through the reaction of lithium 2,3,4,5-tetraphenyl-1-monophosphacyclopentadienide Li(PC4Ph4) (1) with [FeCp(η6-C6H5CH3)][PF6]. The structure of 1-monophosphaferrocene 2 and its W(CO)5-complex 3 were confirmed by multinuclear NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction study and further supported by DFT calculations. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated that [FeCp(η5-PC4Ph4)] 2 has a quasi-reversible oxidation wave. The comparison of the properties of phosphaferrocene 2 with those of W(CO)5-complex 3 shows the possibility of changing the coordination type during oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almaz A. Zagidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alena R. Lakomkina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute of the Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mikhail N. Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- A.M. Butlerov Chemistry Institute of the Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Robert R. Fayzullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kholin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Physics, Kazan National Research Technological University, 68 Karl Marx Street, 420015 Kazan, Russia
| | - Tatiana P. Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ruslan P. Shekurov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ilya A. Bezkishko
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
| | - Vasili A. Miluykov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Arbuzov Street, 420088 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
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20
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Kowalski K. A brief survey on the application of metal-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions to the synthesis of ferrocenyl-x-1,2,3-triazolyl-R (x = none or a linker and R = organic entity) compounds with anticancer activity. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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21
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Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Buchowicz W. Ferrocene-triazole conjugates: do we know why they are biologically active? Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1501-1517. [PMID: 36651023 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bioorganometallic chemistry of ferrocene has been gaining significance in recent years. This review presents ferrocene-triazole conjugates displaying significant biological properties. The conjugates have been synthesized via azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. The data are summarized according to the type of activity (anticancer, antibacterial and/or antifungal, antiprotozoal, and other effects). The results of studies concerning the understanding of the role of the ferrocene core in their biological activity are highlighted. While generally the mode of action of these organometallic species remains unclear, the importance of redox properties of ferrocene has been postulated in several cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Koszytkowska-Stawińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Włodzimierz Buchowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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22
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Schulz J, Antala J, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Beyond phosphorus: synthesis, reactivity, coordination behaviour and catalytic properties of 1,1'-bis(diphenylstibino)ferrocene. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1198-1211. [PMID: 36545831 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03770j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Compared to their widely studied phosphine counterparts, ferrocene stibines have received only marginal attention thus far. This paper describes the synthesis of 1,1'-bis(diphenylstibino)ferrocene (1*), which is an antimony analogue of the ubiquitous dppf, and our investigations into the reactivity and coordination behaviour of this compound. Thus, distibine 1 was oxidised to stiboranes fc(SbPh2X2)2 (X = Cl, 2*; F, 6*; fc = ferrocene-1,1'-diyl) and to stibine-stiborane Ph2SbfcSbPh2F2 (5*). Compounds 2 and 6 were easily hydrolysed to produce ferrocenophanes fc[SbPh2XOSbPh2X] (X = Cl, 3*; F, 7*). Removing the halogen from 3 with silver(I) salts afforded the corresponding ferrocenophanes with O-bound oxyanions, fc[SbPh2ZOSbPh2Z] (Z = NO3, 4a*; ClO4, 4b*), which were alternatively prepared from 2 and also converted back to 2 by adding a chloride source. Through investigations into the coordination behaviour of distibine 1, the following compounds were isolated and characterised: [(μ-ClO4)2{Ag(1-κ2Sb,Sb')}2] (8*), [Ag(1-κ2Sb,Sb')2]X (X = ClO4, 9a; SbF6, 9b*), [(μ(Sb,Sb')-1){(arene)MCl2}2] (10*, 11*) and [(arene)MCl(1-κ2Sb,Sb')][PF6] (12*, 13*; 10, 12: M/arene = Ru/η6-p-cymene, 11, 13; Rh/η5-C5Me5), [(η5-C5Me5)RuCl(1-κ2Sb,Sb')] (14), [MCl2(1-κ2Sb,Sb')] (M = Pd, 15*; Pt, 16*), [Pd(1-κ2Sb,Sb')2]X2 (X = BF4, 17a; SbF6, 17b*), [Pd(η2-ma)(1-κ2Sb,Sb')] (18*; ma = maleic anhydride), [(μ(Sb,Sb')-1)(AuCl)2] (19*), and [Au(1-κ2Sb,Sb')2]X (X = AuCl2, 20a*; SbF6, 20b*). Inspection of the structural parameters suggested that complexes featuring 1 exhibit less sterically strained structures than their dppf analogues due to longer M-Sb and Sb-C bonds, which reduce crowding around the ligated metal centre. Cyclic voltammetry and DFT calculations revealed that the primary electrochemical oxidation of 1 is reversible and occurs at the ferrocene unit. Based on preliminary catalytic tests in Suzuki-Miyaura biaryl coupling, Pd-1 complexes exhibited a lower efficiency than their respective Pd-dppf analogues. (An asterisk indicates that the crystal structure has been determined.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Schulz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Antala
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mahieu N, Piątkowski J, Simler T, Nocton G. Back to the future of organolanthanide chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:443-457. [PMID: 36741512 PMCID: PMC9848160 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05976b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
At the dawn of the development of structural organometallic chemistry, soon after the discovery of ferrocene, the description of the LnCp3 complexes, featuring large and mostly trivalent lanthanide ions, was rather original and sparked curiosity. Yet, the interest in these new architectures rapidly dwindled due to the electrostatic nature of the bonding between π-aromatic ligands and 4f-elements. Almost 70 years later, it is interesting to focus on how the discipline has evolved in various directions with the reports of multiple catalytic reactivities, remarkable potential in small molecule activation, and the development of rich redox chemistry. Aside from chemical reactivity, a better understanding of their singular electronic nature - not precisely as simplistic as anticipated - has been crucial for developing tailored compounds with adapted magnetic anisotropy or high fluorescence properties that have witnessed significant popularity in recent years. Future developments shall greatly benefit from the detailed reactivity, structural and physical chemistry studies, particularly in photochemistry, electro- or photoelectrocatalysis of inert small molecules, and manipulating the spins' coherence in quantum technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Mahieu
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Jakub Piątkowski
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay91120 PalaiseauFrance
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24
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Improving the kinetic resolution of rac-2-(diphenylthiophosphinoferrocene) methanol catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase immobilized on immobead-150. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Shekurov RP, Zagidullin AA, Khrizanforov MN, Islamov DR, Gerasimova TP, Akhmatkhanova FF, Miluykov VA. Ferrocene-based P-chiral amidophosphinate: stereoselective synthesis and X-ray structural study. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18603-18609. [PMID: 36444982 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02930h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Racemic and enantiopure ferrocene-based P-chiral amidophosphinates have been simply and stereoselectively synthesized by ortho-lithiation of rac- or (R)-Ugi's amine and further reaction with amidochlorophenylphosphinate Cl-P(O)(Ph)NEt2. This is the first example of an asymmetric reaction of ortho-lithiated Ugi's amine with tetracoordinated phosphorus(V) chlorides. The structures of rac- and (R)-Ugi's amine ferrocenyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid N,N-diethylamide have been extensively studied experimentally (NMR, X-ray analysis, electrochemistry). The CV first peak refers to the oxidation of the amine fragment, which is clearly seen when (R)-Ugi's amine ferrocenyl(phenyl)phosphinic acid N,N-diethylamide reacts with anhydrous acid. The addition of two equivalents of CF3COOH leads to the protonation of nitrogen atoms, and a classical reversible wave of oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan P Shekurov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Almaz A Zagidullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Mikhail N Khrizanforov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, Russian Federation. .,Aleksander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 1/29 Lobachevskogo str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Daut R Islamov
- Aleksander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry, Kazan Federal University, 1/29 Lobachevskogo str., Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana P Gerasimova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Farida F Akhmatkhanova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Vasily A Miluykov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov Str. 8, Kazan, Russian Federation.
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26
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Ma L, Wang Y, Wang X, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Li L, Cheng HB, Zhang J, Liang XJ. Transition metal complex-based smart AIEgens explored for cancer diagnosis and theranostics. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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dos Santos Filho JM, de Souza Castro MVB. Synthesis, structural characterization, and antimicrobial activity of novel ferrocene-N-acyl hydrazones designed by means of molecular simplification strategy Celebrating the 100th anniversary of the birth of Professor Paulo Freire. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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28
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Bruña S, Valverde-González A, Montero-Campillo MM, Mó O, Cuadrado I. Thiol-yne chemistry of diferrocenylacetylene: from synthesis and electrochemistry to theoretical studies. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15412-15424. [PMID: 36156664 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02378d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The thiol-yne coupling chemistry of diferrocenylacetylene (FcCCFc) 1, bearing two electron rich and redox-active ferrocenyl units (Fc = Fe(η5-C5H4)(η5-C5H5)) and an internal triple bond, has been investigated for the first time. In order to determine whether steric limitations might affect hydrothiolation, a model reaction using a functionalized monothiol was tested, namely 2-mercaptoethanol I. The thiol-diferrocenylacetylene reactions were initiated either thermally (in toluene with AIBN) or by UV light irradiation (in THF and in the presence of DMPA as the photoinitiator). The outcomes of these thiol-yne reactions showed a strong dependence on the initiation method used, with the thermally initiated one being the most efficient. These thiol-diferrocenylacetylene reactions mainly afforded the (Z)-stereoisomer of the newly obtained vinyl thioether sulfide FcCHC(Fc)S-(CH2)2OH (2), unlike the more common (E)-vinyl sulfides found in other additions to alkynes. The hydrothiolation of the internal -CC- bond in 1 was successfully extended to dithiol 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)diethanethiol II, leading to the formation of the (ZZ)-isomer, with four ferrocenyl units, as the major product. According to the electrochemical studies, the new asymmetrical ferrocenyl-vinyl sulfides show iron-iron electronic and electrostatic interactions. Theoretical results for the (Z)-stereoisomer (2) suggest that adiabatic oxidation would lead to the loss of almost one electron on the ferrocenyl subunit closer to the thioether chain. Furthermore, the thiol-yne chemistry of the internal -CC- bond in diferrocenylacetylene has been compared to the external triple bond in ethynylferrocene, the theoretical results of which helped us to rationalize the very different reactivities observed in both metallocenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bruña
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Valverde-González
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - M Merced Montero-Campillo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Otilia Mó
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cuadrado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Facultad de Ciencias, Calle Francisco Tomás y Valiente, 7, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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29
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Zhao D, Liu Y, Li Y, Chen Y. A green synthesis and antibacterial activity of ferrocene-based thiazole derivatives in choline chloride/glycerol eutectic solvent. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22054-22059. [PMID: 36043099 PMCID: PMC9362733 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04587g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, a green Hantzsch synthesis of 4-ferrocenylthiazole derivatives has been accomplished successfully. The Hantzsch reaction between bromoacetylferrocene and various aryl thioureas, 1-alkylindole-3- or 9-alkylcarbazole-3-carbothioamides proceeded efficiently in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) that is, choline chloride/glycerol (ChCl/Gly) (1 : 2 molar ratio) at 80 °C, avoiding the use of common volatile organic solvents. Moreover, the DES media could be reused up to three times without any appreciable decrease in the yield. The synthetic strategy has the attractive features such as mild and environmentally benign reaction conditions, experimental simplicity, easy work-up procedure and good yields. Subsequently, a preliminary screening for in vitro antibacterial activities of all these newly-synthesized compounds revealed that the halo-substituted (F, Cl, Br) compounds 3f–h showed significant antibacterial activities against Gram (+) bacterial B. subtilis and Gram (−) E. coli, among which the fluoro-substituted 3f possessed the best activity with the MIC value of 7.8125 μg mL−1, being higher than the reference drug ciprofoxacin (15.625 μg mL−1). A green and effective Hantzsch thiazole synthesis of structurally intriguing ferrocene-based derivatives employing the eutectic mixture choline chloride/glycerol (1 : 2 molar ratio) as a sustainable solvent is described.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University Jinzhou 121013 China
| | - Yanying Liu
- Research Institute of Jinzhou Petrochemical Company Jinzhou 121013 China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University Jinzhou 121013 China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 China
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30
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Štěpnička P. Ferrocene Chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science Charles University Hlavova 2030 12840 Prague Czech Republic
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31
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Baryshnikova SV, Poddel’sky AI. Heteroligand Metal Complexes with Extended Redox Properties Based on Redox-Active Chelating Ligands of o-Quinone Type and Ferrocene. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123928. [PMID: 35745052 PMCID: PMC9230781 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A combination of different types of redox-active systems in one molecule makes it possible to create coordination compounds with extended redox abilities, combining molecular and electronic structures determined by the features of intra- and intermolecular interactions between such redox-active centres. This review summarizes and analyses information from the literature, published mainly from 2000 to the present, on the methods of preparation, the molecular and electronic structure of mixed-ligand coordination compounds based on redox-active ligands of the o-benzoquinone type and ferrocenes, ferrocene-containing ligands, the features of their redox properties, and some chemical behaviour.
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32
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Vosáhlo P, Císařová I, Štěpnička P. Synthesis, coordination behavior, and catalytic properties of dppf congeners with an inserted carbonyl moiety. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04270c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dppf-type ligands, desymmetrized by an inserted carbonyl group coordinate Pd(ii) and Pd(0). Among the air-stable Pd(0) complexes, the compound containing the least electron-donating ligand gives the best catalytic results in the Stille reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vosáhlo
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Štěpnička
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 40 Prague, Czech Republic
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