Synthesis and multi-scale properties of PuO2 nanoparticles: recent advances and open questions

Chronicles of plutonium peroxides: spectroscopic characterization of a new peroxo compound of Pu(IV)

Although hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been highly used in nuclear chemistry for more than 75 years, the preparation and literature description of tetravalent actinide peroxides remain surprisingly scarce. A new insight is given in this topic through the synthesis and thorough structural characterization of a new peroxo compound of Pu(IV).

Spatiotemporal Studies of Soluble Inorganic Nanostructures with X-rays and Neutrons

This Review addresses the use of X-ray and neutron scattering as well as X-ray absorption to describe how inorganic nanostructured materials assemble, evolve, and function in solution. We first provide an overview of techniques and instrumentation (both large user facilities and benchtop). We review recent studies of soluble inorganic nanostructure assembly, covering the disciplines of materials synthesis, processes in nature, nuclear materials, and the widely applicable fundamental processes of hydrophobic interactions and ion pairing. Reviewed studies cover size regimes and length scales ranging from sub-Ångström (coordination chemistry and ion pairing) to several nanometers (molecular clusters, i.e. polyoxometalates, polyoxocations, and metal-organic polyhedra), to the mesoscale (supramolecular assembly processes). Reviewed studies predominantly exploit 1) SAXS/WAXS/SANS (small- and wide-angle X-ray or neutron scattering), 2) PDF (pair-distribution function analysis of X-ray total scattering), and 3) XANES and EXAFS (X-ray absorption near-edge structure and extended X-ray absorption fine structure, respectively). While the scattering techniques provide structural information, X-ray absorption yields the oxidation state in addition to the local coordination. Our goal for this Review is to provide information and inspiration for the inorganic/materials science communities that may benefit from elucidating the role of solution speciation in natural and synthetic processes.

Investigation of the Plutonium(IV) Interactions with Two Variants of the EF-Hand Ca-Binding Site I of Calmodulin

Due to its presence in the nuclear industry and its strong radiotoxicity, plutonium is an actinide of major interest in the event of internal contamination. To improve the understanding of its mechanisms of transport and accumulation in the body, the complexation of Pu(IV) to the most common protein calcium-binding motif found in cells, the EF-hand motif of calmodulin, was investigated. Visible and X-ray absorption spectroscopies (XAS) in solution made it possible to investigate the speciation of plutonium at physiological pH (pH 7.4) and pH 6 in two variants of the calmodulin Ca-binding site I and using Pu(IV) in different media: carbonate, chloride, or nitrate solutions. Three different species of Pu were identified in the samples, with formation of 1:1 Pu(IV):calmodulin peptide complexes, Pu(IV) reduction, and formation of peptide-mediated Pu(IV) hexanuclear cluster.

Ultrasonically controlled synthesis of UO2+x colloidal nanoparticles

Actinide colloids and nanoparticles (NPs) currently constitute a topic of strong interest due to their potential role in advanced nuclear energetics and the environmental migration of radioactivity. A better understanding of the physico-chemical properties of nanoscale actinide oxides requires robust synthesis approaches. In this work, UO_2+x NPs were successfully prepared by sonochemistry from U(IV) solutions previously stabilised in a hydrochloric medium (20 kHz, 65 °C, Ar/(10%)CO). Colloidal suspensions were found to be composed of crystalline and spherical NPs showing a UO₂-like structure and measuring 18.0 ± 0.1 nm (SAXS, HR-TEM and PXRD techniques). In comparison with the controlled hydrolysis approach used as a reference, sonochemistry appears to be a simple and original synthesis route providing larger, better defined and more crystalline UO_2+x NPs with a narrower size distribution. These well-defined NPs offer new opportunities for the preparation of reference actinide materials devoted to fundamental, technological and environmental studies.

Synthesis of Nanocrystalline PuO2 by Hydrothermal and Thermal Decomposition of Pu(IV) Oxalate: A Comparative Study

In recent years, the hydrothermal conversion of actinide (IV) oxalates into nanometric actinide dioxides (AnO₂) has begun to be investigated as an alternative to the widely implemented thermal decomposition method. We present here a comparison between the hydrothermal and the conventional thermal decomposition of Pu(IV) oxalate in terms of particle size, morphology and residual carbon content. A parametric study was carried out in order to define the temperature and time applied in the hydrothermal conversion of tetravalent Pu-oxalate into PuO₂ and to optimize the reaction conditions.