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Gyurova A, Milkova V, Iliev I, Lazarova-Zdravkova N, Rashev V, Simeonova L, Vilhelmova-Ilieva N. Anti-Coronavirus Activity of Chitosan-Stabilized Liposomal Nanocarriers Loaded with Natural Extracts from Bulgarian Flora. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:1180. [PMID: 39337963 DOI: 10.3390/life14091180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease's severity, mortality rates, and common failures to achieve clinical improvement during the unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic exposed the emergency need for new antiviral therapeutics with higher efficacy and fewer adverse effects. This study explores the potential to encapsulate multi-component plant extracts in liposomes as optimized delivery systems and to verify if they exert inhibitory effects against human seasonal betacoronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) in vitro. The selection of Sambucus nigra, Potentilla reptans, Allium sativum, Aesculus hippocastanum, and Glycyrrhiza glabra L. plant extracts was based on their established pharmacological and antiviral properties. The physicochemical characterization of extract-loaded liposomes was conducted by DLS and electrokinetics. Encapsulated amounts of the extract were evaluated based on the total flavonoid content (TFC) and total polyphenol content (TPC) by colorimetric methods. The BALB 3T3 neutral red uptake (NRU) phototoxicity/cytotoxicity assay was used to estimate compounds' safety. Photo irritation factors (PIFs) of the liposomes containing extracts were <2 which assigned them as non-phototoxic substances. The antiviral capacities of liposomes containing medicinal plant extracts against HCoV-OC43 were measured by the cytopathic effect inhibition test in susceptible HCT-8 cells. The antiviral activity increased by several times compared to "naked" extracts' activity reported previously. A. hippocastanum extract showed 16 times higher inhibitory properties reaching a selectivity index (SI) of 58.96. Virucidal and virus-adsorption effects were investigated using the endpoint dilution method and ∆lgs comparison with infected and untreated controls. The results confirmed that nanoparticles do not directly affect the viral surface or cell membrane, but only serve as carriers of the active substances and the observed protection is due solely to the intracellular action of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gyurova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry 'Acad. R. Kaischew', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viktoria Milkova
- Institute of Physical Chemistry 'Acad. R. Kaischew', Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Iliev
- Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nevena Lazarova-Zdravkova
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 Kliment Ohridski, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Viktor Rashev
- Department of Virology, Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Georgi Bonchev, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lora Simeonova
- Department of Virology, Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Georgi Bonchev, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Neli Vilhelmova-Ilieva
- Department of Virology, Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 26 Georgi Bonchev, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Emam MH, Mahmoud MI, El-Guendy N, Loutfy SA. Establishment of in-house assay for screening of anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein inhibitors. AMB Express 2024; 14:104. [PMID: 39285019 PMCID: PMC11405717 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01739-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a potent antiviral agent to combat Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is of critical importance as we may be at risk of the emergence of new virus strains or another pandemic recurrence. The interaction between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the main protein-protein interaction (PPI) implicated in the virus entry into the host cells. Spike-ACE2 PPI represents a major target for drug intervention. We have repurposed a previously described protein-protein interaction detection method to be utilized as a drug screening assay. The assay was standardized using Chitosan nanoparticles (CNPs) as the drug and SARS-CoV-2 spike-ACE2 interaction as the PPI model. The assay was then used to screen four natural bioactive compounds: Curcumin (Cur), Gallic acid (GA), Quercetin (Q), and Silymarin (Sil), and their cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro. Production of the spike protein and the evaluation of its activity in comparison to a standard commercial protein was part of our work as well. Here we describe a novel simple immunofluorescent screening assay to identify potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors that could assess the inhibitory effect of any ligand against any PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merna H Emam
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), the British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El-Shorouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Mohamed I Mahmoud
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), the British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El-Shorouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, 11829, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nadia El-Guendy
- Medical biochemistry and Molecular biology unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig 11796, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC), the British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, El-Shorouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, 11837, Egypt.
- Virology and Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig 11796, Cairo, Egypt.
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Sinani G, Sessevmez M, Şenel S. Applications of Chitosan in Prevention and Treatment Strategies of Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1201. [PMID: 39339237 PMCID: PMC11434819 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2024] [Revised: 09/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is the most commonly investigated functional cationic biopolymer in a wide range of medical applications due to its promising properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioadhesivity, as well as its numerous bioactive properties. Within the last three decades, chitosan and its derivatives have been investigated as biomaterials for drug and vaccine delivery systems, besides for their bioactive properties. Due to the functional groups in its structure, it is possible to tailor the delivery systems with desired properties. There has been a great interest in the application of chitosan-based systems also for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, specifically due to their antimicrobial, antiviral, and immunostimulatory effects. In this review, recent applications of chitosan in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases are reviewed, and possibilities and limitations with regards to technical and regulatory aspects are discussed. Finally, the future perspectives on utilization of chitosan as a biomaterial are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genada Sinani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Altinbas University, 34147 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Melike Sessevmez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye;
| | - Sevda Şenel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe Univesity, 06100 Ankara, Türkiye
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Mahendran TR, Cynthia B, Thevendran R, Maheswaran S. Prospects of Innovative Therapeutics in Combating the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01240-4. [PMID: 39085563 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
The sudden global crisis of COVID-19, driven by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), demands swift containment measures due to its rapid spread and numerous problematic mutations, which complicate the establishment of herd immunity. With escalating fatalities across various nations no foreseeable end in sight, there is a pressing need to create swiftly deployable, rapid, cost-effective detection, and treatment methods. While various steps are taken to mitigate the transmission and severity of the disease, vaccination is proven throughout mankind history as the best method to acquire immunity and circumvent the spread of infectious diseases. Nonetheless, relying solely on vaccination might not be adequate to match the relentless viral mutations observed in emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2, including alterations to their RBD domain, acquisition of escape mutations, and potential resistance to antibody binding. Beyond the immune system activation achieved through vaccination, it is crucial to develop new medications or treatment methods to either impede the infection or enhance existing treatment modalities. This review emphasizes innovative treatment strategies that aim to directly disrupt the virus's ability to replicate and spread, which could play a role in ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamby Rajah Mahendran
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Binsin Cynthia
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Ramesh Thevendran
- Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Solayappan Maheswaran
- Centre of Excellence for Nanobiotechnology & Nanomedicine (CoExNano), Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, AIMST University, 08100, Bedong, Kedah, Malaysia.
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Jaiswal J, Rajput PK, Srivastav AK, Rao MJ, Yadav UCS, Kumar U. Synthesis, physiochemical characterization, molecular docking study, and anti-breast cancer activity of silymarin loaded zein nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130679. [PMID: 38462110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of death in women worldwide leading to requirement of new therapeutic strategies. Silymarin demonstrated the anti-cancer activity however, due to low bioavailability its use is restricted. This study aimed to improve the solubility of silymarin by developing a silymarin loaded zein nanoparticles (SLNPs) which was stabilized by beta cyclodextrin. Comprehensive physiochemical characterization studies based on DLS, FTIR, UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, DSC, NMR and TGA confirmed the successful synthesis of SLNPs via an anti-solvent precipitation method. FE-SEM and TEM images demonstrated the uniform size and spherical shape of nanoparticles with encapsulation and loading efficiencies of 84.32 ± 1.9 % and 15.25 ± 2.4 % respectively. The zein protein interaction with silymarin, and β-cyclodextrin was shown to be beneficial via the use of molecular simulations and binding energy calculations. Cellular studies demonstrated dose and time dependent cytotoxicity of SLNPs on MCF-7 breast cancer cell. FACS, qRT-PCR and Western blotting showed Bax (pro-apoptotic) upregulation while Bcl-2 (anti-apoptotic) downregulation. Our findings suggest that these loaded nanoparticles are more efficient than pure drug, enhancing its bioavailability and paving the path for developing it as a promising nutraceutical to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Jaiswal
- School of Nano Science, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Rajput
- School of Life Science, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | - Amit Kumar Srivastav
- School of Nano Science, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India
| | | | - Umesh C S Yadav
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Umesh Kumar
- School of Nano Science, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India; Nutrition Biology Department, School of Interdisciplinary and Applied Sciences, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh 123029, India.
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Burak D, Seo DC, An HE, Jeong S, Lee SE, Cho SH. Chitosan-Based Structural Color Films for Humidity Sensing with Antiviral Effect. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:351. [PMID: 38392724 PMCID: PMC10892554 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This scientific investigation emphasizes the essential integration of nature's influence in crafting multifunctional surfaces with bio-inspired designs for enhanced functionality and environmental advantages. The study introduces an innovative approach, merging color decoration, humidity sensing, and antiviral properties into a unified surface using chitosan, an organo-biological polymer, to create cost-effective multilayered films through sol-gel deposition and UV photoinduced deposition of metal nanoparticles. The resulting chitosan films showcase diverse structural colors and demonstrate significant antiviral efficiency, with a 50% and 85% virus inhibition rate within a rapid 20 min reaction, validated through fluorescence cell expression and real-time qPCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Silver-deposited chitosan films further enhance antiviral activity, achieving remarkable 91% and 95% inhibition in independent assays. These films exhibit humidity-responsive color modifications across a 25-90% relative humidity range, enabling real-time monitoring validated through simulation studies. The proposed three-in-one functional surface can have versatile applications in surface decoration, medicine, air conditioning, and the food industry. It can serve as a real-time humidity sensor for indoor and outdoor surfaces, find use in biomedical devices for continuous humidity monitoring, and offer antiviral protection for frequently handled devices and tools. The customizable colors enhance visual appeal, making it a comprehensive solution for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Burak
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
- Department of Nanomaterial Science and Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Seo
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Eun An
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
| | - So-Hye Cho
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
- Department of Nanomaterial Science and Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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7
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Moatasim Y, Kutkat O, Osman AM, Gomaa MR, Okda F, El Sayes M, Kamel MN, Gaballah M, Mostafa A, El-Shesheny R, Kayali G, Ali MA, Kandeil A. Potent Antiviral Activity of Vitamin B12 against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, and Human Coronavirus 229E. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2777. [PMID: 38004788 PMCID: PMC10673013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Repurposing vitamins as antiviral supporting agents is a rapid approach used to control emerging viral infections. Although there is considerable evidence supporting the use of vitamin supplementation in viral infections, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the specific role of each vitamin in defending against coronaviruses remains unclear. Antiviral activities of available vitamins on the infectivity and replication of human coronaviruses, namely, SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E), were investigated using in silico and in vitro studies. We identified potential broad-spectrum inhibitor effects of Hydroxocobalamin and Methylcobalamin against the three tested CoVs. Cyanocobalamin could selectively affect SARS-CoV-2 but not MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E. Methylcobalamin showed significantly higher inhibition values on SARS-CoV-2 compared with Hydroxocobalamin and Cyanocobalamin, while Hydroxocobalamin showed the highest potent antiviral activity against MERS-CoV and Cyanocobalamin against HCoV-229E. Furthermore, in silico studies were performed for these promising vitamins to investigate their interaction with SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E viral-specific cell receptors (ACE2, DPP4, and hAPN protein, respectively) and viral proteins (S-RBD, 3CL pro, RdRp), suggesting that Hydroxocobalamin, Methylcobalamin, and Cyanocobalamin may have significant binding affinity to these proteins. These results show that Methylcobalamin may have potential benefits for coronavirus-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin Moatasim
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Omnia Kutkat
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed M. Osman
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt;
| | - Mokhtar R. Gomaa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Faten Okda
- Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Mohamed El Sayes
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mina Nabil Kamel
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Mohamed Gaballah
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Rabeh El-Shesheny
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | | | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt; (Y.M.); (O.K.); (M.R.G.); (M.E.S.); (M.N.K.); (M.G.); (A.M.); (R.E.-S.)
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El-Nashar HAS, Eldahshan OA, Fattah NFA, Loutfy SA, Abdel-Salam IM. HPLC-ESI/MS-MS characterization of compounds in Dolomiaea costus extract and evaluation of cytotoxic and antiviral properties: molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis-inducing effect on breast cancer. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:354. [PMID: 37803435 PMCID: PMC10559653 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dolomiaea costus (syn: Saussurea costus; Family Asteraceae) occupies an important place in the traditional Chinese medicinal plants and is prescribed for a wide range of disorders. The current study aimed to tentatively identify the phytoconstituents of D. costus extract and to explore antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer cells and its possible apoptotic mechanism along with antiviral activity against human adenovirus 5 (Adv-5). METHODS The phytoconstituents of 70% ethanol extract of D. costus were assessed using HPLC/ESI-MS/MS technique. The cell viability was investigated against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Mechanistically, the apoptotic effects on the Bax, Bcl2 and Caspase 3 were determined via quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Further, the antiviral activity was assessed against Adv-5 based on virucidal and adsorption mechanisms. RESULTS The HPLC/MS analysis of the extract revealed tentative identification of twenty compounds of polyphenolic nature, mainly flavonoids, lignans, coumarins, and anthocyanidins. The plant extract showed a cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 and Vero cells with IC50 values of 15.50 and 44 µg/ml, respectively, indicating its aggressiveness against the proliferation of breast cancer cells as confirmed by apoptotic genes expression which revealed upregulation of Bax and Caspase 3 but further insight analysis is needed to explore exact mechanistic pathway. Antiviral activity against Adv-5 was observed at a non-toxic concentration of the tested extract. CONCLUSIONS Such observations against human breast cancer and viral replication supported further studies for nanoformulations in drug delivery systems as targeting therapy and in vivo studies before biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A S El-Nashar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omayma A Eldahshan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
- Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Nasra F Abdel Fattah
- Virology & Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Dept, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig 11796, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah A Loutfy
- Virology & Immunology Unit, Cancer Biology Dept, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig 11796, Cairo, Egypt
- Nanotechnology research center, the British University in Egypt, Suez Desert Road, P.O. Box 43, El-Shorouk City, Cairo, 11837, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim M Abdel-Salam
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Cancer Biology Dept, National Cancer Institute (NCI), Cairo University, Fom El-Khalig 11796, Cairo, Egypt.
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Kousar K, Naseer F, Abduh MS, Anjum S, Ahmad T. CD44 targeted delivery of oncolytic Newcastle disease virus encapsulated in thiolated chitosan for sustained release in cervical cancer: a targeted immunotherapy approach. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175535. [PMID: 37283735 PMCID: PMC10239954 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cervical cancer accounts for one of most common cancers among women of reproductive age. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapy modality but it comes with several drawbacks that include rapid clearance of virus from body due to immune-neutralization of virus in host. To overcome this, we encapsulated oncolytic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in polymeric thiolated chitosan nanoparticles. For active targeting of virus loaded nanoformulation against CD44 (cluster of differentiation 44) receptors which are overly expressed on cancer cells, these nanoparticles were surface functionalized with hyaluronic acid (HA). Methods Using half dose of NDV (TCID50 (50% tissue culture infective dose) single dose 3 × 105), virus loaded nanoparticles were prepared by green synthesis approach through ionotropic gelation method. Zeta analysis was performed to analyse size and charge on nanoparticles. Nanoparticles (NPs) shape and size were analysed by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and TEM (transmission electron microscope) while functional group identification was done by FTIR (fourier transform infrared) and XRD (X-ray diffraction). Viral quantification was done by TCID50 and Multiplicity of infection (MOI) determination while oncolytic potential of NPs encapsulated virus was analysed by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay and cell morphology analysis. Results Zeta analysis showed that average size of NDV loaded thiolated chitosan nanoparticles surface functionalized with HA (HA-ThCs-NDV) was 290.4nm with zeta potential of 22.3 mV and 0.265 PDI (polydispersity index). SEM and TEM analysis showed smooth surface and spherical features of nanoparticles. FTIR and XRD confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups and successful encapsulation of the virus. In vitro release showed continuous but sustained release of NDV for up to 48 hours. TCID50 for HA-ThCs-NDV nanoparticles was 2.63x 106/mL titter and the nanoformulation exhibited high oncolytic potential in cell morphology analysis and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay as compared to naked virus, in dose dependent manner. Discussion These findings suggest that virus encapsulation in thiolated chitosan nanoparticles and surface functionalization with HA is not only helpful in achieving active targeting while masking virus from immune system but, it also gives sustained release of virus in tumor microenvironment for longer period of time that increases bioavailability of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousain Kousar
- Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Faiza Naseer
- Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer e Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Maisa Siddiq Abduh
- Immune Responses in Different Diseases Research Group, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Anjum
- Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahir Ahmad
- Industrial Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Gopal J, Muthu M, Pushparaj SSC, Sivanesan I. Anti-COVID-19 Credentials of Chitosan Composites and Derivatives: Future Scope? Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:665. [PMID: 37107027 PMCID: PMC10135369 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan derivatives and composites are the next generation polymers for biomedical applications. With their humble origins from the second most abundant naturally available polymer chitin, chitosan is currently one of the most promising polymer systems, with wide biological applications. This current review gives a bird's eye view of the antimicrobial applications of chitosan composites and derivatives. The antiviral activity and the mechanisms behind the inhibitory activity of these components have been reviewed. Specifically, the anti-COVID-19 aspects of chitosan composites and their derivatives have been compiled from the existing scattered reports and presented. Defeating COVID-19 is the battle of this century, and the chitosan derivative-based combat strategies naturally become very attractive. The challenges ahead and future recommendations have been addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Gopal
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Manikandan Muthu
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Suraj Shiv Charan Pushparaj
- Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Thandalam, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Iyyakkannu Sivanesan
- Department of Bioresources and Food Science, Institute of Natural Science and Agriculture, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Žigrayová D, Mikušová V, Mikuš P. Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers. Viruses 2023; 15:647. [PMID: 36992356 PMCID: PMC10054433 DOI: 10.3390/v15030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current antiviral therapy research is focused on developing dosage forms that enable highly effective drug delivery, providing a selective effect in the organism, lower risk of adverse effects, a lower dose of active pharmaceutical ingredients, and minimal toxicity. In this article, antiviral drugs and the mechanisms of their action are summarized at the beginning as a prerequisite background to develop relevant drug delivery/carrier systems for them, classified and briefly discussed subsequently. Many of the recent studies aim at different types of synthetic, semisynthetic, and natural polymers serving as a favorable matrix for the antiviral drug carrier. Besides a wider view of different antiviral delivery systems, this review focuses on advances in antiviral drug delivery systems based on chitosan (CS) and derivatized CS carriers. CS and its derivatives are evaluated concerning methods of their preparation, their basic characteristics and properties, approaches to the incorporation of an antiviral drug in the CS polymer as well as CS nanoparticulate systems, and their recent biomedical applications in the context of actual antiviral therapy. The degree of development (i.e., research study, in vitro/ex vivo/in vivo preclinical testing), as well as benefits and limitations of CS polymer and CS nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, are reported for particular viral diseases and corresponding antivirotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Žigrayová
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Mikušová
- Department of Galenic Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Mikuš
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Toxicological and Antidoping Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Odbojárov 10, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Musazadeh V, Karimi A, Bagheri N, Jafarzadeh J, Sanaie S, Vajdi M, Karimi M, Niazkar HR. The favorable impacts of silibinin polyphenols as adjunctive therapy in reducing the complications of COVID-19: A review of research evidence and underlying mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113593. [PMID: 36027611 PMCID: PMC9393179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The proceeding pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 is the latest global challenge. Like most other infectious diseases, inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune system dysfunctions play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Furthermore, the quest of finding a potential pharmaceutical therapy for preventing and treating COVID-19 is still ongoing. Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans extracted from the milk thistle, has exhibited numerous therapeutic benefits. We reviewed the beneficial effects of silymarin on oxidative stress, inflammation, and the immune system, as primary factors involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We searched PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases up to April 2022 using the relevant keywords. In summary, the current review indicates that silymarin might exert therapeutic effects against COVID-19 by improving the antioxidant system, attenuating inflammatory response and respiratory distress, and enhancing immune system function. Silymarin can also bind to target proteins of SARS-CoV-2, including main protease, spike glycoprotein, and RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase, leading to the inhibition of viral replication. Although multiple lines of evidence suggest the possible promising impacts of silymarin in COVID-19, further clinical trials are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vali Musazadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Karimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Nasim Bagheri
- Department of microbiology Islamic Azad University of medical science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaber Jafarzadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sarvin Sanaie
- Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vajdi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mozhde Karimi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty ofMedical Sciences ,Tarbiat Modares University
| | - Hamid Reza Niazkar
- Breast Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Role of Nanomaterials in COVID-19 Prevention, Diagnostics, Therapeutics, and Vaccine Development. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Facing the deadly pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus all over the globe, it is crucial to devote efforts to fighting and preventing this infectious virus. Nanomaterials have gained much attention after the approval of lipid nanoparticle-based COVID-19 vaccines by the United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). In light of increasing demands for utilizing nanomaterials in the management of COVID-19, this comprehensive review focuses on the role of nanomaterials in the prevention, diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine development of COVID-19. First, we highlight the variety of nanomaterials usage in the prevention of COVID-19. We discuss the advantages of nanomaterials as well as their uses in the production of diagnostic tools and treatment methods. Finally, we review the role of nanomaterials in COVID-19 vaccine development. This review offers direction for creating products based on nanomaterials to combat COVID-19.
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