1
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Yao B, Alvarez VM, Paluch M, Fedor G, McLaughlin S, McGrogan A, Swadźba-Kwaśny M, Wojnarowska Z. Crystallization Kinetics of Phosphonium Ionic Liquids: Effect of Cation Alkyl Chain Length and Thermal History. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:6610-6621. [PMID: 38924509 PMCID: PMC11247483 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The effects of alkyl chain length on the crystallization kinetics and ion mobility of tetraalkylphosphonium, [P666,n][TFSI], (n = 2, 6, 8, and 12) ionic liquids were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) over a wide temperature range. The liquid-glass transition temperature (Tg) and ion dynamics examined over a broad T range were almost insensitive to structural modifications of the phosphonium cation. In contrast, the crystallization kinetics were strongly affected by the length of the fourth alkyl chain. Furthermore, the thermal history of the sample (cold vs melt crystallization) significantly impacted the crystallization rate. It has been found that the nature of crystallization phenomena is the same across the homologous series, while the kinetic aspect differs. Finally, electric conductivity in supercooled liquid and crystalline solid phases was measured for all samples, revealing significant ionic conductivity, largely independent of the cation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Yao
- Institute
of Physics, The University of Silesia in
Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, Chorzów 41-500, Poland
| | - V. Morales Alvarez
- Institute
of Physics, The University of Silesia in
Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, Chorzów 41-500, Poland
| | - M. Paluch
- Institute
of Physics, The University of Silesia in
Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, Chorzów 41-500, Poland
| | - G. Fedor
- The
QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis
Rd, Belfast, NI BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - S. McLaughlin
- The
QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis
Rd, Belfast, NI BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - A. McGrogan
- The
QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis
Rd, Belfast, NI BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - M. Swadźba-Kwaśny
- The
QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, The Queen’s University of Belfast, David Keir Building, Stranmillis
Rd, Belfast, NI BT9 5AG, U.K.
| | - Z. Wojnarowska
- Institute
of Physics, The University of Silesia in
Katowice, 75 Pułku Piechoty 1A, Chorzów 41-500, Poland
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2
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Philippi F, Middendorf M, Shigenobu K, Matsuyama Y, Palumbo O, Pugh D, Sudoh T, Dokko K, Watanabe M, Schönhoff M, Shinoda W, Ueno K. Evolving better solvate electrolytes for lithium secondary batteries. Chem Sci 2024; 15:7342-7358. [PMID: 38756793 PMCID: PMC11095511 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01492h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The overall performance of lithium batteries remains unmatched to this date. Decades of optimisation have resulted in long-lasting batteries with high energy density suitable for mobile applications. However, the electrolytes used at present suffer from low lithium transference numbers, which induces concentration polarisation and reduces efficiency of charging and discharging. Here we show how targeted modifications can be used to systematically evolve anion structural motifs which can yield electrolytes with high transference numbers. Using a multidisciplinary combination of theoretical and experimental approaches, we screened a large number of anions. Thus, we identified anions which reach lithium transference numbers around 0.9, surpassing conventional electrolytes. Specifically, we find that nitrile groups have a coordination tendency similar to SO2 and are capable of inducing the formation of Li+ rich clusters. In the bigger picture, we identified a balanced anion/solvent coordination tendency as one of the key design parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | | | - Keisuke Shigenobu
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Yuna Matsuyama
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, P.le Aldo Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - David Pugh
- Department of Chemistry, Britannia House, Kings College London 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Taku Sudoh
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Kaoru Dokko
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre, Advanced Institute of Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Watanabe
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre, Advanced Institute of Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
| | | | - Wataru Shinoda
- Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Science, Okayama University Okayama 700-8530 Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
- Advanced Chemical Energy Research Centre, Advanced Institute of Sciences, Yokohama National University 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku Yokohama 240-8501 Japan
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3
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Pontoni D, DiMichiel M, Murphy BM, Honkimäki V, Deutsch M. Ordering of ionic liquids at a charged sapphire interface: Evolution with cationic chain length. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 661:33-45. [PMID: 38295701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Room Temperature Ionic Liquids (RTILs) bulk's molecular layering dominates their structure also at the RTIL/sapphire interface, increasing the layer spacing with the cationic alkyl chain length n. However, the negatively-charged sapphire surface compresses the layers, increases the layering range, and affects the intra-layer structure in yet unknown ways. EXPERIMENTS X-ray reflectivity (XR) off the RTIL/sapphire interface, for a broad homologous RTIL series 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethansulfonyl)imide, hitherto unavailable for any RTIL. FINDINGS RTIL layers against the sapphire, exhibit two spacings: da and db. da is n-varying, follows the behavior of the bulk spacing but exhibits a downshift, thus showing significant layer compression, and over twofold polar slab thinning. The latter suggests exclusion of anions from the interfacial region due to the negative sapphire charging by x-ray-released electrons. The layering range is larger than the bulk's. db is short and near n-independent, suggesting polar moieties' layering, the coexistence mode of which with the da-spaced layering is unclear. Comparing the present layering with the bulk's and the RTIL/air interface's provides insight into the Coulomb and dispersion interaction balance dominating the RTIL's structure and the impact thereon of the presence of a charged solid interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Pontoni
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Marco DiMichiel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Bridget M Murphy
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University, Kiel D-24098, Germany; Ruprecht-Haensel Laboratory, Kiel University, Kiel D-24118, Germany
| | - Veijo Honkimäki
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Moshe Deutsch
- Physics Dept. & Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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4
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Dobre A, Koutsoukos S, Philippi F, Rauber D, Kay CWM, Palumbo O, Roessler MM, Welton T. Understanding the effects of targeted modifications on the 1 : 2 Choline And GEranate structure. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:8858-8872. [PMID: 38426306 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05271k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
1 : 2 Choline-and-geranate (CAGE) is an ionic liquid (IL) widely studied for its biomedical applications. However, both its industrial-scale preparation and its long-term storage are problematic so finding more suitable candidates which retain its advantageous properties is crucial. As a first step towards this we have conducted a targeted modification study to understand the effects of specific functional groups on the properties of CAGE. 1 : 2 Choline-and-octanoate and 1 : 2 butyltrimethylammonium-and-octanoate were synthesised and their thermal and rheological properties examined in comparison to those of CAGE. Using differential scanning calorimetry and polarising microscopy, the model compound was found to be an isotropic liquid, while the analogues were room-temperature liquid-crystals which transition to isotropic liquids upon heating. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the thermal behaviour of the studied systems was even more complex, with the ILs also undergoing a thermally-activated relaxation process. Furthermore, we have used electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, along with a variety of spin probes with different functional groups, in order to understand the chemical environment experienced by solutes in each system. The EPR spectra indicate that the radicals experience two distinct environments (polar and nonpolar) in the liquid-crystalline phase, but only one average environment in the isotropic phase. The liquid-crystalline phase experiments also showed that the relative populations of the two domains depend on the nature of the solutes, with polar or strongly hydrogen-bonding solutes preferring the polar domain. For charged solutes, the EPR spectra showed line-broadening, suggesting that their ionic nature leads to complex, unresolved interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dobre
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Spyridon Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Centre for Pulse EPR Spectroscopy (PEPR), Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B2.2, Saarbrücken, Germany
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Oriele Palumbo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maxie M Roessler
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
- Centre for Pulse EPR Spectroscopy (PEPR), Imperial College London, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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5
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Schieppati D, Mohan M, Blais B, Fattahi K, Patience GS, Simmons BA, Singh S, Boffito DC. Characterization of the acoustic cavitation in ionic liquids in a horn-type ultrasound reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2024; 102:106721. [PMID: 38103370 PMCID: PMC10765111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Most ultrasound-based processes root in empirical approaches. Because nearly all advances have been conducted in aqueous systems, there exists a paucity of information on sonoprocessing in other solvents, particularly ionic liquids (ILs). In this work, we modelled an ultrasonic horn-type sonoreactor and investigated the effects of ultrasound power, sonotrode immersion depth, and solvent's thermodynamic properties on acoustic cavitation in nine imidazolium-based and three pyrrolidinium-based ILs. The model accounts for bubbles, acoustic impedance mismatch at interfaces, and treats the ILs as incompressible, Newtonian, and saturated with argon. Following a statistical analysis of the simulation results, we determined that viscosity and ultrasound input power are the most significant variables affecting the intensity of the acoustic pressure field (P), the volume of cavitation zones (V), and the magnitude of the maximum acoustic streaming surface velocity (u). V and u increase with the increase of ultrasound input power and the decrease in viscosity, whereas the magnitude of negative P decreases as ultrasound power and viscosity increase. Probe immersion depth positively correlates with V, but its impact on P and u is insignificant. 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ILs yielded the largest V and the fastest acoustic jets - 0.77 cm3 and 24.4 m s-1 for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride at 60 W. 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium-based ILs generated the smallest V and lowest u - 0.17 cm3 and 1.7 m s-1 for 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-imidazolium p-toluene sulfonate at 20 W. Sonochemiluminescence experiments validated the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalma Schieppati
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. CV, Montréal H3C 3A7, Québec, Canada
| | - Mood Mohan
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Bioscience Division and Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Bruno Blais
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. CV, Montréal H3C 3A7, Québec, Canada
| | - Kobra Fattahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. CV, Montréal H3C 3A7, Québec, Canada
| | - Gregory S Patience
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. CV, Montréal H3C 3A7, Québec, Canada
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Daria C Boffito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. CV, Montréal H3C 3A7, Québec, Canada.
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6
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Wang S, Li Z, Yang G, Lin J, Xu Q. Molecular dynamics study of fluorosulfonyl ionic liquids as electrolyte for electrical double layer capacitors. RSC Adv 2023; 13:29886-29893. [PMID: 37842684 PMCID: PMC10571016 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of high-performance supercapacitors is an important goal in the field of energy storage. Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising electrolyte materials for efficient energy storage in supercapacitors, because of the high stability, low volatility, and wider electrochemical stability window than traditional electrolytes. However, ILs-based supercapacitors usually show a relatively lower power density owing to the inherent viscosity-induced low electrical conductivity. Fluorosulfonyl ILs have aroused much attention in energy storage devices due to its low toxicity and excellent stability. Here, we propose that structural modification is an effective way to improve the energy storage performance of fluorosulfonyl ILs through the classical molecular dynamics (MD) method. Four fluorosulfonyl ILs with different sizes and symmetries were considered. Series of properties including conductivity, interface structure, and double-layer capacitance curves were systematically investigated. The results show that smaller size and more asymmetric structure can enhance self-diffusion coefficient and conductivity, and improve the electrochemical performance. Appropriate modification of the electrodes can further enhance the capacitive performance. Our work provides an opportunity to further understand and develop the fluorosulfonyl ILs electrolyte in supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- College of Physics, Changchun Normal University Changchun 130032 China
| | - Zhuo Li
- College of Physics, Changchun Normal University Changchun 130032 China
| | - Guangmin Yang
- College of Physics, Changchun Normal University Changchun 130032 China
| | - Jianyan Lin
- College of Physics, Changchun Normal University Changchun 130032 China
| | - Qiang Xu
- College of Prospecting and Surveying Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology Changchun 130021 China
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7
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Schopper N, Landmann J, Sprenger JAP, Zapf L, Bertermann R, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Alkylcyanoborate Anions: Building Blocks for Fluorine-Free Low-Viscosity, Electrochemically and Thermally Stable Ionic Liquids. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301497. [PMID: 37395305 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A set of mixed-substituted potassium alkylcyano- and alkylcyanofluoroborates has been synthesized using easily accessible starting compounds and characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. In addition, single-crystal structures of salts of the cyanoborate anions have been derived from X-ray diffraction experiments. The 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium room temperature ionic liquids ([EMIm]+ -RTILs) with the new borate anions have been synthesized and their physicochemical properties, that is, high thermal and electrochemical stability, low viscosity, and high conductivity, have been compared to the properties of related [EMIm]+ -RTILs. The influence of the different alkyl substituents at boron has been assessed. The exemplary study on the properties with the [EMIm]+ -ILs with the mixed water stable alkylcyanoborate anions points towards the potential of these fluorine-free borate anions, in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Schopper
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Landmann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan A P Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai V Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Consultant, Merck Life Science KGaA, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB), Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Palumbo O, Paolone A, Philippi F, Rauber D, Welton T. Dynamics in Quaternary Ionic Liquids with Non-Flexible Anions: Insights from Mechanical Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11046. [PMID: 37446222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work investigates how mechanical properties and ion dynamics in ionic liquids (ILs) can be affected by ILs' design while considering possible relationships between different mechanical and transport properties. Specifically, we study mechanical properties of quaternary ionic liquids with rigid anions by means of Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA). We are able to relate the DMA results to the rheological and transport properties provided by viscosity, conductivity, and diffusion coefficient measurements. A good agreement is found in the temperature dependence of different variables described by the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann model. In particular, the mechanical spectra of all the measured liquids showed the occurrence of a relaxation, for which the analysis suggested its attribution to a diffusive process, which becomes evident when the ion dynamics are not affected by the fast structural reorganization of flexible anions on a local level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriele Palumbo
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Paolone
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Daniel Rauber
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK
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9
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Fleshman AM, Goldman AM, Hetcher WJ, Debbert SL, Do-Thanh CL, Mahurin SM, Dai S. Effects of Methylating Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids on Viscosity: New Insights from the Compensated Arrhenius Formalism. J Phys Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37379133 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c02057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of the C(2) carbon on imidazolium-based room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) causes an unexpected increase in viscosity when paired with the anion bis(trifluoromethylsulfonamide) [Tf2N]-, but the viscosity decreases when the methylated imidazolium is paired with a tetracyanoborate [B(CN)4]- anion. This paper investigates these different observations in viscosity using the compensated Arrhenius formalism (CAF) for fluidity (inverse viscosity), which assumes fluidity to be a thermally activated process. CAF activation energies are determined for imidazolium [Tf2N]- and methylated imidazolium [Tf2N]- and compared to imidazolium [B(CN)4]- and methylated imidazolium [B(CN)4]-. The results show that the activation energy increases with methylation for [Tf2N]-, but it decreases with methylation for [B(CN)4]-. The CAF results also yield information concerning the entropy of activation, which are compared for the two systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Fleshman
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Allison M Goldman
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, United States
| | - Wesley J Hetcher
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, United States
| | - Stefan L Debbert
- Department of Chemistry, Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin 54911, United States
| | - Chi-Linh Do-Thanh
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Shannon M Mahurin
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Sheng Dai
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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10
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Cosby T, Stachurski CD, Mantz RA, Trulove PC, Durkin DP. Elucidating the interplay of local and mesoscale ion dynamics and transport properties in aprotic ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6342-6351. [PMID: 36779353 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ion dynamics and charge transport in 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium ionic liquids with chloride, bromide, tetrafluoroborate, tricyanomethanide, hexafluorophosphate, triflate, tetrachloroaluminate, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and heptachlorodialuminate anions are investigated by broadband dielectric spectroscopy, rheology, viscometry, and differential scanning calorimetry. A detailed analysis reveals an anion and temperature-dependent separation of characteristic molecular relaxation rates extracted from various representations of the dielectric spectra. The separation in rates extracted from the electric modulus and conductivity formalisms is interpreted as an experimental signature of significant heterogeneity in the local ion dynamics associated with the structural glass transition, viscosity, and dc ion conductivity. It is further found that the degree of dynamic heterogeneity correlates with the strengths of slow dielectric and mechanical relaxations previously attributed to the dynamics of mesoscale solvophobic aggregates. Increasing local dynamic heterogeneity correlates with an increase in the strength of the slow, aggregate dielectric relaxation and a decrease in the strength of the slow, aggregate mechanical relaxation. Accordingly, increasing local dynamic heterogeneity, brought about by change in temperature and/or cation/anion chemical structure, correlates with an increase in the static dielectric permittivities and a decrease in the contribution of aggregate dynamics to the zero-shear viscosities. The established correlation provides a new ability to distinguish between the influence of mesoscale aggregate shape/morphology versus local and mesoscale ion dynamics on the transport properties of ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Cosby
- Division of Mathematics and Sciences, University of Tennessee Southern, Pulaski, TN, USA.
| | | | | | - Paul C Trulove
- Department of Chemistry, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, USA.
| | - David P Durkin
- Department of Chemistry, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD, USA.
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11
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Koutsoukos S, Avila J, Brooks NJ, Costa Gomes M, Welton T. Physical properties and nanostructuring of long-chained homobaric imidazolium ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6316-6325. [PMID: 36779289 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05783b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-property relationship and nanoscopic behaviour of ionic liquids is of utmost importance for their potential applications. Focusing these studies on sets of homobaric ionic liquids could provide important insight into the effects of specific chemical groups on the overall interaction profile, bringing researchers one step closer to succesfully designing ionic liquids which are tailor-made for specific applications. This work focuses on ionic liquids with 12 total carbons on their side chains, studying both their bulk physical properties (such as densities and viscosities) and their nanostructuring. The results reveal that by keeping the total number of carbons constant, but arranging them differently around the imidazolium ring, either in a linear or in a branched-chain formation, can result in compounds with quite distinct properties. Some of those (such as diffusivity) appear to be more sensitive to symmetry variations, while others (such as density) are not significantly affected. X-ray scattering is used in order to get a clearer understanding of the nanostructuring of the studied compounds and to investigate to what extent the observed macroscopic properties are directly linked to the nanoscale ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Koutsoukos
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Jocasta Avila
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS Lyon, CNRS and Université de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Nicholas J Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Margarida Costa Gomes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de l'ENS Lyon, CNRS and Université de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364 Lyon, France
| | - Tom Welton
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College London, White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, UK.
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Bejaoui YKJ, Philippi F, Stammler HG, Radacki K, Zapf L, Schopper N, Goloviznina K, Maibom KAM, Graf R, Sprenger JAP, Bertermann R, Braunschweig H, Welton T, Ignat'ev NV, Finze M. Insights into structure-property relationships in ionic liquids using cyclic perfluoroalkylsulfonylimides. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2200-2214. [PMID: 36845914 PMCID: PMC9945419 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06758g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Room temperature ionic liquids of cyclic sulfonimide anions ncPFSI (ring size: n = 4-6) with the cations [EMIm]+ (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium), [BMIm]+ (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium) and [BMPL]+ (BMPL = 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium) have been synthesized. Their solid-state structures have been elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and their physicochemical properties (thermal behaviour and stability, dynamic viscosity and specific conductivity) have been assessed. In addition, the ion diffusion was studied by pulsed field gradient stimulated echo (PFGSTE) NMR spectroscopy. The decisive influence of the ring size of the cyclic sulfonimide anions on the physicochemical properties of the ILs has been revealed. All ILs show different properties compared to those of the non-cyclic TFSI anion. While these differences are especially distinct for ILs with the very rigid 6cPFSI anion, the 5-membered ring anion 5cPFSI was found to result in ILs with relatively similar properties. The difference between the properties of the TFSI anion and the cyclic sulfonimide anions has been rationalized by the rigidity (conformational lock) of the cyclic sulfonimide anions. The comparison of selected IL properties was augmented by MD simulations. These highlight the importance of π+-π+ interactions between pairs of [EMIm]+ cations in the liquid phase. The π+-π+ interactions are evident for the solid state from the molecular structures of the [EMIm]+-ILs with the three cyclic imide anions determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes K. J. Bejaoui
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Frederik Philippi
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondon W12 0BZUK
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie (ACS), Centre for Molecular Materials (CM2)Universitätsstr. 25D-33615 BielefeldGermany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ludwig Zapf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Nils Schopper
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Kateryna Goloviznina
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Physicochimie des Électrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauxF-75005 ParisFrance
| | - Kristina A. M. Maibom
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Roland Graf
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jan A. P. Sprenger
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany
| | - Rüdiger Bertermann
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Tom Welton
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Research HubWhite City CampusLondon W12 0BZUK
| | - Nikolai V. Ignat'ev
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB)Am Hubland97074 WürzburgGermany,Consultant, Merck KGaA64293 DarmstadtGermany
| | - Maik Finze
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Institut für Nachhaltige Chemie & Katalyse mit Bor (ICB) Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Bellia SA, Metzler M, Huynh M, Zeller M, Mirjafari A, Cohn P, Hillesheim PC. Bridging the crystal and solution structure of a series of lipid-inspired ionic liquids. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:749-765. [PMID: 36621948 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01478e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of 1,2-dimethylimidazolium ionic liquids bearing a hexadecyl alkyl chain are thoroughly examined via X-ray crystallography. The crystal structures reveal several key variations in the non-covalent interactions in the lipid-like salts. Specifically, distinct cation-cation π interactions are observed when comparing the bromide and iodide structures. Changing the anion to bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (Tf2N-) changes these cation-cation π interactions with anion⋯π interactions. Additionally, several well-defined geometries of the cations are noted based on torsion and core-plane angles of the alkyl chains. Hirshfeld surface analysis is used to distinguish the interactions and geometries in the solid state, helping to reveal characteristic structural fingerprints for the compounds. The solid-state structures of the ionic liquids are correlated with the solution-state structures through UV-vis spectroscopic studies, further emphasizing the importance of the π interactions in the formation of aggregates. Finally, we investigated the thermal properties of the ionic liquids, revealing complex phase transitions for the iodide-containing species. These phase transitions are further rationalized via the analysis of the data gathered from the structures of the other crystallized salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Bellia
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Ave Maria University, Ave Maria, Florida, 34142, USA.
| | - Matthew Metzler
- Chemistry Program, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey, 08205, USA.
| | - Marissa Huynh
- Chemistry Program, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey, 08205, USA.
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA
| | - Arsalan Mirjafari
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, USA.
| | - Pamela Cohn
- Chemistry Program, Stockton University, Galloway, New Jersey, 08205, USA.
| | - Patrick C Hillesheim
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Ave Maria University, Ave Maria, Florida, 34142, USA.
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