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Sharma S, Chaurasia S, Dinday S, Srivastava G, Singh A, Chanotiya CS, Ghosh S. High-level biosynthesis of enantiopure germacrene D in yeast. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:50. [PMID: 38183482 PMCID: PMC10789846 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Germacrene D, a sesquiterpenoid compound found mainly in plant essential oils at a low level as (+) and/or (-) enantiomeric forms, is an ingredient for the fragrance industry, but a process for the sustainable supply of enantiopure germacrene D is not yet established. Here, we demonstrate metabolic engineering in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) achieving biosynthesis of enantiopure germacrene D at a high titer. To boost farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) flux for high-level germacrene D biosynthesis, a background yeast chassis (CENses5C) was developed by genomic integration of the expression cassettes for eight ergosterol pathway enzymes that sequentially converted acetyl-CoA to FPP and by replacing squalene synthase promoter with a copper-repressible promoter, which restricted FPP flux to the competing pathway. Galactose-induced expression of codon-optimized plant germacrene D synthases led to 13-30 fold higher titers of (+) or (-)-germacrene D in CENses5C than the parent strain CEN.PK2.1C. Furthermore, genomic integration of germacrene D synthases in GAL80, LPP1 and rDNA loci generated CENses8(+D) and CENses8(-D) strains, which produced 41.36 µg/ml and 728.87 µg/ml of (+) and (-)-germacrene D, respectively, without galactose supplementation. Moreover, coupling of mitochondrial citrate pool to the cytosolic acetyl-CoA, by expressing a codon-optimized ATP-citrate lyase of oleaginous yeast, resulted in 137.71 µg/ml and 815.81 µg/ml of (+) or (-)-germacrene D in CENses8(+D)* and CENses8(-D)* strains, which were 67-120 fold higher titers than in CEN.PK2.1C. In fed-batch fermentation, CENses8(+D)* and CENses8(-D)* produced 290.28 µg/ml and 2519.46 µg/ml (+) and (-)-germacrene D, respectively, the highest titers in shake-flask fermentation achieved so far. KEY POINTS: • Engineered S. cerevisiae produced enantiopure (+) and (-)-germacrene D at high titers • Engineered strain produced up to 120-fold higher germacrene D than the parental strain • Highest titers of enantiopure (+) and (-)-germacrene D achieved so far in shake-flask.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubha Sharma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Seema Chaurasia
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sandeep Dinday
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
| | - Gaurav Srivastava
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Anamika Singh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Chandan Singh Chanotiya
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Phytochemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow, 226015, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Yin MQ, Xu K, Luan T, Kang XL, Yang XY, Li HX, Hou YH, Zhao JZ, Bao XM. Metabolic engineering for compartmentalized biosynthesis of the valuable compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127815. [PMID: 38944943 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly used as a microbial cell factory to produce high-value compounds or bulk chemicals due to its genetic operability and suitable intracellular physiological environment. The current biosynthesis pathway for targeted products is primarily rewired in the cytosolic compartment. However, the related precursors, enzymes, and cofactors are frequently distributed in various subcellular compartments, which may limit targeted compounds biosynthesis. To overcome above mentioned limitations, the biosynthesis pathways are localized in different subcellular organelles for product biosynthesis. Subcellular compartmentalization in the production of targeted compounds offers several advantages, mainly relieving competition for precursors from side pathways, improving biosynthesis efficiency in confined spaces, and alleviating the cytotoxicity of certain hydrophobic products. In recent years, subcellular compartmentalization in targeted compound biosynthesis has received extensive attention and has met satisfactory expectations. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the compartmentalized biosynthesis of the valuable compounds in S. cerevisiae, including terpenoids, sterols, alkaloids, organic acids, and fatty alcohols, etc. Additionally, we describe the characteristics and suitability of different organelles for specific compounds, based on the optimization of pathway reconstruction, cofactor supplementation, and the synthesis of key precursors (metabolites). Finally, we discuss the current challenges and strategies in the field of compartmentalized biosynthesis through subcellular engineering, which will facilitate the production of the complex valuable compounds and offer potential solutions to improve product specificity and productivity in industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Kang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Tao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiu-Long Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Yang
- Institute of Food and Nutrition Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hong-Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yun-Hua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; A State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Xiao-Ming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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Iram A, Dong Y, Ignea C. Synthetic biology advances towards a bio-based society in the era of artificial intelligence. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103143. [PMID: 38781699 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is a rapidly emerging field with broad underlying applications in health, industry, agriculture, or environment, enabling sustainable solutions for unmet needs of modern society. With the very recent addition of artificial intelligence (AI) approaches, this field is now growing at a rate that can help reach the envisioned goals of bio-based society within the next few decades. Integrating AI with plant-based technologies, such as protein engineering, phytochemicals production, plant system engineering, or microbiome engineering, potentially disruptive applications have already been reported. These include enzymatic synthesis of new-to-nature molecules, bioelectricity generation, or biomass applications as construction material. Thus, in the not-so-distant future, synthetic biologists will help attain the overarching goal of a sustainable yet efficient production system for every aspect of society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Iram
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Yueming Dong
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C3, Canada.
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Bassett S, Da Silva NA. Engineering a carbon source-responsive promoter for improved biosynthesis in the non-conventional yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus. Metab Eng Commun 2024; 18:e00238. [PMID: 38845682 PMCID: PMC11153928 DOI: 10.1016/j.mec.2024.e00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many desired biobased chemicals exhibit a range of toxicity to microbial cell factories, making industry-level biomanufacturing more challenging. Separating microbial growth and production phases is known to be beneficial for improving production of toxic products. Here, we developed a novel synthetic carbon-responsive promoter for use in the rapidly growing, stress-tolerant yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, by fusing carbon-source responsive elements of the native ICL1 promoter to the strong S. cerevisiae TDH3 or native NC1 promoter cores. Two hybrids, P IT350 and P IN450 , were validated via EGFP fluorescence and demonstrated exceptional strength, partial repression during growth, and late phase activation in glucose- and lactose-based medium, respectively. Expressing the Gerbera hybrida 2-pyrone synthase (2-PS) for synthesis of the polyketide triacetic acid lactone (TAL) under the control of P IN450 increased TAL more than 50% relative to the native NC1 promoter, and additional promoter engineering further increased TAL titer to 1.39 g/L in tube culture. Expression of the Penicillium griseofulvum 6-methylsalicylic acid synthase (6-MSAS) under the control of P IN450 resulted in a 6.6-fold increase in 6-MSA titer to 1.09 g/L and a simultaneous 1.5-fold increase in cell growth. Finally, we used P IN450 to express the Pseudomonas savastanoi IaaM and IaaH proteins and the Salvia pomifera sabinene synthase protein to improve production of the auxin hormone indole-3-acetic acid and the monoterpene sabinene, respectively, both extremely toxic to yeast. The development of carbon-responsive promoters adds to the synthetic biology toolbox and available metabolic engineering strategies for K. marxianus, allowing greater control over heterologous protein expression and improved production of toxic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Bassett
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
| | - Nancy A. Da Silva
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-2580, USA
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Victoria AJ, Astbury MJ, McCormick AJ. Engineering highly productive cyanobacteria towards carbon negative emissions technologies. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2024; 87:103141. [PMID: 38735193 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a diverse and ecologically important group of photosynthetic prokaryotes that contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle through the capture of CO2 as biomass. Cyanobacterial biotechnology could play a key role in a sustainable bioeconomy through negative emissions technologies (NETs), such as carbon sequestration or bioproduction. However, the primary issues of low productivities and high infrastructure costs currently limit the commercialisation of such applications. The isolation of several fast-growing strains and recent advancements in molecular biology tools now offer promising new avenues for improving yields, including metabolic engineering approaches guided by high-throughput screening and metabolic models. Furthermore, emerging research on engineering coculture communities could help to develop more robust culturing systems to support broader NET applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo J Victoria
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK; Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Michael J Astbury
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK; Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK
| | - Alistair J McCormick
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK; Centre for Engineering Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3BF UK.
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Zhang N, Li X, Zhou Q, Zhang Y, Lv B, Hu B, Li C. Self-controlled in silico gene knockdown strategies to enhance the sustainable production of heterologous terpenoid by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 2024; 83:172-182. [PMID: 38648878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Microbial bioengineering is a growing field for producing plant natural products (PNPs) in recent decades, using heterologous metabolic pathways in host cells. Once heterologous metabolic pathways have been introduced into host cells, traditional metabolic engineering techniques are employed to enhance the productivity and yield of PNP biosynthetic routes, as well as to manage competing pathways. The advent of computational biology has marked the beginning of a novel epoch in strain design through in silico methods. These methods utilize genome-scale metabolic models (GEMs) and flux optimization algorithms to facilitate rational design across the entire cellular metabolic network. However, the implementation of in silico strategies can often result in an uneven distribution of metabolic fluxes due to the rigid knocking out of endogenous genes, which can impede cell growth and ultimately impact the accumulation of target products. In this study, we creatively utilized synthetic biology to refine in silico strain design for efficient PNPs production. OptKnock simulation was performed on the GEM of Saccharomyces cerevisiae OA07, an engineered strain for oleanolic acid (OA) bioproduction that has been reported previously. The simulation predicted that the single deletion of fol1, fol2, fol3, abz1, and abz2, or a combined knockout of hfd1, ald2 and ald3 could improve its OA production. Consequently, strains EK1∼EK7 were constructed and cultivated. EK3 (OA07△fol3), EK5 (OA07△abz1), and EK6 (OA07△abz2) had significantly higher OA titers in a batch cultivation compared to the original strain OA07. However, these increases were less pronounced in the fed-batch mode, indicating that gene deletion did not support sustainable OA production. To address this, we designed a negative feedback circuit regulated by malonyl-CoA, a growth-associated intermediate whose synthesis served as a bypass to OA synthesis, at fol3, abz1, abz2, and at acetyl-CoA carboxylase-encoding gene acc1, to dynamically and autonomously regulate the expression of these genes in OA07. The constructed strains R_3A, R_5A and R_6A had significantly higher OA titers than the initial strain and the responding gene-knockout mutants in either batch or fed-batch culture modes. Among them, strain R_3A stand out with the highest OA titer reported to date. Its OA titer doubled that of the initial strain in the flask-level fed-batch cultivation, and achieved at 1.23 ± 0.04 g L-1 in 96 h in the fermenter-level fed-batch mode. This indicated that the integration of optimization algorithm and synthetic biology approaches was efficiently rational for PNP-producing strain design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China
| | - Bo Lv
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China
| | - Bing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China.
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102401, PR China; Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China.
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Karami M, Naghavi MR, Nasiri J, Farzin N, Ignea C. Enhanced production of withaferin A from the hairy root culture of Withania somnifera via synergistic effect of Methyl jasmonate and β-cyclodextrin. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108440. [PMID: 38412705 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to low amounts of withanolides produced in some plants and high demand for various applications, their biotechnological production is widely researched. The effects of two explant types (i.e., leaf and stem from the in vitro seedlings of three genotypes of Withania somnifera) and four Rhizobium strains (i.e., LBA 9402, A4, ATCC 15834, and C58C1) to improve hairy root formation efficiency was studied. Furthermore, the combined effects of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) on withaferin A production after 48 h exposure time was examined. Four hairy roots having the maximum percentage of induced roots and mean number of induced roots to analyze their growth kinetics and identified G3/ATCC/LEAF culture having the maximum specific growth rate (μ = 0.036 day-1) and growth index (GI = 9.18), and the shortest doubling time (Td = 18.82 day) were selected. After 48 h exposure of G3/ATCC/LEAF culture to different elicitation conditions, maximum amounts of withaferin A were produced in samples co-treated with 0.5 mM β-CD + 100 μM MeJA (9.57 mg/g DW) and 5.0 mM β-CD + 100 μM MeJA (17.45 mg/g DW). These outcomes represented a 6.8-fold and 12.5-fold increase, respectively, compared to the control. Similarly, combined β-CD/MeJA elicitation increased gene expression levels of HMGR, SQS, SMT-1, and SDS/CYP710A involved in withanolides biosynthetic pathway, of which just SMT-1 had significant correlation with withaferin A production. These results demonstrated the superiority of G1-leaf explant and ATCC 15834 for hairy root induction, and revealed synergistic effect of MeJA and β-CD on withaferin A production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahbobeh Karami
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Naghavi
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Department of Agrobiotechnology, Institute of Agriculture, RUDN University, 117198, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jaber Nasiri
- Nuclear Agriculture Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Narjes Farzin
- Department of Horticultural Science and Agronomy, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Codruta Ignea
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0E9, Canada.
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Ning Y, Liu M, Ru Z, Zeng W, Liu S, Zhou J. Efficient synthesis of squalene by cytoplasmic-peroxisomal engineering and regulating lipid metabolism in Yarrowia lipolytica. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130379. [PMID: 38281547 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Squalene, a high-value acyclic triterpenoid compound, is broadly used in the food and medical industries. Although the large acetyl-CoA pool and hydrophobic space of Yarrowia lipolytica are suitable for the accumulation of squalene, the current production level in Y. lipolytica is still not sufficient for industrial production. In this study, two rounds of multicopy integration of genes encoding key enzymes were performed to enhance squalene anabolic flux in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, the mevalonate pathway was imported into peroxisomes through the compartmentalization strategy, and the production of squalene was significantly increased. By augmenting the acetyl-CoA supply in peroxisomes and the cytoplasm, the squalene was boosted to 2549.1 mg/L. Finally, the squalene production reached 51.2 g/L by fed-batch fermentation in a 5-L bioreactor. This is the highest squalene production reported to date for microbial production, and this study lays the foundation for the synthesis of steroids and squalene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ning
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Mengsu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ziyun Ru
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Weizhu Zeng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Song Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Food Synthetic Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Jiangsu Provisional Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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