1
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Lanz C, Künnecke N, Krysiak Y, Polarz S. Accelerating and breaking adaptive nano-colloids (<100 nm) into unsteady state operation via push-pull effects. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15358-15365. [PMID: 39087938 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01644k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Unlike conventional colloids showing random mobility because of Brownian motion, active colloids contain nanomotors that translate chemical or physical triggers into directed movement. Whereas the acceleration of such particles works well, it is difficult to decelerate them by request. Compared to the existing literature on microscaled swimmers/robots, the main question of the current paper is whether nanoscaled colloids (<100 nm) can also be actively controlled despite the stronger relevance of rotational diffusion at such dimensions. We developed nanoparticles comprising two independent mechanisms for propulsion: a chemical engine associated with a Janus-type modification of organosilica nanoparticles and physical locomotion because of a superparamagnetic core inside these particles. Both triggers can be used independently to initiate the particles' directed and anisotropic movement. The magnetic forces can be tuned, most importantly concerning the angle defining the chemical acceleration. Superposition and a boost state are adopted for a parallel alignment. However, when the magnetic field acting on the particles is turned to an antiparallel orientation, a rapid deceleration can be observed, and the colloids halt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Lanz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Nele Künnecke
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Yaşar Krysiak
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Polarz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstrasse 9, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Ju X, Pumera M. Single Atom Engineering for Nanorobotics. ACS NANO 2024; 18:19907-19911. [PMID: 39047074 PMCID: PMC11308777 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c06880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The fields of single atom engineering represent cutting-edge areas in nanotechnology and materials science, pushing the boundaries of how small we can go in engineering functional devices and materials. Nanorobots, or nanobots, are robotic systems scaled down to the nanometer level and designed to perform tasks at similarly small scales. Single atom engineering, on the other hand, involves manipulating individual atoms to create precise materials and devices with controlled properties and functionalities. By integrating single atom engineering into nanorobotics, we unlock the potential to enable the precise incorporation of multiple functionalities onto these minuscule machines with nanometer-level precision. In this perspective, we describe the nascent field of single atom engineering in nanorobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Ju
- Future
Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future
Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
- Advanced
Nanorobots & Multiscale Robotics Laboratory, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, VSB−Technical
University of Ostrava, 17 listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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3
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Ghosh S, Bhaskar R, Mishra R, Arockia Babu M, Abomughaid MM, Jha NK, Sinha JK. Neurological insights into brain-targeted cancer therapy and bioinspired microrobots. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104105. [PMID: 39029869 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Cancer, a multifaceted and pernicious disease, continuously challenges medicine, requiring innovative treatments. Brain cancers pose unique and daunting challenges due to the intricacies of the central nervous system and the blood-brain barrier. In this era of precision medicine, the convergence of neurology, oncology, and cutting-edge technology has given birth to a promising avenue - targeted cancer therapy. Furthermore, bioinspired microrobots have emerged as an ingenious approach to drug delivery, enabling precision and control in cancer treatment. This Keynote review explores the intricate web of neurological insights into brain-targeted cancer therapy and the paradigm-shifting world of bioinspired microrobots. It serves as a critical and comprehensive overview of these evolving fields, aiming to underscore their integration and potential for revolutionary cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301, India
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Richa Mishra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujrat 391760, India
| | - M Arockia Babu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Mosleh Mohammad Abomughaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, Punjab, India; Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India; School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India; Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
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4
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Dogan NO, Suadiye E, Wrede P, Lazovic J, Dayan CB, Soon RH, Aghakhani A, Richter G, Sitti M. Immune Cell-Based Microrobots for Remote Magnetic Actuation, Antitumor Activity, and Medical Imaging. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400711. [PMID: 38885528 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Translating medical microrobots into clinics requires tracking, localization, and performing assigned medical tasks at target locations, which can only happen when appropriate design, actuation mechanisms, and medical imaging systems are integrated into a single microrobot. Despite this, these parameters are not fully considered when designing macrophage-based microrobots. This study presents living macrophage-based microrobots that combine macrophages with magnetic Janus particles coated with FePt nanofilm for magnetic steering and medical imaging and bacterial lipopolysaccharides for stimulating macrophages in a tumor-killing state. The macrophage-based microrobots combine wireless magnetic actuation, tracking with medical imaging techniques, and antitumor abilities. These microrobots are imaged under magnetic resonance imaging and optoacoustic imaging in soft-tissue-mimicking phantoms and ex vivo conditions. Magnetic actuation and real-time imaging of microrobots are demonstrated under static and physiologically relevant flow conditions using optoacoustic imaging. Further, macrophage-based microrobots are magnetically steered toward urinary bladder tumor spheroids and imaged with a handheld optoacoustic device, where the microrobots significantly reduce the viability of tumor spheroids. The proposed approach demonstrates the proof-of-concept feasibility of integrating macrophage-based microrobots into clinic imaging modalities for cancer targeting and intervention, and can also be implemented for various other medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Olcay Dogan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Eylül Suadiye
- Materials Central Scientific Facility, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Wrede
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Lazovic
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Cem Balda Dayan
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ren Hao Soon
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Amirreza Aghakhani
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Gunther Richter
- Materials Central Scientific Facility, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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5
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Lu L, Zhao H, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Fan C, Li Z, Wu Z. Design and Control of the Magnetically Actuated Micro/Nanorobot Swarm toward Biomedical Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2400414. [PMID: 38412402 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Recently, magnetically actuated micro/nanorobots hold extensive promises in biomedical applications due to their advantages of noninvasiveness, fuel-free operation, and programmable nature. While effectively promised in various fields such as targeted delivery, most past investigations are mainly displayed in magnetic control of individual micro/nanorobots. Facing practical medical use, the micro/nanorobots are required for the development of swarm control in a closed-loop control manner. This review outlines the recent developments in magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms, including their actuating fundamentals, designs, controls, and biomedical applications. The fundamental principles and interactions involved in the formation of magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms are discussed first. The recent advances in the design of artificial and biohybrid micro/nanorobot swarms, along with the control devices and methods used for swarm manipulation, are presented. Furthermore, biomedical applications that have the potential to achieve clinical application are introduced, such as imaging-guided therapy, targeted delivery, embolization, and biofilm eradication. By addressing the potential challenges discussed toward the end of this review, magnetic micro/nanorobot swarms hold promise for clinical treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Hongqiao Zhao
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yucong Lu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuxuan Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Chengjuan Fan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- School of Medicine and Health, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
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6
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Song W, Li L, Liu X, Zhu Y, Yu S, Wang H, Wang L. Hydrogel microrobots for biomedical applications. Front Chem 2024; 12:1416314. [PMID: 38841335 PMCID: PMC11150770 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1416314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a surge in the application of microrobots within the medical sector, with hydrogel microrobots standing out due to their distinctive advantages. These microrobots, characterized by their exceptional biocompatibility, adjustable physico-mechanical attributes, and acute sensitivity to biological environments, have emerged as pivotal tools in advancing medical applications such as targeted drug delivery, wound healing enhancement, bio-imaging, and precise surgical interventions. The capability of hydrogel microrobots to navigate and perform tasks within complex biological systems significantly enhances the precision, efficiency, and safety of therapeutic procedures. Firstly, this paper delves into the material classification and properties of hydrogel microrobots and compares the advantages of different hydrogel materials. Furthermore, it offers a comprehensive review of the principal categories and recent innovations in the synthesis, actuation mechanisms, and biomedical application of hydrogel-based microrobots. Finally, the manuscript identifies prevailing obstacles and future directions in hydrogel microrobot research, aiming to furnish insights that could propel advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Chongqing Research Institute of HIT, Chongqing, China
| | - Leike Li
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xuejia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shimin Yu
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Haocheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
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7
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Lacroce E, Pizzetti F, Urrego NMB, Nunziata G, Masi M, Rossi F. Magnetically Active Bicontinuous Polymer Structures for Multiple Controlled Drug Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2400084. [PMID: 38733249 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202400084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The targeted delivery of drugs using wireless navigable magnetic robots allows the delivery of drug molecules to be controlled non only in time but also in space, improving medical outcomes. The main disadvantages behind their use lies in the low amount of drug that can be transported and the single nature of drug that can be loaded (hydrophilic or hydrophobic). These considerations limit their use in co-delivery systems, now recognized to be very promising for many different pathologies. A magnetic bijel-like structure is developed to load and release different types of molecules (hydrophilic and hydrophobic). In this work, the use of ε-caprolactone is explored, which can polymerize, forming hydrophobic domains (oil phase). After mixing with iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs), the water dispersion creates a magnetic biphasic porous structure without phase separation. The resulting device shows good performance both in magnetic actuation and as a drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Lacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Fabio Pizzetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Nicolás M Barbosa Urrego
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nunziata
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Maurizio Masi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, Milan, 20133, Italy
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8
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Tran HH, Watkins A, Oh MJ, Babeer A, Schaer TP, Steager E, Koo H. Targeting biofilm infections in humans using small scale robotics. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:479-495. [PMID: 37968157 PMCID: PMC11104480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The eradication of drug-resistant microbial biofilms remains an unresolved global health challenge. Small-scale robotics are providing innovative therapeutic and diagnostic approaches with high precision and efficacy. These approaches are rapidly moving from proof-of-concept studies to translational biomedical applications using ex vivo, animal, and clinical models. Here, we discuss the fundamental and translational aspects of how microrobots target the infection sites to disrupt the structural and functional traits of biofilms and their antimicrobial resistance mechanisms. We emphasize current approaches of mechanochemical disruption and on-site drug delivery that are supported by in vivo models and preclinical testing, while also highlighting diagnostics potential. We also discuss clinical translation challenges and provide perspectives for development of microrobotics approaches to combat biofilm infections and biofouling in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Huy Tran
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Amanda Watkins
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Min Jun Oh
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alaa Babeer
- Department of Oral Biology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward Steager
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | - Hyun Koo
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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9
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McGovern AD, Huang MJ, Wang J, Kapral R, Aranson IS. Multifunctional Chiral Chemically-Powered Micropropellers for Cargo Transport and Manipulation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304773. [PMID: 37936335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Practical applications of synthetic self-propelled nano and microparticles for microrobotics, targeted drug delivery, and manipulation at the nanoscale are rapidly expanding. However, fabrication limitations often hinder progress, resulting in relatively simple shapes and limited functionality. Here, taking advantage of 3D nanoscale printing, chiral micropropellers powered by the hydrogen peroxide reduction reaction are fabricated. Due to their chirality, the propellers exhibit multifunctional behavior controlled by an applied magnetic field: spinning in place (loitering), directed migration in the prescribed direction, capture, and transport of polymer cargo particles. Design parameters of the propellers are optimized by computation modeling based on mesoscale molecular dynamics. It is predicted by computer simulations, and confirmed experimentally, that clockwise rotating propellers attract each other and counterclockwise repel. These results shed light on how chirality and shape optimization enhance the functionality of synthetic autonomous micromachines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlee D McGovern
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Mu-Jie Huang
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiyuan Wang
- School of Electrical and Control Engineering, Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150022, P. R. China
| | - Raymond Kapral
- Chemical Physics Theory Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Igor S Aranson
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Mathematics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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10
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Wang W. Open Questions of Chemically Powered Nano- and Micromotors. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27185-27197. [PMID: 38063192 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemically powered nano- and micromotors are microscopic devices that convert chemical energy into motion. Interest in these motors has grown over the past 20 years because they exhibit interesting collective behaviors and have found potential uses in biomedical and environmental applications. Understanding how these motors operate both individually and collectively and how environments affect their operation is of both fundamental and applied significance. However, there are still significant gaps in our knowledge. This Perspective highlights several open questions regarding the propulsion mechanisms of, interactions among, and impact of confinements on nano- and micromotors driven by self-generated chemical gradients. These questions are based on my own experience as an experimentalist. For each open question, I describe the problem and its significance, analyze the status-quo, identify the bottleneck problem, and propose potential solutions. An underlying theme for these questions is the interplay among reaction kinetics, physicochemical distributions, and fluid flows. Unraveling this interplay requires careful measurements as well as a close collaboration between experimentalists and theoreticians/numerical experts. The interdisciplinary nature of these challenges suggests that their solutions could bring new revelations and opportunities across disciplines such as colloidal sciences, material sciences, soft matter physics, robotics, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 518055
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11
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Abaszadeh F, Ashoub MH, Khajouie G, Amiri M. Nanotechnology development in surgical applications: recent trends and developments. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:537. [PMID: 38001554 PMCID: PMC10668503 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper gives a detailed analysis of nanotechnology's rising involvement in numerous surgical fields. We investigate the use of nanotechnology in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, surgical oncology, heart surgery, vascular surgery, ophthalmic surgery, thoracic surgery, and minimally invasive surgery. The paper details how nanotechnology helps with arthroplasty, chondrogenesis, tissue regeneration, wound healing, and more. It also discusses the employment of nanomaterials in implant surfaces, bone grafting, and breast implants, among other things. The article also explores various nanotechnology uses, including stem cell-incorporated nano scaffolds, nano-surgery, hemostasis, nerve healing, nanorobots, and diagnostic applications. The ethical and safety implications of using nanotechnology in surgery are also addressed. The future possibilities of nanotechnology are investigated, pointing to a possible route for improved patient outcomes. The essay finishes with a comment on nanotechnology's transformational influence in surgical applications and its promise for future breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Abaszadeh
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Muhammad Hossein Ashoub
- Department of Hematology and Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Comprehensive Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ghazal Khajouie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Amiri
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran.
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12
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Niu J, Liu C, Yang X, Liang W, Wang Y. Construction of micro-nano robots: living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1277964. [PMID: 37781535 PMCID: PMC10539914 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1277964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-nano robots have emerged as a promising research field with vast potential applications in biomedicine. The motor is the key component of micro-nano robot research, and the design of the motor is crucial. Among the most commonly used motors are those derived from living cells such as bacteria with flagella, sperm, and algal cells. Additionally, scientists have developed numerous self-adaptive biomimetic motors with biological functions, primarily cell membrane functionalized micromotors. This novel type of motor exhibits remarkable performance in complex media. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the structure and performance of micro-nano robots that utilize living cells and functionalized biological cell membranes. We also discuss potential practical applications of these mirco-nano robots as well as potential challenges that may arise in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Niu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chenlu Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenlong Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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13
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Kong X, Gao P, Wang J, Fang Y, Hwang KC. Advances of medical nanorobots for future cancer treatments. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:74. [PMID: 37452423 PMCID: PMC10347767 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01463-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and diagnosis of many cancers is very challenging. Late stage detection of a cancer always leads to high mortality rates. It is imperative to develop novel and more sensitive and effective diagnosis and therapeutic methods for cancer treatments. The development of new cancer treatments has become a crucial aspect of medical advancements. Nanobots, as one of the most promising applications of nanomedicines, are at the forefront of multidisciplinary research. With the progress of nanotechnology, nanobots enable the assembly and deployment of functional molecular/nanosized machines and are increasingly being utilized in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic treatment. In recent years, various practical applications of nanobots for cancer treatments have transitioned from theory to practice, from in vitro experiments to in vivo applications. In this paper, we review and analyze the recent advancements of nanobots in cancer treatments, with a particular emphasis on their key fundamental features and their applications in drug delivery, tumor sensing and diagnosis, targeted therapy, minimally invasive surgery, and other comprehensive treatments. At the same time, we discuss the challenges and the potential research opportunities for nanobots in revolutionizing cancer treatments. In the future, medical nanobots are expected to become more sophisticated and capable of performing multiple medical functions and tasks, ultimately becoming true nanosubmarines in the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital and Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Breast Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Kuo Chu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan ROC.
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Zhang B, Zhu L, Pan H, Cai L. Biocompatible smart micro/nanorobots for active gastrointestinal tract drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:1427-1441. [PMID: 37840310 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2270915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral delivery is the most commonly used route of drug administration owing to good patient compliance. However, the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains multiple physiological barriers that limit the absorption efficiency of conventional passive delivery systems resulting in a low drug concentration reaching the diseased sites. Micro/nanorobots can convert energy to self-propulsive force, providing a novel platform to actively overcome GI tract barriers for noninvasive drug delivery and treatment. AREAS COVERED In this review, we first describe the microenvironments and barriers in the different compartments of the GI tract. Afterward, the applications of micro/nanorobots to overcome GI tract barriers for active drug delivery are highlighted and discussed. Finally, we summarize and discuss the challenges and future prospects of micro/nanorobots for further clinical applications. EXPERT OPINION Micro/nanorobots with the ability to autonomously propel themselves and to load, transport, and release payloads on demand are ideal carriers for active oral drug delivery. Although there are many challenges to be addressed, micro/nanorobots have great potential to introduce a new era of drug delivery for precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baozhen Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lizhen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, China
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