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Lee S, Yu JS, Lee SR, Kim KH. Non-peptide secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms: overview of chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:512-559. [PMID: 34608478 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to June 2021A wide variety of mushrooms have traditionally been recognized as edible fungi with high nutritional value and low calories, and abundantly produce structurally diverse and bioactive secondary metabolites. However, accidental ingestion of poisonous mushrooms can result in serious illnesses and even death. Chemically, mushroom poisoning is associated with secondary metabolites produced in poisonous mushrooms, causing specific toxicity. However, many poisonous mushrooms have not been fully investigated for their secondary metabolites, and the secondary metabolites of poisonous mushrooms have not been systematically summarized for details such as chemical composition and biosynthetic mechanisms. The isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from poisonous mushrooms have great research value since these compounds could be lethal toxins that contribute to the toxicity of mushrooms or could provide lead compounds with remarkable biological activities that can promote advances in other related disciplines, such as biochemistry and pharmacology. In this review, we summarize the structures and biological activities of secondary metabolites identified from poisonous mushrooms and provide an overview of the current information on these metabolites, focusing on their chemistry, bioactivity, and biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seulah Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, KIOST, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Sik Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Pei H, Ma X, Pan Y, Han T, Lu Z, Wu R, Cao X, Zheng J. Separation and purification of lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, and cholesterol from lanolin by high‐performance counter‐current chromatography dual‐mode elution method. J Sep Sci 2019; 42:2171-2178. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hairun Pei
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xiaotong Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yan Pan
- Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tian Han
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Lu
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Ruijuan Wu
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Xueli Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
| | - Jimin Zheng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human HealthBeijing Technology & Business University Beijing P. R. China
- College of ChemistryBeijing Normal University Beijing P. R. China
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Lihavainen J, Ahonen V, Keski-Saari S, Sõber A, Oksanen E, Keinänen M. Low vapor pressure deficit reduces glandular trichome density and modifies the chemical composition of cuticular waxes in silver birch leaves. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 37:1166-1181. [PMID: 28460081 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpx045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax layer is the first barrier against the outside environment and the first defense encountered by herbivores and pathogens. The effects of environmental factors on cuticular chemistry, and on the formation of glandular trichomes that account for the storage and secretion of lipophilic compounds to the leaf surface are poorly understood. Low vapor pressure deficit (VPD) has shown to reduce the nitrogen (N) status of plants. Thus, we studied the effects of elevated air humidity, indicated as VPD, and the effect of N fertilization on cuticular waxes and glandular trichome density in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Experiments were carried out in growth chambers with juvenile plants and in a long-term field experiment with older trees. Low VPD reduced the glandular trichome density in both experiments, in chamber and in field. The contents of the major triterpenoid and flavonoid aglycones correlated positively with glandular trichome density, which supports the role of trichomes in the exudation of secondary compounds to the leaf surface. A closer examination of the cuticular wax chemistry in the chamber experiment revealed that low VPD and N supply affected the composition of cuticular waxes, but not the total wax content. The deposition of different wax compounds followed a co-ordinated pattern in birch leaves, but different compound groups varied in their responses to N fertilization and low VPD. Low VPD reduced the hydrophobicity of cuticular waxes, as demonstrated by lower alkane content and less hydrophobic flavonoid profile in low VPD than in high VPD. Reduced hydrophobicity of the wax layer is presumed to increase leaf wettability. Together with reduced trichome density in low VPD it may enhance the susceptibility of trees to fungal pathogens and herbivores. High N supply under low VPD reduced the effect of low VPD on the cuticular wax composition. Total fatty acid content and the expression of β-amyrin synthase were lower under high N supply than under moderate N supply irrespective of VPD treatment. Nitrogen availability and decreasing VPD will modify leaf surface properties in silver birch and thereby affect tree defence against abiotic and biotic stress factors that emerge under climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Lihavainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Viivi Ahonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sarita Keski-Saari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Anu Sõber
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Elina Oksanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Markku Keinänen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Zhang JY, Sun HJ, Song IJ, Bae TW, Kang HG, Ko SM, Kwon YI, Kim IW, Lee J, Park SY, Lim PO, Kim YH, Lee HY. Plant regeneration of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) mutant lines induced by γ-irradiation ((60)Co) of adventitious roots. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:220-5. [PMID: 25378998 PMCID: PMC4213868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient in vitro protocol has been established for somatic embryogenesis and plantlet conversion of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer). Wild-type and mutant adventitious roots derived from the ginseng produced calluses on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.3 mg/L kinetin; 53.3% of the explants formed callus. Embryogenic callus proliferation and somatic embryo induction occurred on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The induced somatic embryos further developed to maturity on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid, and 85% of them germinated. The germinated embryos were developed to shoots and elongated on MS medium with 5 mg/L gibberellic acid. The shoots developed into plants with well-developed taproots on one-third strength Schenk and Hildebrandt basal medium supplemented with 0.25 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid. When the plants were transferred to soil, about 30% of the regenerated plants developed into normal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Zhang
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Sun
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - In-Ja Song
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tae-Woong Bae
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Hong-Gyu Kang
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Suk-Min Ko
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yong-Ik Kwon
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Il-Woung Kim
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Jaechun Lee
- School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Cheju Halla University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Pyung-Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (IPET), Anyang, Korea
| | - Hyo-Yeon Lee
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
- Subtropical Horticulture Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Zhang JY, Bae TW, Boo KH, Sun HJ, Song IJ, Pham CH, Ganesan M, Yang DH, Kang HG, Ko SM, Riu KZ, Lim PO, Lee HY. Ginsenoside Production and Morphological Characterization of Wild Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) Mutant Lines Induced by γ-irradiation ((60)Co) of Adventitious Roots. J Ginseng Res 2013; 35:283-93. [PMID: 23717071 PMCID: PMC3659537 DOI: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.3.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the purpose of improving ginsenoside content in adventitious root cultures of Korean wild ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), the roots were treated with different dosages of γ-ray (5, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy). The growth of adventitious roots was inhibited at over 100 Gy. The irradiated adventitious roots showed significant variation in the morphological parameters and crude saponin content at 50 to100 Gy. Therefore, four mutant cell lines out of the propagation of 35 cell lines treated with 50 Gy and 100 Gy were selected on the basis of phenotypic morphology and crude saponin contents relative to the wild type control. The contents of 7 major ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rf, and Rd) were determined for cell lines 1 and 3 from 100 Gy and lines 2 and 4 from 50 Gy treatments. Cell line 2 showed more secondary roots, longer length and superior growth rate than the root controls in flasks and bioreactors. Cell line 1 showed larger average diameter and the growth rate in the bioreactor was comparable with that of the control but greater in the flask cultured roots. Cell lines 1 and 2, especially the former, showed much more ginsenoside contents than the control in flasks and bioreactors. Therefore, we chose cell line 1 for further study of ginsenoside contents. The crude saponin content of line 1 in flask and bioreactor cultures increased by 1.4 and 1.8-fold, respectively, compared to the control. Total contents of 7 ginsenoside types (Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rf, and Rd) increased by 1.8 and 2.3-fold, respectively compared to the control. Crude saponin and ginsenoside contents in the bioreactor culture increased by about 1.4-fold compared to that the flask culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ying Zhang
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Andersson PF, Broberg A, Lundberg D. The furan-osteroid viridiol. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o467-8. [PMID: 23634026 PMCID: PMC3629508 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813005606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C20H18O6 (systematic name: 1β,3β-dihy-droxy-2β-meth-oxyfuro[4',3',2':4,5,6]-18-norandrosta-8,11,13-triene-7,17-dione), a dihydro derivative of the fungal steroid viridin, contains two mol-ecules with similar conformations. The rings bearing the hy-droxy groups adopt boat conformations. The absolute structure was assigned based on the known chirality of a precursor compound. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, generating a three-dimensional network and weak C-H⋯O inter-actions consolidate the packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre F. Andersson
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7015, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Broberg
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7015, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala BioCenter, P.O. Box 7015, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden,Correspondence e-mail:
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Wu Q, Song YC, Xu H, Guo Y, Li J, Tan RX. Medium optimization for enhanced co-production of two bioactive metabolites in the same fermentation by a statistical approach. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2011; 13:1110-1121. [PMID: 22115035 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.618451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes improved optimization method that combines the one-factor-at-a-time method (OFAT), Plackett-Burman design, and the response surface method (RSM), which were used to optimize the medium for the production of fumigaclavine C (FC) and helvolic acid (HA) from endophytic Aspergillus fumigatus CY018 simultaneously. The ideal carbon and nitrogen sources for the two compounds were assessed initially via the one-factor-at-a-time method. Three key cultivation factors (pH, phosphate, and inoculum size) were chosen based on the results of Plackett-Burman design, and subsequently optimized by the central composite design. The two metabolites were amply afforded when the cultivation was carried out with the inoculum size of 2.45% at pH 4.2 and 28°C for 19 days in the medium containing (g/l): mannitol 50, sodium succinate 5.4, NaNO₃ 2, MgSO₄·7H₂O 0.3, FeSO₄·7H₂O 0.01, and KH₂PO₄ 0.67. The highest yields of FC and HA achieved herein were 17.26 and 16.88 mg/l. This work might be the first endeavor leading to the improved simultaneous production of two complex active metabolites with a single strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Institute of Functional Biomolecules, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Abstract
The years 2000 through mid-2010 marked a transformational period in understanding of the biosynthesis of marine natural products. During this decade the field emerged from one largely dominated by chemical approaches to understanding biosynthetic pathways to one incorporating the full force of modern molecular biology and bioinformatics. Fusion of chemical and biological approaches yielded great advances in understanding the genetic and enzymatic basis for marine natural product biosynthesis. Progress was particularly pronounced for marine microbes, especially actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. During this single decade, both the first complete marine microbial natural product biosynthetic gene cluster sequence was released as well as the first entire genome sequence for a secondary metabolite-rich marine microbe. The decade also saw tremendous progress in recognizing the key role of marine microbial symbionts of invertebrates in natural product biosynthesis. Application of genetic and enzymatic knowledge led to genetic engineering of novel “unnatural” natural products during this time, as well as opportunities for discovery of novel natural products through genome mining. The current review highlights selected seminal studies from 2000 through to June 2010 that illustrate breakthroughs in understanding of marine natural product biosynthesis at the genetic, enzymatic, and small-molecule natural product levels. A total of 154 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Lane
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Cornwell DG, Ma J. Nutritional benefit of olive oil: the biological effects of hydroxytyrosol and its arylating quinone adducts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8774-8786. [PMID: 18783241 DOI: 10.1021/jf8015877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Olive oil is the essential component of the Mediterranean diet, a nutritional regimen gaining ever-increasing renown for its beneficial effects on inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A unique characteristic of olive oil is its enrichment in oleuropein, a member of the secoiridoid family, which hydrolyzes to the catechol hydroxytyrosol and functions as a hydrophilic phenolic antioxidant that is oxidized to its catechol quinone during redox cycling. Little effort has been spent on exploring the biological properties of the catechol hydroxytyrosol quinone, a strong arylating electrophile that forms Michael adducts with thiol nucleophiles in glutathione and proteins. This study compares the chemical and biological characteristics of hydroxytyrosol with those of the tocopherol family in which Michael adducts of arylating desmethyltocopherol quinones have been identified and correlated with biologic properties including cytotoxicity and induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress. It is noted that hydroxytyrosol and desmethyltocopherols share many similarities, suggesting that Michael adduct formation by an arylating quinone electrophile may contribute to the biological properties of both families, including the unique nutritional benefit of olive oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Cornwell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Hu FX, Zhong JJ. Jasmonic acid mediates gene transcription of ginsenoside biosynthesis in cell cultures of Panax notoginseng treated with chemically synthesized 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate. Process Biochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2007.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hu FX, Zhong JJ. Role of Jasmonic Acid in Alteration of Ginsenoside Heterogeneity in Elicited Cell Cultures of Panax notoginseng. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:513-6. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Gäbler A, Boland W, Preiss U, Simon H. Stereochemical Studies on Homoterpene Biosynthesis in Higher Plants; Mechanistic, Phylogenetic, and Ecological Aspects. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19910740820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ríos J, Recio M, Maáñez S, Giner R. Natural Triterpenoids as Anti-Inflammatory Agents. BIOACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS (PART C) 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Corey EJ, Matsuda SP, Bartel B. Isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding cycloartenol synthase by functional expression in a yeast mutant lacking lanosterol synthase by the use of a chromatographic screen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:11628-32. [PMID: 7505443 PMCID: PMC48037 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.24.11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Whereas vertebrates and fungi synthesize sterols from epoxysqualene through the intermediate lanosterol, plants cyclize epoxysqualene to cycloartenol as the initial sterol. We report the cloning and characterization of CAS1, an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding cycloartenol synthase [(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, cycloartenol forming), EC 5.4.99.8]. A yeast mutant lacking lanosterol synthase [(S)-2,3-epoxysqualene mutase (cyclizing, lanosterol forming), EC 5.4.99.7] was transformed with an A. thaliana cDNA yeast expression library, and colonies were assayed for epoxysqualene mutase activity by thin-layer chromatography. One out of approximately 10,000 transformants produced a homogenate that cyclized 2,3-epoxysqualene to the plant sterol cycloartenol. This activity was shown to be plasmid dependent. The plasmid insert contains a 2277-bp open reading frame capable of encoding an 86-kDa protein with significant homology to lanosterol synthase from Candida albicans and squalene-hopene cyclase (EC 5.4.99.-) from Bacillus acidocalcarius. The method used to clone this gene should be generally applicable to genes responsible for secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Corey
- Department of Chemistry, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
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Tietze LF, Beifuss U. Sequentielle Transformationen in der Organischen Chemie eine Synthesestrategie mit Zukunft. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19931050204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Silva CJ, Djerassi C. Biosynthetic studies of marine lipids 36. The origin of common sterol side chains in eleven sponges using [3-3H]-squalene. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1992; 101:255-68. [PMID: 1499273 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(92)90188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
1. [3-3H]-Squalene was fed to 11 marine sponges containing a mixture of "common" sterol side chains. All of these sponges possess significant quantities of cholesterol, but their ability to biosynthesize it differs widely. 2. All the sponges possess significant quantities of delta 22 sterols, yet none of them was able to introduce the delta 22 double bond. 22-Dehydro-24-norcholesterol and 24-methyl-22-dehydro-27-norcholesterol side chains also originate from the diet. 3. These sponges biosynthesized between 40 and 80% of their sterols, a typical value being 70%. The remainder is derived from the diet or by modification of dietary sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Silva
- Chemistry Department, Stanford University, CA 94305
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