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Xue R, Meng H, Yin J, Xia J, Hu Z, Liu H. The Role of Calmodulin vs. Synaptotagmin in Exocytosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:691363. [PMID: 34421537 PMCID: PMC8375295 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.691363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is a Ca2+-regulated process that requires the participation of Ca2+ sensors. In the 1980s, two classes of Ca2+-binding proteins were proposed as putative Ca2+ sensors: EF-hand protein calmodulin, and the C2 domain protein synaptotagmin. In the next few decades, numerous studies determined that in the final stage of membrane fusion triggered by a micromolar boost in the level of Ca2+, the low affinity Ca2+-binding protein synaptotagmin, especially synaptotagmin 1 and 2, acts as the primary Ca2+ sensor, whereas calmodulin is unlikely to be functional due to its high Ca2+ affinity. However, in the meantime emerging evidence has revealed that calmodulin is involved in the earlier exocytotic steps prior to fusion, such as vesicle trafficking, docking and priming by acting as a high affinity Ca2+ sensor activated at submicromolar level of Ca2+. Calmodulin directly interacts with multiple regulatory proteins involved in the regulation of exocytosis, including VAMP, myosin V, Munc13, synapsin, GAP43 and Rab3, and switches on key kinases, such as type II Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, to phosphorylate a series of exocytosis regulators, including syntaxin, synapsin, RIM and Ca2+ channels. Moreover, calmodulin interacts with synaptotagmin through either direct binding or indirect phosphorylation. In summary, calmodulin and synaptotagmin are Ca2+ sensors that play complementary roles throughout the process of exocytosis. In this review, we discuss the complementary roles that calmodulin and synaptotagmin play as Ca2+ sensors during exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhao Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity & Infant Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiang Yin
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyao Xia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Huisheng Liu
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou, China.,Bioland Laboratory, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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Pleiotropic Roles of Calmodulin in the Regulation of KRas and Rac1 GTPases: Functional Diversity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103680. [PMID: 32456244 PMCID: PMC7279331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous signalling protein that controls many biological processes due to its capacity to interact and/or regulate a large number of cellular proteins and pathways, mostly in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This complex interactome of calmodulin can have pleiotropic molecular consequences, which over the years has made it often difficult to clearly define the contribution of calmodulin in the signal output of specific pathways and overall biological response. Most relevant for this review, the ability of calmodulin to influence the spatiotemporal signalling of several small GTPases, in particular KRas and Rac1, can modulate fundamental biological outcomes such as proliferation and migration. First, direct interaction of calmodulin with these GTPases can alter their subcellular localization and activation state, induce post-translational modifications as well as their ability to interact with effectors. Second, through interaction with a set of calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs), calmodulin can control the capacity of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) to promote the switch of inactive KRas and Rac1 to an active conformation. Moreover, Rac1 is also an effector of KRas and both proteins are interconnected as highlighted by the requirement for Rac1 activation in KRas-driven tumourigenesis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the multiple layers how calmodulin can regulate KRas and Rac1 GTPases in a variety of cellular events, with biological consequences and potential for therapeutic opportunities in disease settings, such as cancer.
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Askar B, Higgins J, Barrow P, Foster N. Immune evasion by Salmonella: exploiting the VPAC1/VIP axis in human monocytes. Immunology 2019; 158:230-239. [PMID: 31408534 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune evasion is a critical survival mechanism for bacterial colonization of deeper tissues and may lead to life-threatening conditions such as endotoxaemia and sepsis. Understanding these immune evasion pathways would be an important step for the development of novel anti-microbial therapeutics. Here, we report a hitherto unknown mechanism by which Salmonella exploits an anti-inflammatory pathway in human immune cells to obtain survival advantage. We show that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain 4/74 significantly (P < 0·05) increased expression of mRNA and surface protein of the type 1 receptor (VPAC1) for anti-inflammatory vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in human monocytes. However, we also show that S. Typhimurium induced retrograde recycling of VPAC1 from early endosomes to Rab11a-containing sorting endosomes, associated with the Golgi apparatus, and anterograde trafficking via Rab3a and calmodulin 1. Expression of Rab3a and calmodulin 1 were significantly increased by S. Typhimurium infection and W-7 (calmodulin antagonist) decreased VPAC1 expression on the cell membrane while CALP-1 (calmodulin agonist) increased VPAC1 expression (P < 0·05). When infected monocytes were co-cultured with VIP, a significantly higher number of S. Typhimurium were recovered from these monocytes, compared with S. Typhimurium recovered from monocytes cultured only in cell media. We conclude that S. Typhimurium infection exploits host VPAC1/VIP to gain survival advantage in human monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Higgins
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neil Foster
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Miteva KT, Pedicini L, Wilson LA, Jayasinghe I, Slip RG, Marszalek K, Gaunt HJ, Bartoli F, Deivasigamani S, Sobradillo D, Beech DJ, McKeown L. Rab46 integrates Ca 2+ and histamine signaling to regulate selective cargo release from Weibel-Palade bodies. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2232-2246. [PMID: 31092558 PMCID: PMC6605797 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201810118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how a plethora of stimuli evoke differential cargo secretion from endothelial cells to produce stimulus-appropriate responses. Miteva et al. show that Rab46 integrates histamine signaling and Ca2+ signals to regulate selective cargo release from Weibel-Palade bodies. Endothelial cells selectively release cargo stored in Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) to regulate vascular function, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we show that histamine evokes the release of the proinflammatory ligand, P-selectin, while diverting WPBs carrying non-inflammatory cargo away from the plasma membrane to the microtubule organizing center. This differential trafficking is dependent on Rab46 (CRACR2A), a newly identified Ca2+-sensing GTPase, which localizes to a subset of P-selectin–negative WPBs. After acute stimulation of the H1 receptor, GTP-bound Rab46 evokes dynein-dependent retrograde transport of a subset of WPBs along microtubules. Upon continued histamine stimulation, Rab46 senses localized elevations of intracellular calcium and evokes dispersal of microtubule organizing center–clustered WPBs. These data demonstrate for the first time that a Rab GTPase, Rab46, integrates G protein and Ca2+ signals to couple on-demand histamine signals to selective WPB trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina T Miteva
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lucia Pedicini
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lesley A Wilson
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Izzy Jayasinghe
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Raphael G Slip
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Katarzyna Marszalek
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Hannah J Gaunt
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Fiona Bartoli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Shruthi Deivasigamani
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Diego Sobradillo
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David J Beech
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Lynn McKeown
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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The dynamic architecture of photoreceptor ribbon synapses: cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix, and intramembrane proteins. Vis Neurosci 2012; 28:453-71. [PMID: 22192503 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523811000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors possess ribbon synapses that assist in the transmission of graded light responses to second-order bipolar and horizontal cells of the vertebrate retina. Proper functioning of the synapse requires the juxtaposition of presynaptic release sites immediately adjacent to postsynaptic receptors. In this review, we focus on the synaptic, cytoskeletal, and extracellular matrix proteins that help to organize photoreceptor ribbon synapses in the outer plexiform layer. We examine the proteins that foster the clustering of release proteins, calcium channels, and synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminals of photoreceptors adjacent to their postsynaptic contacts. Although many proteins interact with one another in the presynaptic terminal and synaptic cleft, these protein-protein interactions do not create a static and immutable structure. Instead, photoreceptor ribbon synapses are remarkably dynamic, exhibiting structural changes on both rapid and slow time scales.
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Both the C-terminal polylysine region and the farnesylation of K-RasB are important for its specific interaction with calmodulin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21929. [PMID: 21750741 PMCID: PMC3130059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ras protein, as one of intracellular signal switches, plays various roles in several cell activities such as differentiation and proliferation. There is considerable evidence showing that calmodulin (CaM) binds to K-RasB and dissociates K-RasB from membrane and that the inactivation of CaM is able to induce K-RasB activation. However, the mechanism for the interaction of CaM with K-RasB is not well understood. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, by applying fluorescence spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry, we have obtained thermodynamic parameters for the interaction between these two proteins and identified the important elements of K-RasB for its interaction with Ca2+/CaM. One K-RasB molecule interacts with one CaM molecule in a GTP dependent manner with moderate, micromolar affinity at physiological pH and physiologic ionic strength. Mutation in the polybasic domain of K-Ras decreases the binding affinity. By using a chimera in which the C-terminal polylysine region of K-RasB has been replaced with that of H-Ras and vice versa, we find that at physiological pH, H-Ras-(KKKKKK) and Ca2+/CaM formed a 1∶1 complex with an equilibrium association constant around 105 M−1, whereas no binding reaction of K-RasB-(DESGPC) with Ca2+/CaM is detected. Furthermore, the interaction of K-RasB with Ca2+/CaM is found to be enhanced by the farnesylation of K-RasB. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrate that the polylysine region of K-RasB not only contributes importantly to the interaction of K-RasB with Ca2+/CaM, but also defines its isoform specific interaction with Ca2+/CaM. The farnesylation of K-RasB is also important for its specific interaction with Ca2+/CaM. Information obtained here can enhance our understanding of how CaM interacts with K-RasB in physiological environments.
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Rab3a-mediated vesicle recruitment regulates short-term plasticity at the mouse diaphragm synapse. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:286-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Tsai MC, Shen LF, Kuo HS, Cheng H, Chak KF. Involvement of acidic fibroblast growth factor in spinal cord injury repair processes revealed by a proteomics approach. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:1668-87. [PMID: 18482974 PMCID: PMC2556019 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800076-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF; also known as FGF-1) is a potent neurotrophic factor that affects neuronal survival in the injured spinal cord. However, the pathological changes that occur with spinal cord injury (SCI) and the attribution to aFGF of a neuroprotective effect during SCI are still elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that rat SCI, when treated with aFGF, showed significant functional recovery as indicated by the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale and the combined behavior score (p < 0.01-0.001). Furthermore proteomics and bioinformatics approaches were adapted to investigate changes in the global protein profile of the damaged spinal cord tissue when experimental rats were treated either with or without aFGF at 24 h after injury. We found that 51 protein spots, resolvable by two-dimensional PAGE, had significant differential expression. Using hierarchical clustering analysis, these proteins were categorized into five major expression patterns. Noticeably proteins involved in the process of secondary injury, such as astrocyte activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein), inflammation (S100B), and scar formation (keratan sulfate proteoglycan lumican), which lead to the blocking of injured spinal cord regeneration, were down-regulated in the contusive spinal cord after treatment with aFGF. We propose that aFGF might initiate a series of biological processes to prevent or attenuate secondary injury and that this, in turn, leads to an improvement in functional recovery. Moreover the quantitative expression level of these proteins was verified by quantitative real time PCR. Furthermore we identified various potential neuroprotective protein factors that are induced by aFGF and may be involved in the spinal cord repair processes of SCI rats. Thus, our results could have a remarkable impact on clinical developments in the area of spinal cord injury therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chu Tsai
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad J Marsh
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Blas GAD, Roggero CM, Tomes CN, Mayorga LS. Dynamics of SNARE assembly and disassembly during sperm acrosomal exocytosis. PLoS Biol 2005; 3:e323. [PMID: 16131227 PMCID: PMC1197286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of SNARE assembly and disassembly during membrane recognition and fusion is a central issue in intracellular trafficking and regulated secretion. Exocytosis of sperm's single vesicle—the acrosome—is a synchronized, all-or-nothing process that happens only once in the life of the cell and depends on activation of both the GTP-binding protein Rab3 and of neurotoxin-sensitive SNAREs. These characteristics make acrosomal exocytosis a unique mammalian model for the study of the different phases of the membrane fusion cascade. By using a functional assay and immunofluorescence techniques in combination with neurotoxins and a photosensitive Ca2+ chelator we show that, in unactivated sperm, SNAREs are locked in heterotrimeric cis complexes. Upon Ca2+ entry into the cytoplasm, Rab3 is activated and triggers NSF/α-SNAP-dependent disassembly of cis SNARE complexes. Monomeric SNAREs in the plasma membrane and the outer acrosomal membrane are then free to reassemble in loose trans complexes that are resistant to NSF/α-SNAP and differentially sensitive to cleavage by two vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)–specific neurotoxins. Ca2+ must be released from inside the acrosome to trigger the final steps of membrane fusion that require fully assembled trans SNARE complexes and synaptotagmin. Our results indicate that the unidirectional and sequential disassembly and assembly of SNARE complexes drive acrosomal exocytosis. Unidirectional and sequential disassembly and assembly of SNARE complexes drive sperm acrosomal exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo A. De Blas
- 1Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Roggero
- 1Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudia N Tomes
- 1Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Luis S Mayorga
- 1Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Alzate O, Hussain SRA, Goettl VM, Tewari AK, Madiai F, Stephens RL, Hackshaw KV. Proteomic identification of brainstem cytosolic proteins in a neuropathic pain model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:193-200. [PMID: 15363894 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2004.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2004] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain involves co-regulation of many genes and their translational products in both peripheral and central nervous system. We used proteomics approaches to investigate expressional changes in cytosolic protein levels in rat brainstem tissues following ligation of lumbar 5 and 6 (L5, L6) spinal nerves, which generates a model of peripheral neuropathic pain (NP). Proteins from brainstem tissue homogenates of NP and SHAM animals were fractionated by two-dimensional (2-DE) gel electrophoresis to produce a high-resolution map of the brainstem soluble proteins. Proteins showing altered expression levels between NP and SHAM were selected. Isolated proteins were in-gel trypsin-digested and the resulting peptides were analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Using the mass spectrometric data, we were able to identify 17 proteins of interest through searches of the Swiss-Prot and NCBi nonredundant protein sequence database. Several of the identified proteins, including fatty acid binding protein-brain (FABP-B), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class 1, T-cell receptor (TCR) alpha chain, and interleukin-1 (IL-1), showed significantly higher levels in the NP rat brainstem. Proteomic analysis has identified several proteins with differential expression levels in NP as compared to SHAM. However, the function of the proteins identified is postulated; therefore, further experiments are required to determine the true role of each protein in NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Alzate
- Neuroproteomic Center, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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