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Yang C, Mo J, Liu Q, Li W, Chen Y, Feng J, Jia J, Liu L, Bai Y, Zhou J. TXNIP/NLRP3 aggravates global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury-induced cognitive decline in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27423. [PMID: 38496898 PMCID: PMC10944238 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (GCI/R) injury poses a risk for cognitive decline, with neuroinflammation considered pivotal in this process. This study aimed to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying GCI/R injury and propose a potential therapeutic strategy for associated cognitive deficits. Utilizing bioinformatics analysis of a public microarray profile (GSE30655 and GSE80681) in cerebral ischemic mice, it was observed that neuroinflammation emerged as a significant gene ontology item, with an increase in the expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) and NLRP3 genes. Experimental models involving bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in mice revealed that GCI/R induced cognitive impairment, along with a time-dependent increase in TXNIP and NLRP3 levels. Notably, TXNIP knockdown alleviated cognitive dysfunction in mice. Furthermore, the introduction of adeno-associated virus injection with TXNIP knockdown reduced the number of activated microglia, apoptosis neurons, and levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus. Collectively, these findings underscore the significance of TXNIP/NLRP3 in the hippocampus in exacerbating cognitive decline due to GCI/R injury, suggesting that TXNIP knockdown holds promise as a therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qingmei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Li
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, He Jiang People's Hospital, Luzhou, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jianguo Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yiping Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China
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Yuan L, Xiao D, Yang R, Ge L, Wan Y, Jiang L. Screening of liothyronine network pharmacology role in the treatment of ischemic stroke and molecular mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:1641-1649. [PMID: 38018869 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to elucidate mechanisms of liothyronine on the treatment of ischemic stroke (IS). METHODS Differential analysis based on R limma package was used to identify differentially expressed genes, which were then mapped into the connectivity map database for identification of liothyronine associated with IS. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathway was verified through pathway enrichment analysis via Enrichr online. Ischemia stroke mouse model was built up for further analysis. Infarct area and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were measured by 2, 3, 5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and laser Doppler flowmetry, respectively. Light microscope was used for the evaluation of body weight and dark neurons. Serum TXB2 , 6-Keto-PGF1a , TNF-α, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in mice were measured using enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay. In addition, relative protein expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, nestin, and Sox2 were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Liothyronine with a negative connectivity was identified as one promising treatment for IS through TNF signaling pathway. The experimental results showed that liothyronine treatment significantly meliorated infarct area and the number of dark neurons in IS mice. Liothyronine greatly ameliorated the expression levels of TXB2 and 6-Keto-PGF1a . Besides, rCBF and body weight change of IS mice were increased gradually with increase of drug concentration. Based on pathway enrichment analysis, anti-inflammatory response (TNF-α and IL-6) relevant to TNF signaling pathway was identified, which was further validated in vitro. Furthermore, proteins as neural stem cell markers made a difference with liothyronine treatment. CONCLUSION Liothyronine may be a novel therapeutic component to exploit an effective medicine for the treatment of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongdong Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rumei Yang
- Nursing Department, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Ge
- Special Ward, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuye Wan
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital LuWan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianglei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Jia S, Lu W, Hang M, Zhang C, Ma Z, Xue K, Lu Y, Zhang S, Guo Y, Zhang J, Zhang X, Wang Y, Zhao H. Study on the effect of acupunture treatment on autonomic nerve dysfunction in convalescent period of stroke based on heart rate variability assessment technique. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32355. [PMID: 36550889 PMCID: PMC9771218 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke patients with autonomic dysfunction are more likely to develop cardiac problems, which have been linked to lower functional outcomes and increased mortality. In this study, heart rate variability (HRV) detection paired with the Clinical Feature Scale will be utilized to elucidate the immediate impact of manual acupuncture on autonomic dysfunction of varying severity in the convalescence stroke phase. This is a randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial approach. At a ratio of 1:1, 60 appropriate patients will be randomly randomized into either the experimental or control group. On the basis of symptomatic treatment drugs, the experimental group will additionally undertake acupuncture therapy 3 times a week for 4 weeks, for a total of 12 times. Primary outcomes include 24-hour HRV and 60-minute HRV detection at week 4 compared with baseline. The secondary outcome is the score of clinical feature scale at week 4 compared with the baseline. Adverse events and safety indices will be recorded throughout the experiment. The SPSS V.25.0 statistical program was applied for analysis, and measurement data were expressed as mean ± SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Jia
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wang Lu
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * Correspondence: Wang Lu, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 725 South Wanping Road, Shanghai, China (e-mail: )
| | - Minghui Hang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chu Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilin Ma
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Xue
- Shanghai Changning Tianshan Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunqi Lu
- Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenghong Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijin Guo
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyin Zhao
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Xu Y, Ge Y, Zhou M, Zhang Z. Clenbuterol, a Selective β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist, Inhibits or Limits Post-Stroke Pneumonia, but Increases Infarct Volume in MCAO Mice. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:295-309. [PMID: 35058704 PMCID: PMC8765548 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s344521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Younian Xu
- Anesthesiology Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Ge
- Anesthesiology Department, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Anesthesiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Miaomiao Zhou Anesthesiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei Province, People’s Republic of ChinaTel/Fax +86 027-67812903 Email
| | - Zongze Zhang
- Anesthesiology Department, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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Takahashi H, Asahina R, Fujioka M, Matsui TK, Kato S, Mori E, Hioki H, Yamamoto T, Kobayashi K, Tsuboi A. Ras-like Gem GTPase induced by Npas4 promotes activity-dependent neuronal tolerance for ischemic stroke. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2018850118. [PMID: 34349016 PMCID: PMC8364162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018850118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, which results in loss of neurological function, initiates a complex cascade of pathological events in the brain, largely driven by excitotoxic Ca2+ influx in neurons. This leads to cortical spreading depolarization, which induces expression of genes involved in both neuronal death and survival; yet, the functions of these genes remain poorly understood. Here, we profiled gene expression changes that are common to ischemia (modeled by middle cerebral artery occlusion [MCAO]) and to experience-dependent activation (modeled by exposure to an enriched environment [EE]), which also induces Ca2+ transients that trigger transcriptional programs. We found that the activity-dependent transcription factor Npas4 was up-regulated under MCAO and EE conditions and that transient activation of cortical neurons in the healthy brain by the EE decreased cell death after stroke. Furthermore, both MCAO in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro revealed that Npas4 is necessary and sufficient for neuroprotection. We also found that this protection involves the inhibition of L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). Next, our systematic search for Npas4-downstream genes identified Gem, which encodes a Ras-related small GTPase that mediates neuroprotective effects of Npas4. Gem suppresses the membrane localization of L-type VGCCs to inhibit excess Ca2+ influx, thereby protecting neurons from excitotoxic death after in vitro and in vivo ischemia. Collectively, our findings indicate that Gem expression via Npas4 is necessary and sufficient to promote neuroprotection in the injured brain. Importantly, Gem is also induced in human cerebral organoids cultured under an ischemic condition, revealing Gem as a new target for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroo Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Ryo Asahina
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujioka
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi K Matsui
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Mori
- Department of Future Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hioki
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Akio Tsuboi
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology of Neural Systems, Advanced Medical Research Center, Nara Medical University, Nara 634-8521, Japan;
- Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Potential Molecular Target Prediction and Docking Verification of Hua-Feng-Dan in Stroke Based on Network Pharmacology. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:8872593. [PMID: 33193801 PMCID: PMC7641700 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8872593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Hua-Feng-Dan (HFD) is a Chinese medicine for stroke. This study is to predict and verify potential molecular targets and pathways of HFD against stroke using network pharmacology. Methods The TCMSP database and TCMID were used to search for the active ingredients of HFD, and GeneCards and DrugBank databases were used to search for stroke-related target genes to construct the “component-target-disease” by Cytoscape 3.7.1, which was further filtered by MCODE to build a core network. The STRING database was used to obtain interrelationships by topology and to construct a protein-protein interaction network. GO and KEGG were carried out through DAVID Bioinformatics. Autodock 4.2 was used for molecular docking. BaseSpace was used to correlate target genes with the GEO database. Results Based on OB ≥ 30% and DL ≥ 0.18, 42 active ingredients were extracted from HFD, and 107 associated targets were obtained. PPI network and Cytoscape analysis identified 22 key targets. GO analysis suggested 51 cellular biological processes, and KEGG suggested that 60 pathways were related to the antistroke mechanism of HFD, with p53, PI3K-Akt, and apoptosis signaling pathways being most important for HFD effects. Molecular docking verified interactions between the core target (CASP8, CASP9, MDM2, CYCS, RELA, and CCND1) and the active ingredients (beta-sitosterol, luteolin, baicalein, and wogonin). The identified gene targets were highly correlated with the GEO biosets, and the stroke-protection effects of Xuesaitong in the database were verified by identified targets. Conclusion HFD could regulate the symptoms of stroke through signaling pathways with core targets. This work provided a bioinformatic method to clarify the antistroke mechanism of HFD, and the identified core targets could be valuable to evaluate the antistroke effects of traditional Chinese medicines.
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Wang L, Kikuchi S, Schmidt TA, Hoofnagle M, Wight TN, Azuma N, Tang GL, Sobel M, Velamoor GR, Mokadam NA, Kenagy RD. Inhibitory Effects of PRG4 on Migration and Proliferation of Human Venous Cells. J Surg Res 2020; 253:53-62. [PMID: 32320897 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteoglycan 4 (PRG4; lubricin) is a member of two gene co-expression network modules associated with human vein graft failure. However, little is known about PRG4 and the vascular system. Therefore, we have investigated the effects of recombinant human PRG4 (rhPRG4) on cell migration and proliferation in human veins. METHODS Effects of rhPRG4 on cell migration, proliferation, and neointima formation were determined in human venous tissue and cultured venous smooth muscle cells (SMCs), adventitial cells, and endothelial cells. Expression of PRG4 by cultured human saphenous veins, failed vein grafts, and varicose veins was determined by immunostaining or Western blotting. RESULTS Limited expression of PRG4 in fresh saphenous veins was dramatically increased around medial SMCs after culture ex vivo. rhPRG4 inhibited the migration of cultured SMCs, adventitial cells, and endothelial cells, as well as the proliferation of endothelial cells. rhPRG4 also inhibited the migration of SMCs and adventitial cells from tissue explants, but there was no effect on cell proliferation or neointima formation in ex vivo whole veins. Finally, PRG4 was largely absent in two examples of venous pathology, that is, failed human vein grafts and varicose veins. CONCLUSIONS Although rhPRG4 can inhibit the migration of venous SMCs, endothelial cells, and adventitial cells, and the proliferation of endothelial cells, PRG4 was only increased around medial SMCs in veins after ex vivo culture. PRG4 was not observed around medial SMCs in failed human vein grafts and varicose veins, suggesting the possibility that a failure of PRG4 upregulation may promote these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shinsuke Kikuchi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | | | - Max Hoofnagle
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thomas N Wight
- USA Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nobuyoshi Azuma
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Gale L Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael Sobel
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gautum R Velamoor
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nahush A Mokadam
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Richard D Kenagy
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Center for Cardiovascular Biology and Institute for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Yu ZR, Jia WH, Liu C, Wang HQ, Yang HG, He GR, Chen RY, Du GH. Ganoderic acid A protects neural cells against NO stress injury in vitro via stimulating β adrenergic receptors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:516-522. [PMID: 32047262 PMCID: PMC7468326 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive nitric oxide (NO) causes extensive damage to the nervous system, and the adrenergic system is disordered in many neuropsychiatric diseases. However, the role of the adrenergic system in protection of the nervous system against sodium nitroprusside (SNP) injury remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of ganoderic acid A (GA A) against SNP injury in neural cells and the role of adrenergic receptors in GA A neuroprotection. We found that SNP (0.125-2 mM) dose-dependently decreased the viability of both SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells and markedly increased NO contents. Pretreatment with GA A (10 μM) significantly attenuated SNP-induced cytotoxicity and NO increase in SH-SY5Y cells, but not in PC12 cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with GA A caused significantly higher adrenaline content in SH-SY5Y cells than in PC12 cells. In order to elucidate the mechanism of GA A-protecting SH-SY5Y cells, we added adrenaline, phentolamine, metoprolol, or ICI 118551 1 h before GA A was added to the culture medium. We found that addition of adrenaline (10 μM) significantly improved GA A protection in PC12 cells. The addition of β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist metoprolol (10 μM) or β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist ICI 118551 (0.1 μM) blocked the protective effect of GA A, whereas the addition of α-adrenergic receptor antagonist phentolamine (0.1 μM) did not affect GA A protection in SH-SY5Y cells. These results suggest that β-adrenergic receptors play an important role in the protection of GA A in SH-SY5Y cells against SNP injuries, and excessive adrenaline system activation caused great damage to the nervous system.
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Lechtenberg KJ, Meyer ST, Doyle JB, Peterson TC, Buckwalter MS. Augmented β2-adrenergic signaling dampens the neuroinflammatory response following ischemic stroke and increases stroke size. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:112. [PMID: 31138227 PMCID: PMC6540436 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1506-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemic stroke provokes a neuroinflammatory response and simultaneously promotes release of epinephrine and norepinephrine by the sympathetic nervous system. This increased sympathetic outflow can act on β2-adrenergic receptors expressed by immune cells such as brain-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), but the effect on post-stroke neuroinflammation is unknown. Thus, we investigated how changes in β2-adrenergic signaling after stroke onset influence the microglia/MDM stroke response, and the specific importance of microglia/MDM β2-adrenergic receptors to post-stroke neuroinflammation. Methods To investigate the effects of β2-adrenergic receptor manipulation on post-stroke neuroinflammation, we administered the β2-adrenergic receptor agonist clenbuterol to mice 3 h after the onset of photothrombotic stroke. We immunostained to quantify microglia/MDM numbers and proliferation and to assess morphology and activation 3 days later. We assessed stroke outcomes by measuring infarct volume and functional motor recovery and analyzed gene expression levels of neuroinflammatory molecules. Finally, we evaluated changes in cytokine expression and microglia/MDM response in brains of mice with selective knockout of the β2-adrenergic receptor from microglia and monocyte-lineage cells. Results We report that clenbuterol treatment after stroke onset causes enlarged microglia/MDMs and impairs their proliferation, resulting in reduced numbers of these cells in the peri-infarct cortex by 1.7-fold at 3 days after stroke. These changes in microglia/MDMs were associated with increased infarct volume in clenbuterol-treated animals. In mice that had the β2-adrenergic receptor specifically knocked out of microglia/MDMs, there was no change in morphology or numbers of these cells after stroke. However, knockdown of β2-adrenergic receptors in microglia and MDMs resulted in increased expression of TNFα and IL-10 in peri-infarct tissue, while stimulation of β2-adrenergic receptors with clenbuterol had the opposite effect, suppressing TNFα and IL-10 expression. Conclusions We identified β2-adrenergic receptor signaling as an important regulator of the neuroimmune response after ischemic stroke. Increased β2-adrenergic signaling after stroke onset generally suppressed the microglia/MDM response, reducing upregulation of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increasing stroke size. In contrast, diminished β2-adrenergic signaling in microglia/MDMs augmented both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression after stroke. The β2-adrenergic receptor may therefore present a therapeutic target for improving the post-stroke neuroinflammatory and repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Lechtenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Scott T Meyer
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Janelle B Doyle
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Todd C Peterson
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Marion S Buckwalter
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Shao X, Bao W, Hong X, Jiang H, Yu Z. Identification and functional analysis of differentially expressed genes associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through bioinformatics methods. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:1513-1523. [PMID: 29901134 PMCID: PMC6072188 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury results in detrimental complications. However, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the reperfusion stage. The aim of the present study was to identify a gene expression profile associated with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The GSE23160 dataset, which comprised data from sham control samples and post-I/R injury brain tissues that were obtained using a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model at 2, 8 and 24 h post-reperfusion, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the MCAO samples compared with controls were screened using the GEO2R web tool. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis for DEGs was performed using the online tool DAVID. Furthermore, a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the STRING database and Cytoscape software. In total, 32 DEGs at 2 h post-reperfusion, 39 DEGs at 8 h post-reperfusion and 91 DEGs at 24 h post-reperfusion were identified, while 15 DEGs were common among all three groups. GO analysis revealed that the DEGs at all three time-points were enriched in ‘chemotaxis’ and ‘inflammatory response’ terms, while KEGG pathway analysis demonstrated that DEGs were significantly enriched in the ‘chemokine signaling pathway’. Furthermore, following PPI network construction, Cxcl1 was identified as the only hub gene that was common among all three time-points. In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated a global view of the potential molecular differences following cerebral I/R injury and may contribute to an improved understanding of the reperfusion stage, which may ultimately aid in the development of future clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Shao
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
| | - Wangxiao Bao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Hong
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
| | - Huihua Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Department of Neurology, Chun'an First People's Hospital, Zhejiang People's Hospital Chun'an Branch, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311700, P.R. China
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Xie Y, Li YJ, Lei B, Kernagis D, Liu WW, Bennett ER, Venkatraman T, Lascola CD, Laskowitz DT, Warner DS, James ML. Sex Differences in Gene and Protein Expression After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 10:231-239. [DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Integrated Analysis of Expression Profile Based on Differentially Expressed Genes in Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17050776. [PMID: 27213359 PMCID: PMC4881595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of death, only second to heart disease. Molecular investigations about stroke are in acute shortage nowadays. This study is intended to explore a gene expression profile after brain ischemia reperfusion. Meta-analysis, differential expression analysis, and integrated analysis were employed on an eight microarray series. We explored the functions and pathways of target genes in gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and constructed a protein-protein interaction network. Meta-analysis identified 360 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for Mus musculus and 255 for Rattus norvegicus. Differential expression analysis identified 44 DEGs for Mus musculus and 21 for Rattus norvegicus. Timp1 and Lcn2 were overexpressed in both species. The cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling pathway were highly enriched for the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. We have exhibited a global view of the potential molecular differences between middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) animal model and sham for Mus musculus or Rattus norvegicus, including the biological process and enriched pathways in DEGs. This research helps contribute to a clearer understanding of the inflammation process and accurate identification of ischemic infarction stages, which might be transformed into a therapeutic approach.
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McAdams RM, McPherson RJ, Beyer RP, Bammler TK, Farin FM, Juul SE. Dose-dependent effects of morphine exposure on mRNA and microRNA (miR) expression in hippocampus of stressed neonatal mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123047. [PMID: 25844808 PMCID: PMC4386824 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine is used to sedate critically ill infants to treat painful or stressful conditions associated with intensive care. Whether neonatal morphine exposure affects microRNA (miR) expression and thereby alters mRNA regulation is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that repeated morphine treatment in stress-exposed neonatal mice alters hippocampal mRNA and miR expression. C57BL/6 male mice were treated from postnatal day (P) 5 to P9 with morphine sulfate at 2 or 5 mg/kg ip twice daily and then exposed to stress consisting of hypoxia (100% N2 1 min and 100% O2 5 min) followed by 2h maternal separation. Control mice were untreated and dam-reared. mRNA and miR expression profiling was performed on hippocampal tissues at P9. Overall, 2 and 5 mg/kg morphine treatment altered expression of a total of 150 transcripts (>1.5 fold change, P<0.05) from which 100 unique mRNAs were recognized (21 genes were up- and 79 genes were down-regulated), and 5 mg/kg morphine affected 63 mRNAs exclusively. The most upregulated mRNAs were fidgetin, arginine vasopressin, and resistin-like alpha, and the most down-regulated were defensin beta 11, aquaporin 1, calmodulin-like 4, chloride intracellular channel 6, and claudin 2. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis revealed that morphine treatment affected pathways related to cell cycle, membrane function, signaling, metabolism, cell death, transcriptional regulation, and immune response. Morphine decreased expression of miR-204-5p, miR-455-3p, miR-448-5p, and miR-574-3p. Nine morphine-responsive mRNAs that are involved in neurodevelopment, neurotransmission, and inflammation are predicted targets of the aforementioned differentially expressed miRs. These data establish that morphine produces dose-dependent changes in both hippocampal mRNA and miR expression in stressed neonatal mice. If permanent, morphine–mediated neuroepigenetic effects may affect long-term hippocampal function, and this provides a mechanism for the neonatal morphine-related impairment of adult learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. McAdams
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ronald J. McPherson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard P. Beyer
- Dept of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Theo K. Bammler
- Dept of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Frederico M. Farin
- Dept of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Sandra E. Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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β2-Adrenergic receptors in immunity and inflammation: stressing NF-κB. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:297-310. [PMID: 25459102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
β2-Adrenergic receptors (β2-ARs) transduce the effects of (nor)epinephrine on a variety of cell types and act as key mediators of the body's reaction to stress. β2-ARs are also expressed on immune cells and there is ample evidence for their role in immunomodulation. A key regulator of the immune response and a target for regulation by stress-induced signals is the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-kappaB (NF-κB). NF-κB shapes the course of both innate and adaptive immune responses and plays an important role in susceptibility to disease. In this review, we summarise the literature that has been accumulated in the past 20years on adrenergic modulation of NF-κB function. We here focus on the molecular basis of the reported interactions and show that both physiological and pharmacological triggers of β2-ARs intersect with the NF-κB signalling cascade at different levels. Importantly, the action of β2-AR-derived signals on NF-κB activity appears to be highly cell type specific and gene selective, providing opportunities for the development of selective NF-κB modulators.
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De Raedt S, De Vos A, De Keyser J. Autonomic dysfunction in acute ischemic stroke: an underexplored therapeutic area? J Neurol Sci 2014; 348:24-34. [PMID: 25541326 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired autonomic function, characterized by a predominance of sympathetic activity, is common in patients with acute ischemic stroke. This review describes methods to measure autonomic dysfunction in stroke patients. It summarizes a potential relationship between ischemic stroke-associated autonomic dysfunction and factors that have been associated with worse outcome, including cardiac complications, blood pressure variability changes, hyperglycemia, immune depression, sleep disordered breathing, thrombotic effects, and malignant edema. Involvement of the insular cortex has been suspected to play an important role in causing sympathovagal imbalance, but its exact role and that of other brain regions remain unclear. Although sympathetic overactivity in patients with ischemic stroke appears to be a negative prognostic factor, it remains to be seen whether therapeutic strategies that reduce sympathetic activity or increase parasympathetic activity might improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie De Raedt
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Aurelie De Vos
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jacques De Keyser
- Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology, Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Masser DR, Bixler GV, Brucklacher RM, Yan H, Giles CB, Wren JD, Sonntag WE, Freeman WM. Hippocampal subregions exhibit both distinct and shared transcriptomic responses to aging and nonneurodegenerative cognitive decline. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69:1311-24. [PMID: 24994846 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory with aging affects a large segment of the aged population. Hippocampal subregions (CA1, CA3, and DG) have been previously reported to express both common and specific morphological, functional, and gene/protein alterations with aging and cognitive decline. To comprehensively assess gene expression with aging and cognitive decline, transcriptomic analysis of CA1, CA3, and DG was conducted using Adult (12M) and Aged (26M) F344xBN rats behaviorally characterized by Morris water maze performance. Each subregion demonstrated a specific pattern of responses with aging and with cognitive performance. The CA1 and CA3 demonstrating the greatest degree of shared gene expression changes. Analysis of the pathways, processes, and regulators of these transcriptomic changes also exhibit a similar pattern of commonalities and differences across subregions. Gene expression changes between Aged cognitively Intact and Aged cognitively Impaired rats often showed an inversion of the changes between Adult and Aged rats. This failure to adapt rather than an exacerbation of the aging phenotype questions a conventional view that cognitive decline is exaggerated aging. These results are a resource for investigators studying cognitive decline and also demonstrate the need to individually examine hippocampal subregions in molecular analyses of aging and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Masser
- Department of Physiology and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Georgina V Bixler
- Genome Sciences Facility, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Han Yan
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Cory B Giles
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medicine Research Foundation
| | - Jonathan D Wren
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medicine Research Foundation
| | - William E Sonntag
- Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center
| | - Willard M Freeman
- Department of Physiology and Reynolds Oklahoma Center on Aging, Donald W. Reynolds Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center.
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Expression and functions of β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors on the bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:976-83. [PMID: 24965172 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The expression and effects of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) on the neurons of the bulbospinal rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) have been limitedly examined to date. The objective of this study was to examine the expression of β1- and β2-ARs on the bulbospinal RVLM neurons electrophysiologically and histologically. To directly investigate whether RVLM neurons display sensitivity to metoprolol (a β1-AR antagonist), dobutamine (a β1-AR agonist), butoxamine (a β2-AR antagonist), and salbutamol (a β2-AR agonist), we examined changes in the membrane potentials of the bulbospinal RVLM neurons using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique during superfusion of these drugs. During metoprolol superfusion, 16 of the 20 RVLM neurons were hyperpolarized, and 5 of the 6 RVLM neurons were depolarized during dobutamine superfusion. During butoxamine superfusion, 11 of the 16 RVLM neurons were depolarized, and all of the 8 RVLM neurons were hyperpolarized during salbutamol superfusion. These results suggest the expression of β1- and β2-ARs on the RVLM neurons. To determine the presence of β1- and β2-ARs histologically, immunofluorescence examination was performed. Five metoprolol-hyperpolarized neurons were examined for β1-AR and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. All of the neurons displayed β1-AR immunoreactivity, whereas three of the neurons displayed TH immunoreactivity. All of the five RVLM neurons that became depolarized during metoprolol superfusion and hyperpolarized during butoxamine superfusion displayed β1- and β2-AR immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest that β1-AR antagonists or β2-AR agonists may decrease blood pressure through decreasing the activity of the bulbospinal RVLM neurons.
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García-Berrocoso T, Giralt D, Llombart V, Bustamante A, Penalba A, Flores A, Ribó M, Molina CA, Rosell A, Montaner J. Chemokines after human ischemic stroke: From neurovascular unit to blood using protein arrays. TRANSLATIONAL PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trprot.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Dose-effects of aorta-infused clenbuterol on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84095. [PMID: 24391890 PMCID: PMC3877193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) plays an important role in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in various organs. Recently, a selective β2AR agonist clenbuterol was suggested to protect against cerebral I/R injury. This study was designed to investigate changes of β2ARs after spinal cord I/R injury and dose-effects of aorta-infused clenbuterol on spinal cord I/R injury in rabbits. Methods Spinal cord ischemia was induced in New Zealand white rabbits by infrarenal abdominal aortic occlusion with a balloon catheter for 30 minutes except the sham group. During occlusion, nothing (I/R group), normal saline (NS group) or clenbuterol at different doses of 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/kg (C0.005, C0.01, C0.05, C0.1, C0.5, and C1 groups) was infused into the occluded aortic segments. The hemodynamic data, blood glucose and serum electrolytes were measured during experimental period. Neurological function was assessed according to the modified Tarlov scales until 48 hours after reperfusion. After that, the lumbar spinal cord was harvested for β2AR immunohistochemistry and histopathologic evaluation in the anterior horns. Results The β2AR expression in the anterior horns of the spinal cord was significantly higher in the I/R group than in the sham group. Tarlov scores and the number of viable α-motor neurons were higher in C0.01-C0.5 groups than in the NS group, C0.005 and C1 groups and were highest in the C0.1 group. Hypotension and hyperglycemia were found in the C1 group. Conclusion β2ARs in the anterior horn were upregulated after spinal cord I/R injury. Aortic-infused clenbuterol (0.01–0.5 mg/kg) can attenuate spinal cord I/R injury dose-dependently during the ischemic period. The Optimal dosage was 0.1 mg/kg. Activation of β2AR could be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of spinal cord I/R injury.
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Barreto GE, White RE, Xu L, Palm CJ, Giffard RG. Effects of heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) on evolution of astrocyte activation following stroke in the mouse. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:284-96. [PMID: 22940431 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte activation is a hallmark of the response to brain ischemia consisting of changes in gene expression and morphology. Heat shock protein 72 (Hsp72) protects from cerebral ischemia, and although several protective mechanisms have been investigated, effects on astrocyte activation have not been studied. To identify potential mechanisms of protection, microarray analysis was used to assess gene expression in the ischemic hemispheres of wild-type (WT) and Hsp72-overexpressing (Hsp72Tg) mice 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion or sham surgery. After stroke both genotypes exhibited changes in genes related to apoptosis, inflammation, and stress, with more downregulated genes in Hsp72Tg and more inflammation-related genes increased in WT mice. Genes indicative of astrocyte activation were also upregulated in both genotypes. To measure the extent and time course of astrocyte activation after stroke, detailed histological and morphological analyses were performed in the cortical penumbra. We observed a marked and persistent increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and a transient increase in vimentin. No change in overall astrocyte number was observed based on glutamine synthetase immunoreactivity. Hsp72Tg and WT mice were compared for density of astrocytes expressing activation markers and astrocytic morphology. In animals with comparable infarct size, overexpression of Hsp72 reduced the density of GFAP- and vimentin-expressing cells, and decreased astrocyte morphological complexity 72 h following stroke. However, by 30 days astrocyte activation was similar between genotypes. These data indicate that early modulation of astrocyte activation provides an additional novel mechanism associated with Hsp72 overexpression in the setting of ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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