1
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Song C, Xie K, Chen H, Xu S, Mao H. Wheat ESCRT-III protein TaSAL1 regulates male gametophyte transmission and controls tillering and heading date. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2372-2384. [PMID: 38206130 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Charged multivesicular protein 1 (CHMP1) is a member of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-III (ESCRT-III) complex that targets membrane localized signaling receptors to intralumenal vesicles in the multivesicular body of the endosome and eventually to the lysosome for degradation. Although CHMP1 plays roles in various plant growth and development processes, little is known about its function in wheat. In this study, we systematically analysed the members of the ESCRT-III complex in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and found that their orthologs were highly conserved in eukaryotic evolution. We identified CHMP1 homologous genes, TaSAL1s, and found that they were constitutively expressed in wheat tissues and essential for plant reproduction. Subcellular localization assays showed these proteins aggregated with and closely associated with the endoplasmic reticulum when ectopically expressed in tobacco leaves. We also found these proteins were toxic and caused leaf death. A genetic and reciprocal cross analysis revealed that TaSAL1 leads to defects in male gametophyte biogenesis. Moreover, phenotypic and metabolomic analysis showed that TaSAL1 may regulate tillering and heading date through phytohormone pathways. Overall, our results highlight the role of CHMP1 in wheat, particularly in male gametophyte biogenesis, with implications for improving plant growth and developing new strategies for plant breeding and genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiang Song
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kaidi Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shuhao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hailiang Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Gupta R, Gupta J, Roy S. Exosomes: Key Players for Treatment of Cancer and Their Future Perspectives. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:118-147. [PMID: 38407852 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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3
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Hermosilla Aguayo V, Martin P, Tian N, Zheng J, Aho R, Losa M, Selleri L. ESCRT-dependent control of craniofacial morphogenesis with concomitant perturbation of NOTCH signaling. Dev Biol 2023; 503:25-42. [PMID: 37573008 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Craniofacial development is orchestrated by transcription factor-driven regulatory networks, epigenetic modifications, and signaling pathways. Signaling molecules and their receptors rely on endo-lysosomal trafficking to prevent accumulation on the plasma membrane. ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport) machinery is recruited to endosomal membranes enabling degradation of such endosomal cargoes. Studies in vitro and in invertebrate models established the requirements of the ESCRT machinery in membrane remodeling, endosomal trafficking, and lysosomal degradation of activated membrane receptors. However, investigations during vertebrate development have been scarce. By ENU-induced mutagenesis, we isolated a mouse line, Vps25ENU/ENU, carrying a hypomorphic allele of the ESCRT-II component Vps25, with craniofacial anomalies resembling features of human congenital syndromes. Here, we assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of Vps25 and additional ESCRT-encoding genes during murine development. We show that these genes are ubiquitously expressed although enriched in discrete domains of the craniofacial complex, heart, and limbs. ESCRT-encoding genes, including Vps25, are expressed in both cranial neural crest-derived mesenchyme and epithelium. Unlike constitutive ESCRT mutants, Vps25ENU/ENU embryos display late lethality. They exhibit hypoplastic lower jaw, stunted snout, dysmorphic ear pinnae, and secondary palate clefting. Thus, we provide the first evidence for critical roles of ESCRT-II in craniofacial morphogenesis and report perturbation of NOTCH signaling in craniofacial domains of Vps25ENU/ENU embryos. Given the known roles of NOTCH signaling in the developing cranium, and notably the lower jaw, we propose that the NOTCH pathway partly mediates the craniofacial defects of Vps25ENU/ENU mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Hermosilla Aguayo
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Peter Martin
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Nuo Tian
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James Zheng
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert Aho
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marta Losa
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Program in Craniofacial Biology, Institute for Human Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Dept of Orofacial Sciences and Dept of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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4
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Letizia A, Espinàs ML, Giannios P, Llimargas M. The TNFR Wengen regulates the FGF pathway by an unconventional mechanism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5874. [PMID: 37735159 PMCID: PMC10514202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of receptor activation has led to much understanding of development as well as the identification of important drug targets. We use the Drosophila tracheal system to study the activity of two families of widely used and conserved receptors, the TNFRs and the RTK-FGFRs. Breathless, an FGFR, controls the program of differentiation of the tracheal terminal cells in response to ligand activation. Here we identify a role for Wengen, a TNFR, in repressing the terminal cell program by regulating the MAPK pathway downstream of Breathless. We find that Wengen acts independently of both its canonical ligand and downstream pathway genes. Wengen does not stably localise at the membrane and is instead internalised-a trafficking that seems essential for activity. We show that Breathless and Wengen colocalise in intracellular vesicles and form a complex. Furthermore, Wengen regulates Breathless accumulation, possibly regulating Breathless trafficking and degradation. We propose that, in the tracheal context, Wengen interacts with Breathless to regulate its activity, and suggest that such unconventional mechanism, involving binding by TNFRs to unrelated proteins, may be a general strategy of TNFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluisa Espinàs
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Panagiotis Giannios
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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5
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Fruin AM, Leon KE, DiAngelo JR. The ESCRT-III Protein Chmp1 Regulates Lipid Storage in the Drosophila Fat Body. Med Sci (Basel) 2022; 11:5. [PMID: 36649042 PMCID: PMC9844283 DOI: 10.3390/medsci11010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in how excess nutrients are stored as triglycerides can result in several diseases including obesity, heart disease, and diabetes. Understanding the genes responsible for normal lipid homeostasis will help understand the pathogenesis of these diseases. RNAi screens performed in Drosophila cells identified genes involved in vesicle formation and protein sorting as important for the formation of lipid droplets; however, all of the vesicular trafficking proteins that regulate lipid storage are unknown. Here, we characterize the function of the Drosophila Charged multivesicular protein 1 (Chmp1) gene in regulating fat storage. Chmp1 is a member of the ESCRT-III complex that targets membrane localized signaling receptors to intralumenal vesicles in the multivesicular body of the endosome and then ultimately to the lysosome for degradation. When Chmp1 levels are decreased specifically in the fly fat body, triglyceride accumulates while fat-body-specific Chmp1 overexpression decreases triglycerides. Chmp1 controls triglyceride storage by regulating the number and size of fat body cells produced and not by altering food consumption or lipid metabolic enzyme gene expression. Together, these data uncover a novel function for Chmp1 in controlling lipid storage in Drosophila and supports the role of the endomembrane system in regulating metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin R. DiAngelo
- Division of Science, Pennsylvania State University, Berks Campus, Reading, PA 19610, USA
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6
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Tseng CC, Piper RC, Katzmann DJ. Bro1 family proteins harmonize cargo sorting with vesicle formation. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2100276. [PMID: 35770783 PMCID: PMC9575758 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRTs) drive membrane remodeling in a variety of cellular processes that include the formation of endosomal intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) during multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis. During MVB sorting, ESCRTs recognize ubiquitin (Ub) attached to membrane protein cargo and execute ILV formation by controlling the activities of ESCRT-III polymers regulated by the AAA-ATPase Vps4. Exactly how these events are coordinated to ensure proper cargo loading into ILVs remains unclear. Here we discuss recent work documenting the ability of Bro1, an ESCRT-associated Ub-binding protein, to coordinate ESCRT-III and Vps4-dependent ILV biogenesis with upstream events such as cargo recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Che Tseng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Robert C Piper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - David J Katzmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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7
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Li Q. Role of exosomes in cellular communication between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:240. [PMID: 35720493 PMCID: PMC9185148 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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8
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Mathew R, Rios-Barrera LD, Machado P, Schwab Y, Leptin M. Transcytosis via the late endocytic pathway as a cell morphogenetic mechanism. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105332. [PMID: 32657472 PMCID: PMC7429744 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membranes fulfil many physiological functions. In polarized cells, different membrane compartments take on specialized roles, each being allocated correct amounts of membrane. The Drosophila tracheal system, an established tubulogenesis model, contains branched terminal cells with subcellular tubes formed by apical plasma membrane invagination. We show that apical endocytosis and late endosome‐mediated trafficking are required for membrane allocation to the apical and basal membrane domains. Basal plasma membrane growth stops if endocytosis is blocked, whereas the apical membrane grows excessively. Plasma membrane is initially delivered apically and then continuously endocytosed, together with apical and basal cargo. We describe an organelle carrying markers of late endosomes and multivesicular bodies (MVBs) that is abolished by inhibiting endocytosis and which we suggest acts as transit station for membrane destined to be redistributed both apically and basally. This is based on the observation that disrupting MVB formation prevents growth of both compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith Mathew
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L Daniel Rios-Barrera
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pedro Machado
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yannick Schwab
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Leptin
- Directors' Research Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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9
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Nepal B, Sepehri A, Lazaridis T. Mechanisms of negative membrane curvature sensing and generation by ESCRT III subunit Snf7. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1473-1485. [PMID: 32142182 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Certain proteins have the propensity to bind to negatively curved membranes and generate negative membrane curvature. The mechanism of action of these proteins is much less studied and understood than those that sense and generate positive curvature. In this work, we use implicit membrane modeling to explore the mechanism of an important negative curvature sensing and generating protein: the main ESCRT III subunit Snf7. We find that Snf7 monomers alone can sense negative curvature and that curvature sensitivity increases for dimers and trimers. We have observed spontaneous bending of Snf7 oligomers into circular structures with preferred radius of ~20 nm. The preferred curvature of Snf7 filaments is further confirmed by the simulations of preformed spirals on a cylindrical membrane surface. Snf7 filaments cannot bind with the same interface to flat and curved membranes. We find that even when a filament has the preferred radius, it is always less stable on the flat membrane surface than on the interior cylindrical membrane surface. This provides an additional energy for membrane bending which has not been considered in the spiral spring model. Furthermore, the rings on the cylindrical spirals are bridged together by helix 4 and hence are extra stabilized compared to the spirals on the flat membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Nepal
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aliasghar Sepehri
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Themis Lazaridis
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, New York, New York, USA.,Graduate Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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10
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Lü J, Liu Z, Guo W, Guo M, Chen S, Li H, Yang C, Zhang Y, Pan H. Feeding Delivery of dsHvSnf7 Is a Promising Method for Management of the Pest Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). INSECTS 2019; 11:insects11010034. [PMID: 31906124 PMCID: PMC7022289 DOI: 10.3390/insects11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) techniques have emerged as powerful tools in the development of novel management strategies for the control of insect pests, such as Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata, which is a major solanaceous pest in Asia. Our results showed that levels of HvSnf7 expression were greater in larval midguts than in other tissues. Silencing of HvSnf7 led to greater H. vigintioctopunctata mortality rates and appeared to be time- and partially dose-dependent. Bacterially expressed dsHvSnf7 that was applied to detached plant leaves caused 98, 88, and 60% mortality in 1st and 3rd instars, and adults after 10, 12, and 14 d, respectively; when applied to living plants, bacterially expressed dsHvSnf7 led to mortality in 1st and 3rd instars, with no effect on adults. Bacterially expressed dsHvSnf7 led to improved plant protection against H. vigintioctopunctata. Ultrastructural changes caused by HvSnf7-RNAi in larval midguts showed extensive loss of cellular contents that indicate loss of membrane integrity. This study indicate that HvSnf7 potentially can be used as RNAi target gene for controlling of H. vigintioctopunctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lü
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (W.G.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhuoqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (W.G.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (W.G.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mujuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (W.G.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shimin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (W.G.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huali Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.L.); (C.Y.)
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.P.)
| | - Huipeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China; (J.L.); (Z.L.); (W.G.); (M.G.); (S.C.)
- Engineering Research Center of Biocontrol, Ministry of Education and South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (H.P.)
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11
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Jella KK, Nasti TH, Li Z, Malla SR, Buchwald ZS, Khan MK. Exosomes, Their Biogenesis and Role in Inter-Cellular Communication, Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6040069. [PMID: 30261592 PMCID: PMC6313856 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6040069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles ranging from 30 to 150 nm in diameter that contain molecular constituents of their host cells. They are released from different types of cells ranging from immune to tumor cells and play an important role in intercellular communication. Exosomes can be manipulated by altering their host cells and can be loaded with products of interest such as specific drugs, proteins, DNA and RNA species. Due to their small size and the unique composition of their lipid bilayer, exosomes are capable of reaching different cell types where they alter the pathophysiological conditions of the recipient cells. There is growing evidence that exosomes are used as vehicles that can modulate the immune system and play an important role in cancer progression. The cross communication between the tumors and the cells of the immune system has gained attention in various immunotherapeutic approaches for several cancer types. In this review, we discuss the exosome biogenesis, their role in inter-cellular communication, and their capacity to modulate the immune system as a part of future cancer immunotherapeutic approaches and their potential to serve as biomarkers of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tahseen H Nasti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zhentian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Sudarshan R Malla
- Division of Renal Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Zachary S Buchwald
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Mohammad K Khan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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12
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Kalinowska K, Isono E. All roads lead to the vacuole-autophagic transport as part of the endomembrane trafficking network in plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1313-1324. [PMID: 29165603 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants regulate their development and response to the changing environment by sensing and interpreting environmental signals. Intracellular trafficking pathways including endocytic-, vacuolar-, and autophagic trafficking are important for the various aspects of responses in plants. Studies in the last decade have shown that the autophagic transport pathway uses common key components of endomembrane trafficking as well as specific regulators. A number of factors previously described for their function in endosomal trafficking have been discovered to be involved in the regulation of autophagy in plants. These include conserved endocytic machineries, such as the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), subunits of the HOPS and exocyst complexes, SNAREs, and RAB GTPases as well as plant-specific proteins. Defects in these factors have been shown to cause impairment of autophagosome formation, transport, fusion, and degradation, suggesting crosstalk between autophagy and other intracellular trafficking processes. In this review, we focus mainly on possible functions of endosomal trafficking components in autophagy.
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13
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Xia H, Shao D, Liu X, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Chen K. Identification and Characterization of BmVta1, a Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) Homologue for Vta1 That is Up-Regulated in Development. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2017; 17:3883618. [PMID: 28973578 PMCID: PMC5538328 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vps20-associated 1 (Vta1) positively regulates Vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4) to disassemble endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESCRT-III) for repeated uses in multivesicular body (MVB) pathway, virus budding and other processes. Currently, these proteins have mainly been studied in yeast and mammalian cells, while identities of them in insects remain largely unknown. We previously identified BmVps4, a Vps4 homologue from Bombyx mori. Here, we report the identification of a homologue for Vta1, designated as BmVta1. The BmVta1 cDNA contains an open reading frame of 933 bp and encodes a protein of 311 amino acid residues. We cloned BmVta1, expressed it in Escherichia coli, and prepared mouse polyclonal antibodies. Like BmVps4, BmVta1 is well conserved as shown by sequence analysis. Both proteins are localized in cytoplasm as revealed by subcellular location analysis. Interestingly, as revealed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (sqRT-PCR), transcriptions of BmVta1 and BmVps4 are highly up-regulated during silkworm metamorphosis and embryogenesis but down-regulated during larva stages, and are of higher levels in head, silk gland and testis than in Malpighian tube, fat body and ganglion, indicating important and similar roles of them in silkworm development and in silkworm tissues and organs. However, compared to BmVps4, the transcription of BmVta1 changes less drastically during development and is of much higher levels in midgut, ovary and hemolymph, suggesting the existence of distinct requirements of them in silkworm development and in certain tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengchuan Xia
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Dandan Shao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Qiang Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Yang Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China (; ; ; ; ; )
| | - Keping Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Rd., Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China (; ; ; ; ; )
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14
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Domsch K, Acs A, Obermeier C, Nguyen HT, Reim I. Identification of the essential protein domains for Mib2 function during the development of the Drosophila larval musculature and adult flight muscles. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173733. [PMID: 28282454 PMCID: PMC5345843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper differentiation and maintenance of myofibers is fundamental to a functional musculature. Disruption of numerous mostly structural factors leads to perturbations of these processes. Among the limited number of known regulatory factors for these processes is Mind bomb2 (Mib2), a muscle-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase, which was previously established to be required for maintaining the integrity of larval muscles. In this study, we have examined the mechanistic aspects of Mib2 function by performing a detailed functional dissection of the Mib2 protein. We show that the ankyrin repeats, in its entirety, and the hitherto uncharacterized Mib-specific domains (MIB), are important for the major function of Mib2 in skeletal and visceral muscles in the Drosophila embryo. Furthermore, we characterize novel mib2 alleles that have arisen from a forward genetic screen aimed at identifying regulators of myogenesis. Two of these alleles are viable, but flightless hypomorphic mib2 mutants, and harbor missense mutations in the MIB domain and RING finger, respectively. Functional analysis of these new alleles, including in vivo imaging, demonstrates that Mib2 plays an additional important role in the development of adult thorax muscles, particularly in maintaining the larval templates for the dorsal longitudinal indirect flight muscles during metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Domsch
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Acs
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Claudia Obermeier
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hanh T. Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ingolf Reim
- Department of Biology, Division of Developmental Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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15
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Yang H, Liu J, Lin J, Deng L, Fan S, Guo Y, Sun F, Hua W. Overexpression of CHMP7 from rapeseed and Arabidopsis causes dwarfism and premature senescence in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 204:16-26. [PMID: 27497741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) are well known in mammalians and yeast and plays an essential role in the formation of multi-vesicular bodies. Accumulating evidence has shown that ESCRT proteins contribute to proper plant development. CHMP7 (charged multi-vesicular body protein 7) is an ESCRT-III-related protein and functions in the endosomal sorting pathway in humans. However, its function in plants has not been explored in detail. In this study, we isolate the putative homolog of CHMP7 from rapeseed, BnCHMP7, which contains eight exons and encodes a protein consisting of 423 amino acid residues. Compared with the wild-type, overexpression of BnCHMP7 in Arabidopsis disturbs plant growth and decreases seed yield. Moreover, the transgenic plants also display early leaf senescence and hypersensitivity to dark treatment due to defects in autophagic degradation. Further study showed that BnCHMP7 is highly expressed in leaves and that YFP-BnCHMP7 is predominantly localized in endosome. Compared with human CHMP7, we found that BnCHMP7 not only interacts with ESCRT-III subunits SNF7.2 (CHMP4B), but also with VPS2.2 and CHMP1B. As expected, microarray analysis revealed that the expression of ESCRT transport genes is significantly affected. Additionally, the expression of some genes that are involved in senescence, protein synthesis and protein degradation is also altered in BnCHMP7-overexpressing plants. Taken together, BnCHMP7 encodes an endosome-localized protein, which causes dwarfism and leaf senescence as an ESCRT-III-related component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yang
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jiulu Lin
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Linbin Deng
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Shihang Fan
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Fengming Sun
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Wei Hua
- Oil Crops Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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16
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Exosomes in carcinogenesis: molecular palkis carry signals for the regulation of cancer progression and metastasis. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:241-249. [PMID: 27473382 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0338-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which act as biological cargo vessels, are cell-released, phospholipid-enclosed vesicles. In eukaryotic cells, exosomes carry and exchange biological materials or signals for the benefit or detriment to the cells. Thereby, we consider exosomes to be molecular Palkis (carriers). Although exosomes are currently one of the most popularly researched cellular entities, they have remained largely enigmatic and warrant continued investigation into their structure and functions. These membraned vesicles are between 30 and 150 nm in diameter and are actively secreted by all cell types. While initially considered cellular "trash bags," recent years have revealed exosomes to be dynamic and multi-functional vesicles that may play a crucial role in cancer development, progression and metastasis. Thereby, they have the potential to be used in development of therapeutic modalities for cancer and other diseases. As more research studies emerge, it's becoming evident that exosomes are released by cells with a purpose and are representatives of certain cell types and disease conditions. Hence, they may also be used as biomarkers for the detection of cancer initiation, progression and organotropic metastatic growth of cancer cells. This review will focus on the recent developments achieved in identifying the role of exosomes in cancer development and progression as well as therapeutic implications. The review will also discuss the pitfalls of methodologies used for the extraction of exosomes.
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17
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McCoy-Simandle K, Hanna SJ, Cox D. Exosomes and nanotubes: Control of immune cell communication. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 71:44-54. [PMID: 26704468 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell communication is critical to coordinate the activity and behavior of a multicellular organism. The cells of the immune system not only must communicate with similar cells, but also with many other cell types in the body. Therefore, the cells of the immune system have evolved multiple ways to communicate. Exosomes and tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are two means of communication used by immune cells that contribute to immune functions. Exosomes are small membrane vesicles secreted by most cell types that can mediate intercellular communication and in the immune system they are proposed to play a role in antigen presentation and modulation of gene expression. TNTs are membranous structures that mediate direct cell-cell contact over several cell diameters in length (and possibly longer) and facilitate the interaction and/or the transfer of signals, material and other cellular organelles between connected cells. Recent studies have revealed additional, but sometimes conflicting, structural and functional features of both exosomes and TNTs. Despite the new and exciting information in exosome and TNT composition, origin and in vitro function, biologically significant functions are still being investigated and determined. In this review, we discuss the current field regarding exosomes and TNTs in immune cells providing evaluation and perspectives of the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kessler McCoy-Simandle
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Samer J Hanna
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Gruss MRRC 306, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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18
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Arellano-Anaya ZE, Huor A, Leblanc P, Lehmann S, Provansal M, Raposo G, Andréoletti O, Vilette D. Prion strains are differentially released through the exosomal pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1185-96. [PMID: 25227242 PMCID: PMC11113346 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell transfer of prions is a crucial step in the spreading of prion infection through infected tissue. At the cellular level, several distinct pathways including direct cell-cell contacts and release of various types of infectious extracellular vesicles have been described that may potentially lead to infection of naïve cells. The relative contribution of these pathways and whether they may vary depending on the prion strain and/or on the infected cell type are not yet known. In this study we used a single cell type (RK13) infected with three different prion strains. We showed that in each case, most of the extracellular prions resulted from active cell secretion through the exosomal pathway. Further, quantitative analysis of secreted infectivity indicated that the proportion of prions eventually secreted was dramatically dependent on the prion strain. Our data also highlight that infectious exosomes secreted from cultured cells might represent a biologically pertinent material for spiking experiments. Also discussed is the appealing possibility that abnormal PrP from different prion strains may differentially interact with the cellular machinery to promote secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira E. Arellano-Anaya
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Alvina Huor
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Pascal Leblanc
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule (LBMC), Equipe Différenciation Neuromusculaire, Ecole Normale Supérieure-Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5239, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université Montpellier 1 U1040 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Monique Provansal
- Institut de Médecine Régénératrice et de Biothérapie (I.M.R.B.), Physiopathologie, Diagnostic et Thérapie Cellulaire des Affections Neurodégénératives, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université Montpellier 1 U1040 Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UPR 1142, Montpellier, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, UMR 144, CNRS, Structure and Membrane Compartments, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Olivier Andréoletti
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Vilette
- INRA, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INP, ENVT, UMR 1225, IHAP, 31076 Toulouse, France
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19
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Loncle N, Agromayor M, Martin-Serrano J, Williams DW. An ESCRT module is required for neuron pruning. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8461. [PMID: 25676218 PMCID: PMC4327575 DOI: 10.1038/srep08461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits are refined by both functional and structural changes. Structural remodeling by large-scale pruning occurs where relatively long neuronal branches are cut away from their parent neuron and removed by local degeneration. Until now, the molecular mechanisms executing such branch severing events have remained poorly understood. Here, we reveal a role for the Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery during neuronal remodeling. Our data show that a specific ESCRT pruning module, including members of the ESCRT-I and ESCRT-III complexes, but not ESCRT-0 or ESCRT-II, are required for the neurite scission event during pruning. Furthermore we show that this ESCRT module requires a direct, in vivo, interaction between Shrub/CHMP4B and the accessory protein Myopic/HD-PTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Loncle
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
| | - Monica Agromayor
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT
| | - Juan Martin-Serrano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Floor Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT
| | - Darren W Williams
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL
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20
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The vacuolar-sorting protein Snf7 is required for export of virulence determinants in members of the Cryptococcus neoformans complex. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6198. [PMID: 25178636 PMCID: PMC4151102 DOI: 10.1038/srep06198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogenesis requires a number of extracellularly released virulence factors. Recent studies demonstrating that most fungal extracellular molecules lack secretory tags suggest that unconventional secretion mechanisms and fungal virulence are strictly connected. Proteins of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) have been recently associated with polysaccharide export in the yeast-like human pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. Snf7 is a key ESCRT operator required for unconventional secretion in Eukaryotes. In this study we generated snf7Δ mutant strains of C. neoformans and its sibling species C. gattii. Lack of Snf7 resulted in important alterations in polysaccharide secretion, capsular formation and pigmentation. This phenotype culminated with loss of virulence in an intranasal model of murine infection in both species. Our data support the notion that Snf7 expression regulates virulence in C. neoformans and C. gattii by ablating polysaccharide and melanin traffic. These results are in agreement with the observation that unconventional secretion is essential for cryptococcal pathogenesis and strongly suggest the occurrence of still obscure mechanisms of exportation of non-protein molecules in Eukaryotes.
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21
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Abstract
The counterbalancing action of the endocytosis and secretory pathways maintains a dynamic equilibrium that regulates the composition of the plasma membrane, allowing it to maintain homeostasis and to change rapidly in response to alterations in the extracellular environment and/or intracellular metabolism. These pathways are intimately integrated with intercellular signaling systems and play critical roles in all cells. Studies in Caenorhabditis elegans have revealed diverse roles of membrane trafficking in physiology and development and have also provided molecular insight into the fundamental mechanisms that direct cargo sorting, vesicle budding, and membrane fisson and fusion. In this review, we summarize progress in understanding membrane trafficking mechanisms derived from work in C. elegans, focusing mainly on work done in non-neuronal cell-types, especially the germline, early embryo, coelomocytes, and intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan. ;
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22
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Michelet X, Legouis R. Autophagy in endosomal mutants: Desperately seeking to survive. WORM 2013; 1:216-20. [PMID: 24058852 PMCID: PMC3670222 DOI: 10.4161/worm.20848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal and autophagic pathways are essential for the degradation and renewal of cellular components. After a complex maturation process, both pathways converge to their final destination, the lysosome. A close link between these two pathways was described along the last decade, notably through the analysis of ESCRT mutants. Although in mammals ESCRT mutants are unable to complete autophagic maturation due to the lack of fusion with the endolysosomal system, the role of ESCRT in the autophagic process still remains an open issue. Using C. elegans, we recently showed that blockage of the endosomal maturation triggers the induction of autophagic activity in ESCRT mutant.1 This increase of autophagic flux is an attempt to correct cellular defects and promote the survival of mutant animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Michelet
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris Sud; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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23
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Miller IV, Raposo G, Welsch U, Prazeres da Costa O, Thiel U, Lebar M, Maurer M, Bender HU, von Luettichau I, Richter GHS, Burdach S, Grunewald TGP. First identification of Ewing's sarcoma-derived extracellular vesicles and exploration of their biological and potential diagnostic implications. Biol Cell 2013; 105:289-303. [PMID: 23521563 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201200086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Exosomes are small RNA- and protein-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs) that are thought to mediate hetero- and homotypic intercellular communication between normal and malignant cells.Tumour-derived exosomes are believed to promote re-programming of the tumour-associated stroma to favour tumour growth and metastasis. Currently, exosomes have been intensively studied in carcinomas. However, little is known about their existence and possible role in sarcomas. RESULTS Here, we report on the identification of vesicles with exosomal features derived from Ewing's sarcoma(ES), the second most common soft-tissue or bone cancer in children and adolescents. ES cell line-derived EV shave been isolated by ultracentrifugation and analysed by flow-cytometric assessment of the exosome-associated proteins CD63 and CD81 as well as by electron microscopy. They proved to contain ES-specific transcripts including EWS-FLI1, which were suitable for the sensitive detection of ES cell line-derived exosomes by qRT-PCRin a pre-clinical model for patient plasma. Microarray analysis of ES cell line-derived exosomes revealed that they share a common transcriptional signature potentially involved in G-protein-coupled signalling, neurotransmitter signalling and stemness. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results imply that ES-derived exosomes could eventually serve as biomarkers for minimal residual disease diagnostics in peripheral blood and prompt further investigation of their potential biological role in modification of the ES-associated microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella V Miller
- Children's Cancer Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 80804 Munich, Germany
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24
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Abstract
The endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway was initially defined in yeast genetic screens that identified the factors necessary to sort membrane proteins into intraluminal endosomal vesicles. Subsequent studies have revealed that the mammalian ESCRT pathway also functions in a series of other key cellular processes, including formation of extracellular microvesicles, enveloped virus budding, and the abscission stage of cytokinesis. The core ESCRT machinery comprises Bro1 family proteins and ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, ESCRT-III, and VPS4 complexes. Site-specific adaptors recruit these soluble factors to assemble on different cellular membranes, where they carry out membrane fission reactions. ESCRT-III proteins form filaments that draw membranes together from the cytoplasmic face, and mechanistic models have been advanced to explain how ESCRT-III filaments and the VPS4 ATPase can work together to catalyze membrane fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- John McCullough
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5650, USA
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25
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Manil-Segalén M, Lefebvre C, Culetto E, Legouis R. Need an ESCRT for autophagosomal maturation? Commun Integr Biol 2013; 5:566-71. [PMID: 23336026 PMCID: PMC3541323 DOI: 10.4161/cib.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several reports in fly, nematode and mammalian cells have revealed that the inactivation of endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) blocks the endosomal maturation but also leads to the increased number of autophagosomal structures. In this review we compare these data and conclude that the way ESCRT mutations affect the relationships between autophagosomes and endosomes cannot be generalized but depends on the studied species. We propose that the effect of ESCRT mutations on autophagy is directly dependent of the level of interaction between autophagosomes and endosomes. In particular, the formation of amphisomes during autophagosomal maturation could be the key point to explain the differences observed between species. These observations highlight the importance of multiple model organisms to decipher the complexity of relationships between such dynamic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Manil-Segalén
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire; Université Paris-Sud; CNRS UPR3404; Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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26
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Ramaseshadri P, Segers G, Flannagan R, Wiggins E, Clinton W, Ilagan O, McNulty B, Clark T, Bolognesi R. Physiological and cellular responses caused by RNAi- mediated suppression of Snf7 orthologue in western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) larvae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54270. [PMID: 23349844 PMCID: PMC3548817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ingestion of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) has been previously demonstrated to be effective in triggering RNA interference (RNAi) in western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte), providing potential novel opportunities for insect pest control. The putative Snf7 homolog of WCR (DvSnf7) has previously been shown to be an effective RNAi target for insect control, as DvSnf7 RNAi leads to lethality of WCR larvae. Snf7 functions as a part of the ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) pathway which plays a crucial role in cellular housekeeping by internalization, transport, sorting and lysosomal degradation of transmembrane proteins. To understand the effects that lead to death of WCR larvae by DvSnf7 RNAi, we examined some of the distinct cellular processes associated with ESCRT functions such as de-ubiquitination of proteins and autophagy. Our data indicate that ubiquitinated proteins accumulate in DvSnf7 dsRNA-fed larval tissues and that the autophagy process seems to be impaired. These findings suggest that the malfunctioning of these cellular processes in both midgut and fat body tissues triggered by DvSnf7 RNAi were the main effects leading to the death of WCR. This study also illustrates that Snf7 is an essential gene in WCR and its functions are consistent with biological functions described for other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerrit Segers
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ronald Flannagan
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Wiggins
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William Clinton
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Oliver Ilagan
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Brian McNulty
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thomas Clark
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Renata Bolognesi
- Department of Biotechnology, Monsanto Company, Chesterfield, Missouri, United States of America
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27
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Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a novel vacuolar protein sorting 4 gene in silkworm, Bombyx mori. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:10339-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1911-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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28
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Djeddi A, Michelet X, Culetto E, Alberti A, Barois N, Legouis R. Induction of autophagy in ESCRT mutants is an adaptive response for cell survival in C. elegans. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:685-94. [PMID: 22389403 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.091702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomes and autophagosomes are two vesicular compartments involved in the degradation and recycling of cellular material. They both undergo a maturation process and finally fuse with the lysosome. In mammals, the convergence between endosomes and autophagosomes is a multistep process that can generate intermediate vesicles named amphisomes. Using knockdowns and mutants of the ESCRT machinery (ESCRT-0-ESCRT-III, ATPase VPS-4) and the autophagic pathway (LGG-1, LGG-2, ATG-7, TOR), we analyzed in vivo the functional links between endosomal maturation and autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. We report here that, despite a strong heterogeneity of their developmental phenotypes, all ESCRT mutants present an accumulation of abnormal endosomes and autophagosomes. We show that this accumulation of autophagosomes is secondary to the formation of enlarged endosomes and is due to the induction of the autophagic flux and not a blockage of fusion with lysosomes. We demonstrate that the induction of autophagy is not responsible for the lethality of ESCRT mutants but has a protective role on cellular degradation. We also show that increasing the basal level of autophagy reduces the formation of enlarged endosomes in ESCRT mutants. Together, our data indicate that the induction of autophagy is a protective response against the formation of an abnormal vesicular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderazak Djeddi
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, UPR 3404, CNRS, Associée à l'université Paris-Sud XI, FRC3115, Avenue de terrasse, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
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van der Pol E, Böing AN, Harrison P, Sturk A, Nieuwland R. Classification, Functions, and Clinical Relevance of Extracellular Vesicles. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:676-705. [PMID: 22722893 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1262] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin van der Pol
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Guruharsha KG, Rual JF, Zhai B, Mintseris J, Vaidya P, Vaidya N, Beekman C, Wong C, Rhee DY, Cenaj O, McKillip E, Shah S, Stapleton M, Wan KH, Yu C, Parsa B, Carlson JW, Chen X, Kapadia B, VijayRaghavan K, Gygi SP, Celniker SE, Obar RA, Artavanis-Tsakonas S. A protein complex network of Drosophila melanogaster. Cell 2011; 147:690-703. [PMID: 22036573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Determining the composition of protein complexes is an essential step toward understanding the cell as an integrated system. Using coaffinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry analysis, we examined protein associations involving nearly 5,000 individual, FLAG-HA epitope-tagged Drosophila proteins. Stringent analysis of these data, based on a statistical framework designed to define individual protein-protein interactions, led to the generation of a Drosophila protein interaction map (DPiM) encompassing 556 protein complexes. The high quality of the DPiM and its usefulness as a paradigm for metazoan proteomes are apparent from the recovery of many known complexes, significant enrichment for shared functional attributes, and validation in human cells. The DPiM defines potential novel members for several important protein complexes and assigns functional links to 586 protein-coding genes lacking previous experimental annotation. The DPiM represents, to our knowledge, the largest metazoan protein complex map and provides a valuable resource for analysis of protein complex evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Guruharsha
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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31
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Richardson LG, Mullen RT. Meta-analysis of the expression profiles of the Arabidopsis ESCRT machinery. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1897-903. [PMID: 22105035 PMCID: PMC3337174 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.12.18023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) machinery is a set of multi-protein complexes that are well conserved among all eukaryotes and mediate a remarkable array of cellular processes including late endosome/multivesicular body (MVB) formation, retroviral particle release, and membrane abscission during cytokinesis. While the molecular mechanisms underlying ESCRT function have been relatively well characterized in yeasts and mammals, far less is known about ESCRT in plants. In this study, we utilized publicly-available microarray, massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) and proteome data sets in order to survey the expression profiles of many of the components of the Arabidopsis thaliana ESCRT machinery. Overall, the results indicate that ESCRT expression in Arabidopsis is highly dynamic across a wide range of organs, tissues and treatments, consistent with the complex interplay that likely exists between the spatial and temporal regulation of the ESCRT machinery and the diverse array of roles that ESCRT participates in during plant growth and development.
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Abstract
Being deeply connected to signalling, cell dynamics, growth, regulation, and defence, endocytic processes are linked to almost all aspects of cell life and disease. In this review, we focus on endosomes in the classical endocytic pathway, and on the programme of changes that lead to the formation and maturation of late endosomes/multivesicular bodies. The maturation programme entails a dramatic transformation of these dynamic organelles disconnecting them functionally and spatially from early endosomes and preparing them for their unidirectional role as a feeder pathway to lysosomes.
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33
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Bobrie A, Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Exosome Secretion: Molecular Mechanisms and Roles in Immune Responses. Traffic 2011; 12:1659-68. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 747] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim DW, Sung H, Shin D, Shen H, Ahnn J, Lee SK, Lee S. Differential physiological roles of ESCRT complexes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Cells 2011; 31:585-92. [PMID: 21688204 PMCID: PMC3887624 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-1045-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) complexes are involved in endosomal trafficking to the lysosome, cytokinesis, and viral budding. Extensive genetic, biochemical, and structural studies on the ESCRT system have been carried out in yeast and mammalian systems. However, the question of how the ESCRT system functions at the whole organism level has not been fully explored. In C. elegans, we performed RNAi experiments to knock-down gene expression of components of the ESCRT system and profiled their effects on protein degradation and endocytosis of YP170, a yolk protein. Targeted RNAi knock-down of ESCRT-I (tsg-101 and vps-28) and ESCRT-III (vps-24, and vps-32.2) components interfered with protein degradation while knock-down of ESCRT-II (vps-25 and vps-36) and ESCRT-III (vps-20 and vps-24) components hampered endocytosis. In contrast, the knockdown of vps-37, another ESCRT-I component, showed no defect in either YP170 uptake or degradation. Depletion of at least one component from each complex - ESCRT-0 (hgrs-1), ESCRT-I (tsg-101, vps-28, and vps-37), ESCRT-II (vps-36), ESCRT-III (vps-24), and Vps4 (vps-4) - resulted in abnormal distribution of embryos in the uterus of worms, possibly due to abnormal ovulation, fertilization, and egglaying. These results suggest differential physiological roles of ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and -III complexes in the context of the whole organism, C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Hyun Sung
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Donghyuk Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440- 746, Korea
| | - Haihong Shen
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Joohong Ahnn
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- The Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
- The Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440- 746, Korea
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Von Bartheld CS, Altick AL. Multivesicular bodies in neurons: distribution, protein content, and trafficking functions. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 93:313-40. [PMID: 21216273 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are intracellular endosomal organelles characterized by multiple internal vesicles that are enclosed within a single outer membrane. MVBs were initially regarded as purely prelysosomal structures along the degradative endosomal pathway of internalized proteins. MVBs are now known to be involved in numerous endocytic and trafficking functions, including protein sorting, recycling, transport, storage, and release. This review of neuronal MVBs summarizes their research history, morphology, distribution, accumulation of cargo and constitutive proteins, transport, and theories of functions of MVBs in neurons and glia. Due to their complex morphologies, neurons have expanded trafficking and signaling needs, beyond those of "geometrically simpler" cells, but it is not known whether neuronal MVBs perform additional transport and signaling functions. This review examines the concept of compartment-specific MVB functions in endosomal protein trafficking and signaling within synapses, axons, dendrites and cell bodies. We critically evaluate reports of the accumulation of neuronal MVBs based on evidence of stress-induced MVB formation. Furthermore, we discuss potential functions of neuronal and glial MVBs in development, in dystrophic neuritic syndromes, injury, disease, and aging. MVBs may play a role in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Niemann-Pick diseases, some types of frontotemporal dementia, prion and virus trafficking, as well as in adaptive responses of neurons to trauma and toxin or drug exposure. Functions of MVBs in neurons have been much neglected, and major gaps in knowledge currently exist. Developing truly MVB-specific markers would help to elucidate the roles of neuronal MVBs in intra- and intercellular signaling of normal and diseased neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Von Bartheld
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Mailstop 352, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
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36
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Makarova KS, Yutin N, Bell SD, Koonin EV. Evolution of diverse cell division and vesicle formation systems in Archaea. Nat Rev Microbiol 2010; 8:731-41. [PMID: 20818414 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently a novel cell division system comprised of homologues of eukaryotic ESCRT-III (endosomal sorting complex required for transport III) proteins was discovered in the hyperthermophilic crenarchaeote Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. On the basis of this discovery, we undertook a comparative genomic analysis of the machineries for cell division and vesicle formation in Archaea. Archaea possess at least three distinct membrane remodelling systems: the FtsZ-based bacterial-type system, the ESCRT-III-based eukaryote-like system and a putative novel system that uses an archaeal actin-related protein. Many archaeal genomes encode assortments of components from different systems. Evolutionary reconstruction from these findings suggests that the last common ancestor of the extant Archaea possessed a complex membrane remodelling apparatus, different components of which were lost during subsequent evolution of archaeal lineages. By contrast, eukaryotes seem to have inherited all three ancestral systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira S Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
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