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Igami K, Kittaka H, Yagi M, Gotoh K, Matsushima Y, Ide T, Ikeda M, Ueda S, Nitta SI, Hayakawa M, Nakayama KI, Matsumoto M, Kang D, Uchiumi T. iMPAQT reveals that adequate mitohormesis from TFAM overexpression leads to life extension in mice. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302498. [PMID: 38664021 PMCID: PMC11046090 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial transcription factor A, TFAM, is essential for mitochondrial function. We examined the effects of overexpressing the TFAM gene in mice. Two types of transgenic mice were created: TFAM heterozygous (TFAM Tg) and homozygous (TFAM Tg/Tg) mice. TFAM Tg/Tg mice were smaller and leaner notably with longer lifespans. In skeletal muscle, TFAM overexpression changed gene and protein expression in mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, with down-regulation in complexes 1, 3, and 4 and up-regulation in complexes 2 and 5. The iMPAQT analysis combined with metabolomics was able to clearly separate the metabolomic features of the three types of mice, with increased degradation of fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids and decreased glycolysis in homozygotes. Consistent with these observations, comprehensive gene expression analysis revealed signs of mitochondrial stress, with elevation of genes associated with the integrated and mitochondrial stress responses, including Atf4, Fgf21, and Gdf15. These found that mitohormesis develops and metabolic shifts in skeletal muscle occur as an adaptive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko Igami
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kittaka
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikako Yagi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Clinical Chemistry, Division of Biochemical Science and Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Gotoh
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuichi Matsushima
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/035t8zc32 Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Ide
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Ikeda
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Saori Ueda
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nitta
- LSI Medience Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Manami Hayakawa
- Kyushu Pro Search Limited Liability Partnership, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keiichi I Nakayama
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Anticancer Strategies Laboratory, TMDU Advanced Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Matsumoto
- Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Dongchon Kang
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- Kashiigaoka Rehabilitation Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Uchiumi
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
- https://ror.org/00p4k0j84 Clinical Chemistry, Division of Biochemical Science and Technology, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abdualkader AM, Karwi QG, Lopaschuk GD, Al Batran R. The role of branched-chain amino acids and their downstream metabolites in mediating insulin resistance. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2024; 27:13040. [PMID: 39007094 PMCID: PMC11239365 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2024.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Elevated levels of circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their associated metabolites have been strongly linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Despite extensive research, the precise mechanisms linking increased BCAA levels with these conditions remain elusive. In this review, we highlight the key organs involved in maintaining BCAA homeostasis and discuss how obesity and insulin resistance disrupt the intricate interplay among these organs, thus affecting BCAA balance. Additionally, we outline recent research shedding light on the impact of tissue-specific or systemic modulation of BCAA metabolism on circulating BCAA levels, their metabolites, and insulin sensitivity, while also identifying specific knowledge gaps and areas requiring further investigation. Finally, we summarize the effects of BCAA supplementation or restriction on obesity and insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdualrahman Mohammed Abdualkader
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research Network, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Qutuba G Karwi
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Health, Diabetes and Obesity Research Network, Montréal, QC, Canada
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3
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Lesnik C, Kaletsky R, Ashraf JM, Sohrabi S, Cota V, Sengupta T, Keyes W, Luo S, Murphy CT. Enhanced branched-chain amino acid metabolism improves age-related reproduction in C. elegans. Nat Metab 2024; 6:724-740. [PMID: 38418585 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive ageing is one of the earliest human ageing phenotypes, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to oocyte quality decline; however, it is not known which mitochondrial metabolic processes are critical for oocyte quality maintenance with age. To understand how mitochondrial processes contribute to Caenorhabditis elegans oocyte quality, we characterized the mitochondrial proteomes of young and aged wild-type and long-reproductive daf-2 mutants. Here we show that the mitochondrial proteomic profiles of young wild-type and daf-2 worms are similar and share upregulation of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism pathway enzymes. Reduction of the BCAA catabolism enzyme BCAT-1 shortens reproduction, elevates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels, and shifts mitochondrial localization. Moreover, bcat-1 knockdown decreases oocyte quality in daf-2 worms and reduces reproductive capability, indicating the role of this pathway in the maintenance of oocyte quality with age. Notably, oocyte quality deterioration can be delayed, and reproduction can be extended in wild-type animals both by bcat-1 overexpression and by supplementing with vitamin B1, a cofactor needed for BCAA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Lesnik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rachel Kaletsky
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jasmine M Ashraf
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Salman Sohrabi
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Vanessa Cota
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Biology, Tacoma Community College, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Titas Sengupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - William Keyes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Shijing Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Coleen T Murphy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- LSI Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Soleimani Damaneh M, Aryaeian N, Khajoenia S, Azadbakht L, Hosseini-Baharanchi FS. The association between dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids and odds and severity of rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6309. [PMID: 38491066 PMCID: PMC10943023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
This case-control study investigated the link between dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and the risk and severity of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We assessed dietary BCAA intake in 95 RA patients and 190 matched controls using a food frequency questionnaire. We also assessed the disease severity using the disease activity score 28 (DAS-28), ESR, VAS, morning stiffness, and tender and swollen joints. Higher BCAA intake, expressed as a percentage of total protein, was significantly associated with increased risk of RA for total BCAAs (OR 2.14, 95% CI 1.53-3.00, P < 0.001), leucine (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.70-3.38, P < 0.001), isoleucine (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.46-2.85, P < 0.001), and valine (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.35-2.59, P < 0.001). These associations remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounders (P < 0.001). However, BCAA intake did not show any significant association with RA severity in either crude or multivariate models (P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that higher dietary BCAA intake may contribute to the development of RA, but further research is needed to confirm these observations and explore the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shole Khajoenia
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Science University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Yan X, Liu H, Huang M, Zhang Y, Zeng B. Integrative proteomics and metabolomics explore the effect and mechanism of Qiyin granules on improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27075. [PMID: 38444462 PMCID: PMC10912341 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as a prominent global health concern, representing a substantial burden within the spectrum of chronic liver diseases. Despite its escalating prevalence, a definitive therapeutic strategy or efficacious pharmacological intervention for NAFLD has yet to receive official approval to date. While Fu Fang Qiyin granules have exhibited efficacy in addressing NAFLD, the intricacies of their underlying mechanism of action remain inadequately elucidated. In this study, we substantiated the ameliorative impact of Qiyin on highfat diet (HFD)induced NAFLD in rat models. The results of metabonomics showed that 108 potential biomarkers in serum and urine related to amino acid metabolism, energy metabolism, and pyrimidine metabolism, have returned to normal levels compared to the model group. Hepatic transcriptomics further indicated that Qiyin potentially confers protective effects against NAFLD by mediating liver inflammation and fibrosis through lumican (LUM) and decorin (DCN). In summation, our investigation provides compelling evidence affirming the therapeutic promise of Qiyin for NAFLD. It elucidates the underlying mechanistic pathways, furnishing a compelling rationale for its prospective clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Yan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Famous Prescription and Science of Formulas, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Famous Prescription and Science of Formulas, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Huang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Famous Prescription and Science of Formulas, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, People's Republic of China
| | - Binfang Zeng
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Famous Prescription and Science of Formulas, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, People's Republic of China
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Lesnik C, Kaletsky R, Ashraf JM, Sohrabi S, Cota V, Sengupta T, Keyes W, Luo S, Murphy CT. Enhanced Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Improves Age-Related Reproduction in C. elegans. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.02.09.527915. [PMID: 38370685 PMCID: PMC10871302 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.09.527915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Reproductive aging is one of the earliest human aging phenotypes, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been linked to oocyte quality decline. However, it is not known which mitochondrial metabolic processes are critical for oocyte quality maintenance with age. To understand how mitochondrial processes contribute to C. elegans oocyte quality, we characterized the mitochondrial proteomes of young and aged wild-type and long-reproductive daf-2 mutants. Here we show that the mitochondrial proteomic profiles of young wild-type and daf-2 worms are similar and share upregulation of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism pathway enzymes. Reduction of the BCAA catabolism enzyme BCAT-1 shortens reproduction, elevates mitochondrial reactive oxygen species levels, and shifts mitochondrial localization. Moreover, bcat-1 knockdown decreases oocyte quality in daf-2 worms and reduces reproductive capability, indicating the role of this pathway in the maintenance of oocyte quality with age. Importantly, oocyte quality deterioration can be delayed, and reproduction can be extended in wild-type animals both by bcat-1 overexpression and by supplementing with Vitamin B1, a cofactor needed for BCAA metabolism.
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7
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Mietus-Snyder M, Perak AM, Cheng S, Hayman LL, Haynes N, Meikle PJ, Shah SH, Suglia SF. Next Generation, Modifiable Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Mitochondrial Adaptation and Metabolic Resilience: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 148:1827-1845. [PMID: 37902008 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic risk is increasing in prevalence across the life span with disproportionate ramifications for youth at socioeconomic disadvantage. Established risk factors and associated disease progression are harder to reverse as they become entrenched over time; if current trends are unchecked, the consequences for individual and societal wellness will become untenable. Interrelated root causes of ectopic adiposity and insulin resistance are understood but identified late in the trajectory of systemic metabolic dysregulation when traditional cardiometabolic risk factors cross current diagnostic thresholds of disease. Thus, children at cardiometabolic risk are often exposed to suboptimal metabolism over years before they present with clinical symptoms, at which point life-long reliance on pharmacotherapy may only mitigate but not reverse the risk. Leading-edge indicators are needed to detect the earliest departure from healthy metabolism, so that targeted, primordial, and primary prevention of cardiometabolic risk is possible. Better understanding of biomarkers that reflect the earliest transitions to dysmetabolism, beginning in utero, ideally biomarkers that are also mechanistic/causal and modifiable, is critically needed. This scientific statement explores emerging biomarkers of cardiometabolic risk across rapidly evolving and interrelated "omic" fields of research (the epigenome, microbiome, metabolome, lipidome, and inflammasome). Connections in each domain to mitochondrial function are identified that may mediate the favorable responses of each of the omic biomarkers featured to a heart-healthy lifestyle, notably to nutritional interventions. Fuller implementation of evidence-based nutrition must address environmental and socioeconomic disparities that can either facilitate or impede response to therapy.
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Arp NL, Seim GL, Votava JA, Josephson J, Fan J. Reactive nitrogen species inhibit branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex and impact muscle cell metabolism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105333. [PMID: 37827290 PMCID: PMC10656228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) is the rate-limiting enzyme in branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism, a metabolic pathway with great importance for human health. BCKDC belongs to the mitochondrial α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex family, which also includes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Here, we revealed that BCKDC can be substantially inhibited by reactive nitrogen species (RNS) via a mechanism similar to what we recently discovered with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex-RNS can cause inactivating covalent modifications of the lipoic arm on its E2 subunit. In addition, we showed that such reaction between RNS and the lipoic arm of the E2 subunit can further promote inhibition of the E3 subunits of α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. We examined the impacts of this RNS-mediated BCKDC inhibition in muscle cells, an important site of BCAA metabolism, and demonstrated that the nitric oxide production induced by cytokine stimulation leads to a strong inhibition of BCKDC activity and BCAA oxidation in myotubes and myoblasts. More broadly, nitric oxide production reduced the level of functional lipoic arms across the multiple α-ketoacid dehydrogenases and led to intracellular accumulation of their substrates (α-ketoacids), decrease of their products (acyl-CoAs), and a lower cellular energy charge. In sum, this work revealed a new mechanism for BCKDC regulation, demonstrated that RNS can generally inhibit all α-ketoacid dehydrogenases, which has broad physiological implications across multiple cell types, and elucidated the mechanistic connection between RNS-driven inhibitory modifications on the E2 and E3 subunits of α-ketoacid dehydrogenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Arp
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gretchen L Seim
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - James A Votava
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | - Jing Fan
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; University of Wisconsin Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Zhao X, Zhang X, Pei J, Liu Y, Niu W, Sun H. Targeting BCAA metabolism to potentiate metformin's therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of diabetes in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:2139-2153. [PMID: 37581618 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS An increasing body of evidence has shown that the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine and valine) is impaired in obese animals and humans, contributing to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Promoting BCAA catabolism benefits glycaemic control. It remains unclear whether BCAA catabolism plays a role in the therapeutic efficacy of currently used glucose-lowering drugs such as metformin. METHODS Mice were treated with vehicle or metformin (250 mg/kg per day) for more than 4 weeks to investigate the effects of metformin in vivo. In vitro, primary mouse hepatocytes and HepG2 cells were treated with 2 mmol/l metformin. The therapeutic efficacy of metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes was assessed in genetically obese (ob/ob) mice and high-fat-diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Enhancing BCAA catabolism was achieved with a pharmacological agent, 3,6-dichlorobenzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (BT2). The ob/ob mice were treated with a low-BCAA diet or intermittent protein restriction (IPR) to reduce BCAA nutritional intake. RESULTS Metformin unexpectedly inhibited the catabolism of BCAAs in obese mice, resulting in an elevation of BCAA abundance. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mediated the impact of metformin on BCAA catabolism in hepatocytes. Importantly, enhancing BCAA catabolism via a pharmacological agent BT2 significantly potentiated the glucose-lowering effect of metformin while decreasing circulating BCAA levels in ob/ob and DIO mice. Similar outcomes were achieved by a nutritional approach of reducing BCAA intake. IPR also effectively reduced the circulating BCAA abundance and enhanced metformin's glucose-lowering effect in ob/ob mice. BT2 and IPR treatments reduced the expression of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 1, a rate-limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis, in the kidney but not liver, indicating the involvement of renal gluconeogenesis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Metformin self-limits its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of type 2 diabetes by triggering the suppression of BCAA catabolism. Enhancing BCAA catabolism pharmacologically or reducing BCAA intake nutritionally potentiates the glucose-lowering effect of metformin. These data highlight the nutritional impact of protein on metformin's therapeutic efficacy and provide new strategies targeting BCAA metabolism to improve metformin's effects on the clinical outcome in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingjing Pei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yajin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyan Niu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Haipeng Sun
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease of the Educational Ministry of China, NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The Province and Ministry Co-Sponsored Collaborative Innovation Center for Medical Epigenetics, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Arp NL, Seim G, Josephson J, Fan J. Reactive nitrogen species inhibit branched chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex and impact muscle cell metabolism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.31.551364. [PMID: 37577551 PMCID: PMC10418113 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC) is the rate limiting enzyme in branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism, a metabolic pathway with great importance for human health. BCKDC belongs to the mitochondrial α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex family, which also includes pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC). Here we revealed that BCKDC can be substantially inhibited by reactive nitrogen species (RNS) via a mechanism similar to what we recently discovered with PDHC and OGDC - modifying the lipoic arm on its E2 subunit. In addition, we showed that such reaction between RNS and the lipoic arm of the E2 subunit can further promote inhibition of the E3 subunits of α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. We examined the impacts of this RNS-mediated BCKDC inhibition in muscle cells, an important site of BCAA metabolism, and demonstrated that the nitric oxide production induced by cytokine stimulation leads to a strong inhibition of BCKDC activity and BCAA oxidation in myotubes and myoblasts. More broadly, nitric oxide production reduced the level of functional lipoic arms across the multiple α-ketoacid dehydrogenases and led to intracellular accumulation of their substrates (α-ketoacids), reduction of their products (acyl-CoAs), and a lower cellular energy charge. This work revealed a new mechanism for BCKDC regulation, demonstrated its biological significance, and elucidated the mechanistic connection between RNS-driven inhibitory modifications on the E2 and E3 subunits of α-ketoacid dehydrogenases. Together with previous work, we revealed a general mechanism for RNS to inhibit all α-ketoacid dehydrogenases, which has numerous physiological implications across multiple cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L. Arp
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715
- University of Wisconsin Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Gretchen Seim
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
| | | | - Jing Fan
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715
- University of Wisconsin Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
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Wetzel TJ, Erfan SC, Figueroa LD, Wheeler LM, Ananieva EA. Crosstalk between arginine, glutamine, and the branched chain amino acid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1186539. [PMID: 37274280 PMCID: PMC10235471 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1186539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arginine, glutamine, and the branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a focus of increased interest in the field of oncology due to their importance in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), these amino acids serve to support the elevated biosynthetic and energy demands of cancer cells, while simultaneously maintaining the growth, homeostasis, and effector function of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. To escape immune destruction, cancer cells utilize a variety of mechanisms to suppress the cytotoxic activity of effector T cells, facilitating T cell exhaustion. One such mechanism is the ability of cancer cells to overexpress metabolic enzymes specializing in the catabolism of arginine, glutamine, and the BCAAs in the TME. The action of such enzymes supplies cancer cells with metabolic intermediates that feed into the TCA cycle, supporting energy generation, or providing precursors for purine, pyrimidine, and polyamine biosynthesis. Armed with substantial metabolic flexibility, cancer cells redirect amino acids from the TME for their own advantage and growth, while leaving the local infiltrating effector T cells deprived of essential nutrients. This review addresses the metabolic pressure that cancer cells exert over immune cells in the TME by up-regulating amino acid metabolism, while discussing opportunities for targeting amino acid metabolism for therapeutic intervention. Special emphasis is given to the crosstalk between arginine, glutamine, and BCAA metabolism in affording cancer cells with metabolic dominance in the TME.
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Blair MC, Neinast MD, Jang C, Chu Q, Jung JW, Axsom J, Bornstein MR, Thorsheim C, Li K, Hoshino A, Yang S, Roth Flach RJ, Zhang BB, Rabinowitz JD, Arany Z. Branched-chain amino acid catabolism in muscle affects systemic BCAA levels but not insulin resistance. Nat Metab 2023; 5:589-606. [PMID: 37100997 PMCID: PMC10278155 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00794-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated levels of plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) have been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes since the 1960s. Pharmacological activation of branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH), the rate-limiting enzyme of BCAA oxidation, lowers plasma BCAAs and improves insulin sensitivity. Here we show that modulation of BCKDH in skeletal muscle, but not liver, affects fasting plasma BCAAs in male mice. However, despite lowering BCAAs, increased BCAA oxidation in skeletal muscle does not improve insulin sensitivity. Our data indicate that skeletal muscle controls plasma BCAAs, that lowering fasting plasma BCAAs is insufficient to improve insulin sensitivity and that neither skeletal muscle nor liver account for the improved insulin sensitivity seen with pharmacological activation of BCKDH. These findings suggest potential concerted contributions of multiple tissues in the modulation of BCAA metabolism to alter insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Blair
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Neinast
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Qingwei Chu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jae Woo Jung
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessie Axsom
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc R Bornstein
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chelsea Thorsheim
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristina Li
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Steven Yang
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | - Joshua D Rabinowitz
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Zoltan Arany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. Metabolic Flexibility and Its Impact on Health Outcomes. Mayo Clin Proc 2022; 97:761-776. [PMID: 35287953 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A metabolically flexible state exists when there is a rapid switch between glucose and fatty acids during the transition between the fed and fasting state. This flexibility in fuel choice serves to prevent hyperglycemia following a meal and simultaneously ensures an adequate amount of blood glucose is available for delivery to the brain and exclusively glycolytic tissues during fasting. The modern era is characterized by chronic overnutrition in which a mixture of fuels is delivered to the mitochondria in an unabated manner thereby uncoupling the feast and famine situation. The continuous influx of fuel leads to accumulation of reducing equivalents in the mitochondria and an increase in the mitochondrial membrane potential. These changes create a microenvironment fostering the generation of reactive oxygen species and other metabolites leading to deleterious protein modification, cell injury, and ultimately clinical disease. Insulin resistance may also play a primary role in this deleterious effect. The imbalance between mitochondrial energy delivery and use is made worse with a sedentary lifestyle. Maneuvers that restore energy balance across the mitochondria activate pathways that remove or repair damaged molecules and restore the plasticity characteristic of normal energy metabolism. Readily available strategies to maintain energy balance across the mitochondria include exercise, various forms of caloric restriction, administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors, cold exposure, and hypobaric hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biff F Palmer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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A Proton-Coupled Transport System for β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) in Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cell Line hCMEC/D3. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093220. [PMID: 34579098 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, is used as a nutritional ingredient to improve skeletal muscle health. Preclinical studies indicate that this supplement also elicits significant benefits in the brain; it promotes neurite outgrowth and prevents age-related reductions in neuronal dendrites and cognitive performance. As orally administered HMB elicits these effects in the brain, we infer that HMB crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, there have been no reports detailing the transport mechanism for HMB in BBB. Here we show that HMB is taken up in the human BBB endothelial cell line hCMEC/D3 via H+-coupled monocarboxylate transporters that also transport lactate and β-hydroxybutyrate. MCT1 (monocarboxylate transporter 1) and MCT4 (monocarboxylate transporter 4) belonging to the solute carrier gene family SLC16 (solute carrier, gene family 16) are involved, but additional transporters also contribute to the process. HMB uptake in BBB endothelial cells results in intracellular acidification, demonstrating cotransport with H+. Since HMB is known to activate mTOR with potential to elicit transcriptomic changes, we examined the influence of HMB on the expression of selective transporters. We found no change in MCT1 and MCT4 expression. Interestingly, the expression of LAT1 (system L amino acid transporter 1), a high-affinity transporter for branched-chain amino acids relevant to neurological disorders such as autism, is induced. This effect is dependent on mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycine) activation by HMB with no involvement of histone deacetylases. These studies show that HMB in systemic circulation can cross the BBB via carrier-mediated processes, and that it also has a positive influence on the expression of LAT1, an important amino acid transporter in the BBB.
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