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Song C, Zhang Z, Leng D, He Z, Wang X, Liu W, Zhang W, Wu Q, Zhao Q, Chen G. ERK5 promotes autocrine expression to sustain mitogenic balance for cell fate specification in human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2024:S2213-6711(24)00216-9. [PMID: 39151429 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) requires the signaling balance of extracellular factors. Exogenous regulators from cell culture medium have been widely reported, but little attention has been paid to the autocrine factor from hPSCs themselves. In this report, we demonstrate that extracellular signal-related kinase 5 (ERK5) regulates endogenous autocrine factors essential for pluripotency and differentiation. ERK5 inhibition leads to erroneous cell fate specification in all lineages even under lineage-specific induction. hPSCs can self-renew under ERK5 inhibition in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), although NANOG expression is partially suppressed. Further analysis demonstrates that ERK5 promotes the expression of autocrine factors such as NODAL, FGF8, and WNT3. The addition of NODAL protein rescues NANOG expression and differentiation phenotypes under ERK5 inhibition. We demonstrate that constitutively active ERK5 pathway allows self-renewal even without essential growth factors FGF2 and TGF-β. This study highlights the essential contribution of autocrine pathways to proper maintenance and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Song
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Zhaoying Zhang
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Dongliang Leng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Ziqing He
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Xuepeng Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China; CAM-SU Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Biological Imaging and Stem Cell Core Facility, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- CAM-SU Genomic Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Guokai Chen
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China; Zhuhai UM Science & Technology Research Institute, Zhuhai, China.
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Yang X, Chang L, Liu Z, Geng X, Wang R, Yin X, Fan W, Zhao BQ. Neddylation in the chronically hypoperfused corpus callosum: MLN4924 reduces blood-brain barrier injury via ERK5/KLF2 signaling. Exp Neurol 2024; 371:114587. [PMID: 37914067 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and cerebrovascular dysfunction may contribute to the pathology in white matter lesions and consequent cognitive decline caused by cerebral hypoperfusion. Neddylation is the process of attaching a ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8 (neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8) to specific targets. By modifying protein substrates, neddylation plays critical roles in various important biological processes. However, whether neddylation influences the pathogenesis of hypoperfused brain remains unclear. In the present study, cerebral hypoperfusion-induced white matter lesions were produced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis in mice. The function of the neddylation pathway, BBB integrity, cerebrovascular dysfunction, myelin density in the corpus callosum and cognitive function were determined. We show that NEDD8 conjugation aberrantly amplified in microvascular endothelium in the corpus callosum following cerebral hypoperfusion. MLN4924, a small-molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme currently in clinical trials, preserved BBB integrity, attenuated glial activation and enhanced oligodendrocyte differentiation, and reduced hypoperfusion-induced white matter lesions in the corpus callosum and thus improved cognitive performance via inactivating cullin-RING E3 ligase (CRL). Administration of MLN4924 caused the accumulation of ERK5 and KLF2. The ERK5 inhibitor BIX 02189, down-regulated MLN4924-induced activation of KLF2 and reversed MLN4924-mediated increase in pericyte coverage and junctional proteins. Furthermore, BIX 02189 blocked MLN4924-afforded protection against BBB disruption and white matter lesions in the corpus callosum. Collectively, our results revealed that neddylation impairs vascular function and thus exacerbated the pathology of hypoperfused brain and that inhibition of neddylation with MLN4924 may offer novel therapeutic opportunities for cerebral hypoperfusion-associated cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Yang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Luping Chang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhongwang Liu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue Geng
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xuhui Yin
- Institute of Neuroscience and Third Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Wenying Fan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bing-Qiao Zhao
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Espinosa-Gil S, Ivanova S, Alari-Pahissa E, Denizli M, Villafranca-Magdalena B, Viñas-Casas M, Bolinaga-Ayala I, Gámez-García A, Faundez-Vidiella C, Colas E, Lopez-Botet M, Zorzano A, Lizcano JM. MAP kinase ERK5 modulates cancer cell sensitivity to extrinsic apoptosis induced by death-receptor agonists. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:715. [PMID: 37919293 PMCID: PMC10622508 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Death receptor ligand TRAIL is a promising cancer therapy due to its ability to selectively trigger extrinsic apoptosis in cancer cells. However, TRAIL-based therapies in humans have shown limitations, mainly due inherent or acquired resistance of tumor cells. To address this issue, current efforts are focussed on dissecting the intracellular signaling pathways involved in resistance to TRAIL, to identify strategies that sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity. In this work, we describe the oncogenic MEK5-ERK5 pathway as a critical regulator of cancer cell resistance to the apoptosis induced by death receptor ligands. Using 2D and 3D cell cultures and transcriptomic analyses, we show that ERK5 controls the proteostasis of TP53INP2, a protein necessary for full activation of caspase-8 in response to TNFα, FasL or TRAIL. Mechanistically, ERK5 phosphorylates and induces ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of TP53INP2, resulting in cancer cell resistance to TRAIL. Concordantly, ERK5 inhibition or genetic deletion, by stabilizing TP53INP2, sensitizes cancer cells to the apoptosis induced by recombinant TRAIL and TRAIL/FasL expressed by Natural Killer cells. The MEK5-ERK5 pathway regulates cancer cell proliferation and survival, and ERK5 inhibitors have shown anticancer activity in preclinical models of solid tumors. Using endometrial cancer patient-derived xenograft organoids, we propose ERK5 inhibition as an effective strategy to sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Espinosa-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Saska Ivanova
- IRB Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Melek Denizli
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villafranca-Magdalena
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Viñas-Casas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Bolinaga-Ayala
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrés Gámez-García
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Faundez-Vidiella
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Colas
- Biomedical Research Group in Gynecology, Vall Hebron Institute of Research, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Lopez-Botet
- University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology laboratory, Dpt. of Pathology, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- IRB Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERDEM, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biología, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Lizcano
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències. Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Protein Kinases in Cancer Research. Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain.
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Arconada-Luque E, Jiménez-Suarez J, Pascual-Serra R, Nam-Cha SH, Moline T, Cimas FJ, Fliquete G, Ortega-Muelas M, Roche O, Fernández-Aroca DM, Muñoz Velasco R, García-Flores N, Garnés-García C, Sánchez-Fdez A, Matilla-Almazán S, Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo VJ, Hernández-Losa J, Belandia B, Pandiella A, Esparís-Ogando A, Ramón y Cajal S, del Peso L, Sánchez-Prieto R, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ. ERK5 Is a Major Determinant of Chemical Sarcomagenesis: Implications in Human Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143509. [PMID: 35884568 PMCID: PMC9316148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Sarcoma is a heterogeneous group of tumors poorly studied with few therapeutic opportunities. Interestingly, the role of MAPKs still remains unclear in sarcomatous pathology. Here, we describe for the first time the critical role of ERK5 in the biology of soft tissue sarcoma by using in vitro and in vivo approaches in a murine experimental model of chemical sarcomagenesis. Indeed, our observations were extrapolated to a short series of human leiomyosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcomas. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis allows us to demonstrate the critical role of KLF2 in the biological effects of ERK5. Therefore, the data presented here open new windows in the diagnosis and therapy of soft tissue sarcomas. Abstract Sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors in which the role of ERK5 is poorly studied. To clarify the role of this MAPK in sarcomatous pathology, we used a murine 3-methyl-cholanthrene (3MC)-induced sarcoma model. Our data show that 3MC induces pleomorphic sarcomas with muscle differentiation, showing an increased expression of ERK5. Indeed, this upregulation was also observed in human sarcomas of muscular origin, such as leiomyosarcoma or rhabdomyosarcoma. Moreover, in cell lines derived from these 3MC-induced tumors, abrogation of Mapk7 expression by using specific shRNAs decreased in vitro growth and colony-forming capacity and led to a marked loss of tumor growth in vivo. In fact, transcriptomic profiling in ERK5 abrogated cell lines by RNAseq showed a deregulated gene expression pattern for key biological processes such as angiogenesis, migration, motility, etc., correlating with a better prognostic in human pathology. Finally, among the various differentially expressed genes, Klf2 is a key mediator of the biological effects of ERK5 as indicated by its specific interference, demonstrating that the ERK5–KLF2 axis is an important determinant of sarcoma biology that should be further studied in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arconada-Luque
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Jaime Jiménez-Suarez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Raquel Pascual-Serra
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Syong Hyun Nam-Cha
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital General de Albacete, 02008 Albacete, Spain;
| | - Teresa Moline
- Grupo de Patología Molecular Traslacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (G.F.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
| | - Francisco J. Cimas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Servicio de Instrumentación Biomédica, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain;
| | - Germán Fliquete
- Grupo de Patología Molecular Traslacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (G.F.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
| | - Marta Ortega-Muelas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Olga Roche
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
| | - Diego M. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Raúl Muñoz Velasco
- Grupo de Oncología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.V.); (V.J.S.-A.L.)
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av. Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia García-Flores
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Cristina Garnés-García
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
| | - Adrián Sánchez-Fdez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.S.-F.); (S.M.-A.); (A.P.); (A.E.-O.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sofía Matilla-Almazán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.S.-F.); (S.M.-A.); (A.P.); (A.E.-O.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Víctor J. Sánchez-Arévalo Lobo
- Grupo de Oncología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain; (R.M.V.); (V.J.S.-A.L.)
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Av. Córdoba, s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Hernández-Losa
- Grupo de Patología Molecular Traslacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (G.F.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
| | - Borja Belandia
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.S.-F.); (S.M.-A.); (A.P.); (A.E.-O.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Azucena Esparís-Ogando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer-CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (A.S.-F.); (S.M.-A.); (A.P.); (A.E.-O.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Universidad de Salamanca, CSIC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Santiago Ramón y Cajal
- Grupo de Patología Molecular Traslacional, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Centro de Investigación Biomédica en RED de Cancer CIBERONC, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (T.M.); (G.F.); (J.H.-L.); (S.R.y.C.)
| | - Luis del Peso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM) and Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias CIBERES, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’ (CSIC-UAM), Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Alberto Sols’, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IIBM-CSIC)-Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - María José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain; (E.A.-L.); (J.J.-S.); (R.P.-S.); (M.O.-M.); (O.R.); (D.M.F.-A.); (N.G.-F.); (C.G.-G.); (M.J.R.-H.)
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02008 Albacete, Spain
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