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Blackmore MA, Quayle JR. Choice between autotrophy and heterotrophy in Pseudomonas oxalaticus. Growth in mixed substrates. Biochem J 2010; 107:705-13. [PMID: 16742593 PMCID: PMC1198724 DOI: 10.1042/bj1070705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The type of metabolism adopted by Pseudomonas oxalaticus during growth on a variety of carbon sources was studied. 2. The only substrate upon which autotrophic growth was observed is formate. 3. In mixtures of formate and those substrates upon which the organism can grow faster than on formate, e.g. succinate, lactate or citrate, heterotrophic metabolism results. 4. In mixtures of formate and those substrates upon which the organism can grow at a similar rate to that on formate, e.g. glycollate or glyoxylate, the predominant mode of metabolism adopted is heterotrophic utilization of the C(2) substrate coupled with oxidation of formate as ancillary energy source. 5. P. oxalaticus grows on oxalate 30% slower than on formate. In mixtures of formate and oxalate, the predominant mode of metabolism adopted is autotrophic utilization of formate coupled with oxidation of oxalate as ancillary energy source. 6. In mixtures of formate and those substrates upon which the organism grows at a much lower rate than on formate, e.g. glycerol and malonate, the predominant mode of metabolism adopted is autotrophic utilization of formate. 7. It is concluded that synthesis of the enzymes involved in autotrophic metabolism is controlled by a combination of induction and metabolite repression.
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Sameshima Y, Honda K, Kato J, Omasa T, Ohtake H. Expression of Rhodococcus opacus alkB genes in anhydrous organic solvents. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 106:199-203. [PMID: 18804065 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rhodococcus opacus B-4 is a benzene-tolerant bacterium which was isolated from a gasoline-contaminated soil sample. We previously demonstrated that this organism was able to survive and exhibit biocatalytic activity in anhydrous organic solvents for at least 5 d. In the present study, we cloned the alkB1 and alkB2 genes encoding alkane hydroxylases from R. opacus B-4. Heterologous expression of the alkB1 and alkB2 genes in Escherichia coli JM109 showed that they encode functional alkane hydroxylases with a substrate range of C(5)-C(16). Promoters of the alkB1 and alkB2 genes, designated P(alkB1) and P(alkB2), respectively, were examined for activity in anhydrous bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (BEHP) containing C(5)-C(16)n-alkanes. Two recombinant plasmids, pP(alkB1)EGFP and pP(alkB2)EGFP, were constructed by inserting the egfp gene downstream of P(alkB1) and P(alkB2), respectively and transformed into R. opacus B-4. Resting cells of R. opacus B-4 (pP(alkB1)EGFP) showed greater levels of EGFP fluorescence in anhydrous BEHP than in 0.85% NaCl, when C(8)-C(16)n-alkanes were supplied as an inducer. Furthermore, n-alkane inducibility of P(alkB1) activity in anhydrous BEHP was noticeably different from that in 0.85% NaCl. This paper presents the first evidence that bacteria can express their genes in essentially anhydrous organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sameshima
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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KOCH AL. THE INACTIVATION OF THE TRANSPORT MECHANISM FOR β-GALACTOSIDES OF ESCHERICHIA COLI UNDER VARIOUS PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 102:602-20. [PMID: 14034000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13663.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Both repression and induction of substrate utilization have been the subject of many basic research investigations employing pure cultures. In this investigation these effects were studied using heterogeneous microbial populations prevalent in such biological treatment processes as activated sludge systems. Diauxic substrate removal by activated sludge was observed in a multicomponent medium consisting of glucose and sorbitol. The sludge was acclimated solely to sorbitol; however, the presence of glucose blocked sorbitol removal until glucose was completely utilized. Both diphasic and triphasic oxygen utilization was shown for activated sludges metabolizing multicomponent synthetic wastes consisting of glucose, melibiose, and lactose. It appears from these studies that melibiose utilization was suppressed by the presence of glucose and, although melibiose induced acclimation to lactose, the presence of melibose suppressed lactose utilization. Studies were also conducted using glycogen and starch systems in which it was found that acclimation to either compound conferred immediate acclimation to the other. It was also found that loss of acclimation to lactose was a passive phenomenon and its kinetics could be predicted on the basis of simple diluting out of the enzyme(s) responsible for such acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Gaudy
- Division of Sanitary and Public Health Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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HALPERN YS. Induction and repression of glutamic acid decarboxylase in Escherichia coli. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998; 61:953-62. [PMID: 13952229 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(62)90011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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HARRIS G, MILLIN DJ. Sequential induction of maltosepermease and maltase systems in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem J 1998; 88:89-94. [PMID: 13952915 PMCID: PMC1203854 DOI: 10.1042/bj0880089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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HOWES WV, McFADDEN BA. Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in Pseudomonas indigofera. II. Enzyme changes during the phase of adjustment and the early exponential phase. J Bacteriol 1998; 84:1222-7. [PMID: 13955178 PMCID: PMC278049 DOI: 10.1128/jb.84.6.1222-1227.1962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Howes, William V. (Washington State University, Pullman) and Bruce A. McFadden. Isocitrate lyase and malate synthase in Pseudomonas indigofera. II. Enzyme changes during the phase of adjustment and the early exponential phase. J. Bacteriol.84:1222-1227. 1962.-The differential rates of synthesis (DRS) of malate synthase and isocitrate lyase were investigated at 30 C during the phase of adjustment (lag) and the early exponential phase in Pseudomonas indigofera. Cells grown on ethanol-acetate-yeast extract or succinate-yeast extract were added to a medium containing ethanol or succinate, and the DRS of each enzyme was followed. A reproducible decline in both enzymatic activities occurred after inoculation when a lag in growth was observed. To define the DRS occurring after this decline, a new parameter, epsilon, was defined and calculated for linear segments of a DRS plot. Certain variations of epsilon during DRS suggested that a balance between induction (or derepression) and repression controls, in part at least, malate synthase and isocitrate lyase levels. Effects of chloramphenicol upon enzyme synthesis after the period of expected decline were studied. No degradation or synthesis of malate synthase occurred in the presence of chloramphenicol, although, after degradation, slight synthesis of isocitrate lyase occurred. Acetate, butyrate, ethanol, glyoxylate, and isocitrate did not stimulate production of either enzyme in nongrowing cultures of high cell density. In fact, some degradation of each enzyme occurred.
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MANDELSTAM J. The repression of constitutive beta-galactosidase in Escherichia coli by glucose and other carbon sources. Biochem J 1998; 82:489-93. [PMID: 14469207 PMCID: PMC1243486 DOI: 10.1042/bj0820489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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ENGELBERG H, ARTMAN M. STUDIES ON STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT BACTERIA: EFFECT OF STREPTOMYCIN ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY STREPTOMYCIN-SENSITIVE, STREPTOMYCIN-RESISTANT AND STREPTOMYCIN-DEPENDENT, MUTANTS OF ESCHERIHIA COLI. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 80:256-68. [PMID: 14165529 DOI: 10.1016/0926-6550(64)90098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MCFALL E, MANDELSTAM J. SPECIFIC METABOLIC REPRESSION OF THREE INDUCED ENZYMES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. Biochem J 1996; 89:391-8. [PMID: 14084625 PMCID: PMC1202370 DOI: 10.1042/bj0890391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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MANDELSTAM J, JACOBY GA. INDUCTION AND MULTI-SENSITIVE END-PRODUCT REPRESSION IN THE ENZYMIC PATHWAY DEGRADING MANDELATE IN PSEUDOMONAS FLUORESCENS. Biochem J 1996; 94:569-77. [PMID: 14340048 PMCID: PMC1206590 DOI: 10.1042/bj0940569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. The first five enzymes involved in the degradation of mandelate in Pseudomonas fluorescens have been examined. 2. Induction is not significantly affected by glucose. 3. The first three enzymes form a group inducible by mandelate and repressible by benzoate, catechol and succinate. 4. The possibility that benzoate and catechol act as repressors only after they have been degraded to succinate is unlikely since mutants blocked at suitable points in the pathway have the same repression pattern as the wild type. 5. It is concluded that synthesis of the enzymes is subject to a multi-sensitive repression mechanism that can be independently activated by benzoate or catechol or succinate. 6. In each case the repression can be largely overcome by increasing the concentration of the inducer. 7. The enzymes of the first group are thus controlled by a dual system in which induction by the first substrate is opposed by repression exerted by the end product of the first group and by the products of succeeding groups.
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Ruteshouser EC, Richardson JP. Identification and characterization of transcription termination sites in the Escherichia coli lacZ gene. J Mol Biol 1989; 208:23-43. [PMID: 2475637 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(89)90085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli lacZ gene contains a series of latent transcriptional terminators that are responsible for the polar effects of certain mutations. We demonstrate, using gel electrophoretic size analyses and nuclease S1 mapping procedures, that RNA polymerase terminates RNA synthesis in the vicinity of five positions 180, 220, 379, 421 and 463 base-pairs downstream from the start point during transcription of lacZ DNA in vitro in the presence of rho factor. Termination at all but the 421 position depends on rho factor. In the in vitro assays with 0.05 M-KCl and excess rho (36 nM), the terminators are moderately effective, having efficiencies that range from about 8% at the 180 base-pair site to 56% at the 463 base-pair site. These termination stop points correspond to five of the 11 transcriptional pause sites between 180 and 463 base-pairs. Several stop points also correspond to 3' end points of lacZ mRNA isolated from cells containing the strongly polar lacZ-U118 mutation and from cells starved for serine, thus confirming that these latent terminators are responsible for the polar effect and demonstrating that they also function under a condition of physiological stress that prevents the transcription from being translated properly. Two other potential termination factors, NusA protein and cyclic AMP receptor protein have no effect in vitro on the efficiency of termination at the five lacZ sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ruteshouser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405
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SANCHEZ JESUS, HARDISSON CARLOS. NUTRITIONAL CONDITIONS AFFECTING INDUCED ENZYME SYNTHESIS IN STREPTOMYCES VIOLACEUS. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1980. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1980.tb01638.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Yabuki M, Ono N, Hoshino K, Fukui S. Rapid induction of alpha-amylase by nongrowing mycelia of Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1977; 34:1-6. [PMID: 18989 PMCID: PMC242578 DOI: 10.1128/aem.34.1.1-6.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid induction system for synthesis of alpha-amylase by the funga Aspergillus oryzae M-13 was established. The mycelia were prepared from 20-h cultures grown on a peptone-glycerol medium and starved for 5 h; maltose was the optimum inducer tested. During h 1 of induction, formation of both intra- and extracellular alpha-amylases occurred at an almost identical rate (70 to 80 microgram/g of cells-h) without a detectable lag period. After a 1-h induction period, a remarkable increase in the extracellular concentration of the enzyme occurred, and a maximum rate (330 microgram/g of cells-h) was reached after 1.5 h of induction. During h 2 of induction, no significant change in mycelial weight was observed. Purified samples of intra- and extracellular enzymes formed in the induction system showed identical properties as examined by behavior in diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration, discontinuous gel electrophoresis, electrofocusing, optimal conditions for the reaction, heat stability, and molecular weight.
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Lazdunski CJ, Lazdunski AM, Bourrillon MJ. Cell division in Escherichia coli: aspects of the defective gene product in a thermosensitive mutant Fts-A. Biochimie 1974; 55:1253-9. [PMID: 4602332 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9084(74)80330-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Brehm SP, Staal SP, Hoch JA. Phenotypes of pleiotropic-negative sporulation mutants of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 1973; 115:1063-70. [PMID: 4199504 PMCID: PMC246354 DOI: 10.1128/jb.115.3.1063-1070.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic properties of representatives of the five genetic classes of pleiotropic-negative sporulation mutants have been investigated. Protease production, alkaline and neutral proteases, was curtailed in spoA mutants, but the remainder of mutant classes produced both proteases, albeit at reduced levels. The spoA and spoB mutants plaqued phi2 and phi15 at high efficiency, but the efficiency of plating of these phages on spoE, spoF, and spoH mutants was drastically reduced. Antibiotic was produced by the spoH mutants and to a degree by some spoF mutants, but the other classes did not produce detectable activity. The spoA mutants were less responsive to catabolite repression of histidase synthesis by glucose than was the wild type. Severe catabolite repression could be induced in spoA mutants by amino acid limitation, suggesting that the relaxation of catabolite repression observed is not due to a defect in the mechanism of catabolite repression. Although others have shown a perturbation in cytochrome regulation in spoA and spoB mutants, the primary dehydrogenases, succinate dehydrogenase and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, leading to these cytochromes are unimpaired in all mutant classes. A comparison of the structural components of cell walls and membranes of spoA and the wild type is made. The pleiotropic phenotypes of these mutants are discussed.
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Aboud M, Burger M. Adenosine triphosphate and catabolite repression of -galactosidase in escherichia coli. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1971; 45:190-7. [PMID: 4334523 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(71)90068-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chapter V Methods for Studying Enzyme Regulation. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Demain AL, Inamine E. Biochemistry and regulation of streptomycin and mannosidostreptomycinase (alpha-D-mannosidase) formation. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1970; 34:1-19. [PMID: 4909646 PMCID: PMC378346 DOI: 10.1128/br.34.1.1-19.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Janecek J, Rickenberg HV. The kinetics of catabolite repression in Escherichia coli. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1969; 14:285-90. [PMID: 4897960 DOI: 10.1007/bf02872693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hsu EJ, Vaughn RH. Production and catabolite repression of the constitutive polygalacturonic acid trans-eliminase of Aeromonas liquefaciens. J Bacteriol 1969; 98:172-81. [PMID: 5781573 PMCID: PMC249920 DOI: 10.1128/jb.98.1.172-181.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Production of polygalacturonic acid (PGA) trans-eliminase was greatly stimulated under conditions of restricted growth of Aeromonas liquefaciens. This was accomplished either by substrate restriction in a continuous-feeding culture or by restricting divalent cations in a batch culture, with the use of PGA as the sole source of carbon in a chemically defined medium containing inorganic nitrogen. Slow feeding of glucose, glycerol, or PGA to carbon-limited cultures allowed PGA trans-eliminase to be formed at a maximum differential rate 500 times greater than in batch cultures with excess substrate present. The differential rate of enzyme formation obtained by slow feeding of these three substrances or of a mixture of PGA plus glucose was observed to be the same. Therefore, PGA trans-eliminase produced by A. liquefaciens, contrary to the current view, appears to be constitutive. These observations also indicate that production of PGA trans-eliminase is subject to catabolite repression and that limiting the substrate reverses this repression. It was also found that, under conditions of unrestricted growth, any compound which the bacteria can use as a source of carbon and energy repressed constitutive PGA trans-eliminase production. The heritable reversal of catabolite repression of PGA trans-eliminase synthesis was demonstrated by isolation of mutant strain Gc-6 which can readily synthesize the constitutive catabolic enzyme PGA trans-eliminase while growing in the presence of excess substrate.
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Dobrogosz WJ. Corepressor system for catabolite repression of the lac operon in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1969; 97:1083-92. [PMID: 4887497 PMCID: PMC249818 DOI: 10.1128/jb.97.3.1083-1092.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylated amino sugars, normally used in the biosynthesis of cell walls and cell membranes, were found to play a role as corepressors for catabolite repression of the lac operon in Escherichia coli. This conclusion was derived from studies conducted on mutants of E. coli that were able to assimilate an exogenous source of N-acetylglucosamine (AcGN) but were unable to dissimilate or grow on this compound. At concentrations less than 10(-4)m, AcGN caused severe catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in cultures grown under either nonrepressed or partially repressed conditions. This repression occurred in the absence of any effect of AcGN on either the carbon and energy metabolism or the growth of the organism. In addition, this repression by AcGN occurred in a mutant strain that is constitutive for beta-galactosidase production, demonstrating that the AcGN effect does not involve the uptake of inducer. This model for the corepressor system of catabolite repression is discussed in relation to the existing theories on repression of the lac operon.
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Shrago E, Shug AL. Regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in Escherichia coli by carbohydrate metabolism. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 130:393-8. [PMID: 4888280 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Coukell MB, Polglase WJ. Relaxation of catabolite repression in streptomycin-dependent Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1969; 111:279-86. [PMID: 4975019 PMCID: PMC1187509 DOI: 10.1042/bj1110279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Acetohydroxy acid synthetase, which is sensitive to catabolite repression in wild-type Escherichia coli B, was relatively resistant to this control in a streptomycin-dependent mutant. The streptomycin-dependent mutant was found to be inducible for beta-galactosidase in the presence of glucose, although repression of beta-galactosidase by glucose occurred under experimental conditions where growth of the streptomycin-dependent mutant was limited. Additional glucose-sensitive enzymes of wild-type E. coli B (citrate synthase, fumarase, aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase) were found to be insensitive to the carbon source in streptomycin-dependent mutants: these enzymes were formed by streptomycin-dependent E. coli B in equivalent quantities when either glucose or glycerol was the carbon source. Two enzymes, glucokinase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, that are glucose-insensitive in wild-type E. coli B were formed in equivalent quantity on glucose or glycerol in both streptomycin-sensitive and streptomycin-dependent E. coli B. The results indicate a general decrease or relaxation of catabolite repression in the streptomycin-dependent mutant. The yield of streptomycin-dependent cells from glucose was one-third less than that of the streptomycin-sensitive strain. We conclude that the decreased efficiency of glucose utilization in streptomycin-dependent E. coli B is responsible for the relaxation of catabolite repression in this mutant.
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Kuzela S. The effect of nucleosides on the induced synthesis of beta-galactosidase in non-growing cells of Escherichia coli. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1969; 14:77-81. [PMID: 4892132 DOI: 10.1007/bf02869403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Paigen K, Williams B. Catabolite Repression and other Control Mechanisms in Carbohydrate Utilization. Adv Microb Physiol 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(08)60444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Previously, we reported the existence of a group of compounds whose function in the regulation of the lac operon was "paradoxical" in that they acted as either inducers or repressors depending on the circumstances. We now show that this group of compounds does not repress the lac operon by catabolite repression, transient repression, or by preventing the uptake of inducers. A model is presented which shows that "paradoxical" behavior is to be expected if a weak inducer is present at a concentration that is high relative to its binding affinity for the regulatory macromolecule. This model depends on the assumptions that the regulatory macromolecule is an allosteric protein which undergoes a transition between two conformational states and that the rate of enzyme synthesis depends on the fraction of protein molecules in each state. The previous observations on the responses of lac regulatory mutants to weak inducers have been extended to a series of such mutants. Weak inducers repress beta-galactosidase synthesis in several i(-) mutants. When this happens, enzyme synthesis can be reinduced by using a strong inducer such as isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactoside. These compounds induce operator constitutives and the i(t) mutant more easily than they induce a wild-type strain.
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Abstract
1. Two hypotheses to account for general catabolite repression of the lactose enzymes in Escherichia coli were tested: the dilution model of Palmer & Moses (1967), and the specific catabolite repressor model of Loomis & Magasanik (1965, 1967). 2. The dilution model predicts that in mutants lacking the i-o regulation system the differential rate of beta-galactosidase synthesis should increase when amino acid-synthesizing enzymes are repressed by the presence of amino acids in the medium. It also predicts that with such mutants the total absence of P(i) from the medium should not result in the complete cessation of beta-galactosidase synthesis that is observed with wild-type cells. 3. Neither prediction was confirmed experimentally, and it is concluded that this model cannot explain catabolite repression. 4. The specific repressor hypothesis depends on the properties of a strain of E. coli carrying the CR(-) mutation. It requires both that cells of this genotype should be totally resistant to general catabolite repression and that this resistance should be specific for the lactose enzymes. 5. In fact the synthesis of beta-galactosidase by CR(-) cells, though showing resistance to catabolite repression by growth on glucose, was found to be repressed in several other circumstances. 6. Two other inducible enzymes, l-tryptophanase and d-serine deaminase, also showed resistance to repression by glucose in CR(-) cells. 7. It is concluded that this model, too, does not account for general catabolite repression. 8. Strains carrying deletions at either end of the lactose operon that extend into the structural genes of the operon continue to exhibit catabolite repression. 9. These experiments appear to eliminate the possibility that catabolite repression operates at the level of DNA transcription, and suggest that repression affects instead the translation of messenger RNA into protein.
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Ullmann A, Monod J. Cyclic AMP as an antagonist of catabolite repression in Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett 1968; 2:57-60. [PMID: 11946268 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(68)80100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Ullmann
- Collège de France, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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van Eyk J, Bartels TJ. Paraffin oxidation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. I. Induction of paraffin oxidation. J Bacteriol 1968; 96:706-12. [PMID: 4979100 PMCID: PMC252362 DOI: 10.1128/jb.96.3.706-712.1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The induction of paraffin oxidation in intact cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated. Oxidation of (14)C-heptane by cell-free extracts of adapted cells showed that the activity of whole cells is a reliable reflection of the synthesis of the first enzyme in the degradation of n-alkanes. Induction was significantly affected by glucose and could be completely repressed by malate. The amino acids l-proline, l-alanine, l-arginine, and l-tyrosine exhibited a rather low repressor action. Malonate, a nonrepressive carbon source, allowed gratuitous enzyme synthesis. A number of compounds which did not sustain growth were found to be suitable substitutes for paraffins as an inducer. Among these were cyclopropane and diethoxymethane. The induction studied under conditions of gratuity with the latter compound as an inducer showed immediate linear kinetics only at saturating inducer concentrations. With n-hexane as the inducer, a lag time was always observed, even when high concentrations were used.
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Kauffmann J. Gene regulation in bacteria. Biosystems 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/0303-2647(68)90003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Langridge J. Thermal responses of mutant enzymes and temperature limits to growth. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1968; 103:116-26. [PMID: 4890159 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Cox DP, Hanson RS. Catabolite repression of aconitate hydratase in Bacillus subtilis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 158:36-44. [PMID: 4968068 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Kuzela S, Kovác L. The effect of anaerobiosis on the induced synthesis of beta-galactosidase in non-growing Escherichia coli. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1968; 13:129-33. [PMID: 4872863 DOI: 10.1007/bf02868213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
N-acetylglucosamine was found to be a good repressor source for catabolite repression of the beta-galactosidase system in Escherichia coli. It was found capable of increasing the severity of repression by glucose or gluconate when included in the medium with either of these substrates. N-acetylglucosamine was shown to be assimilated under these conditions, but had no effect on culture growth rates. Its influence on catabolite repression was not altered by growth in the presence of inhibiting levels of penicillin. These findings indicated that catabolite repression may be associated with certain reactions of amino sugar metabolism. A working model has been formulated along these lines and will be used to explore this possible relationship further.
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Abstract
Severe transient repression of constitutive or induced beta-galactosidase synthesis occurs upon the addition of glucose to cells of Escherichia coli growing on glycerol, succinic acid, or lactic acid. Only mutants particularily well adapted to growth on glucose exhibit this phenomenon when transferred to a glucose-containing medium. No change in ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism was observed during transient repression. We could show that transient repression is pleiotropic, affecting all products of the lac operon. It occurs in a mutant insensitive to catabolite repression. It is established much more rapidly than catabolite repression, and is elicited by glucose analogues that are phosphorylated but not further catabolized by the cell. Thus, transient repression is not a consequence of the exclusion of inducer from the cell, does not require catabolism of the added compound, and does not involve a gross change in RNA metabolism. We conclude that transient repression is distinct from catabolite repression.
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Léjohn HB, Van Caeseele L, Lees H. Catabolite repression in the facultative chemoautotroph Thiobacillus novellus. J Bacteriol 1967; 94:1484-91. [PMID: 6057804 PMCID: PMC276852 DOI: 10.1128/jb.94.5.1484-1491.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Several fermentable carbon sources were found to give rise to catabolite repression of all enzymes implicated in thiosulfate oxidation in the facultative chemoautotroph, Thiobacillus novellus. Glucose was found to elicit a strong repression. Glycerol, lactate, lactose, ribose, and pyruvate caused marked repression. In all cases, the repression could be relieved only by returning the cells to a medium devoid of such fermentable substrates. On the other hand, carbon compounds (amino acids and organic acids) that are metabolizable only aerobically caused transient or no repression of the thiosulfate oxidative system. All of the enzymes believed to participate in thiosulfate oxidation, except tetrathionase, were found to be simultaneously induced and repressed. This would suggest that tetrathionate may not be a necessary intermediate in the thiosulfate-oxidation pathway of T. novellus.
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Sulebele GA, Rege DV. Reversal by phosphate of glucose repression of catalase synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nature 1967; 215:420-1. [PMID: 6058308 DOI: 10.1038/215420a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Horowitz J, Kohlmeier V. Formation of active beta-galactosidase by Escherichia coli treated with 5-fluorouracil. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1967; 142:208-18. [PMID: 4860480 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(67)90528-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hanson RS, Cox DP. Effect of different nutritional conditions on the synthesis of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes. J Bacteriol 1967; 93:1777-87. [PMID: 4960893 PMCID: PMC276692 DOI: 10.1128/jb.93.6.1777-1787.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of various nutritional conditions on the levels of Krebs cycle enzymes in Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and Escherichia coli was determined. The addition of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or compounds capable of being catabolized to glutamate, to a minimal glucose medium resulted in complete repression of aconitase in B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. The synthesis of fumarase, succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and isocitric dehydrogenase was not repressed by these compounds. It is postulated that glutamate or alpha-ketoglutarate is the true corepressor for the repression of aconitase. A rapidly catabolizable carbon source and alpha-ketoglutarate or glutamate must be simultaneously present for complete repression of the formation of aconitase. Conditions which repress the synthesis of aconitase in B. subtilis restrict the flow of carbon in the sequence of reactions leading to alpha-ketoglutarate but do not prevent glutamate oxidation in vivo. The data indicate that separate and independent mechanisms regulate the activity of the anabolic and catabolic reactions of the Krebs cycle in B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. The addition of glutamate to the minimal glucose medium results in the repression of aconitase, isocitric dehydrogenase, and fumarase, but not malic dehydrogenase in E. coli K-38.
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Prevost C, Moses V. Pool sizes of metabolic intermediates and their relation to glucose repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1967; 103:349-57. [PMID: 4382255 PMCID: PMC1270415 DOI: 10.1042/bj1030349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The intermediary metabolism of two strains of Escherichia coli has been examined. One strain (Q22) exhibits acute transient repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis when glucose is supplied to cells growing on glycerol; the other strain (W3110) does not. The two strains do not differ genetically in their lac operons. 2. Strain Q22 uses about twice as much glucose as strain W3110 per unit of cell mass produced. 3. Pentose phosphate-cycle activity in the presence of glucose is much stronger in strain Q22 than in strain W3110. 4. In strain Q22 the pool sizes of glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate and NADPH increase when glucose is added to cells growing on glycerol, and beta-galactosidase synthesis is severely inhibited. After about 1hr. the synthesis of beta-galactosidase is partly resumed, and the pool sizes of the four compounds fall. ATP, NADH and several other phosphorylated compounds show no concentration changes. 5. These concentration changes do not occur in strain W3110, in which beta-galactosidase synthesis is only rather weakly repressed by glucose. 6. It is suggested that repression of enzyme synthesis by glucose requires the rapid operation of the pentose phosphate cycle, and is mediated by one of the four substances whose concentration rises and later falls in strain Q22. A definite choice of effector from among these four possibilities cannot at present be made.
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Abstract
A study was made of the reactions involved in the cellular regulatory function known as catabolite repression. These studies employed the glucose-repressible, beta-galactosidase system of Escherichia coli and involved an investigation of glucose dissimilation under cultural conditions capable of permitting or preventing expression of catabolite repression. The results indicated that reactions associated with pyruvate decarboxylation are of particular importance in influencing repression. This conclusion was based on results obtained by measurement of differential rates of C(14)O(2) evolution from specifically labeled (14)C-glucose substrates, and by measurements of H(2) evolution during anaerobic growth. Catabolite repression measured in relation to steady-state growth rates indicated that the repression mechanism may in fact be a direct consequence of a cell's energy balance, as dictated by the production from pyruvate of "high-energy" molecules such as adenosine triphosphate or acetyl-coenzyme A. The apparent involvement of pyruvate metabolism in both the energetics and the expression of catabolite repression in E. coli is consistent with this view.
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Palmer J, Moses V. Involvement of the lac regulatory genes in catabolite repression in Escherichia coli. Biochem J 1967; 103:358-66. [PMID: 5340365 PMCID: PMC1270416 DOI: 10.1042/bj1030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
1. Acute transient catabolite repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis, observed when glucose is added to glycerol-grown cells of Escherichia coli (Moses & Prevost, 1966), requires the presence of a functional operator gene (o) in the lactose operon. Total deletion of the operator gene abolished acute transient repression, even in the presence of a functional regulator gene (i). 2. Regulator constitutives (i(-)) also show transient repression provided that the operator gene is functional. Regulator deletion mutants (i(del)), with which to test specifically the role of the i gene, have not so far been available. 3. The above mutants, showing various changes in the lactose operon, show no alteration in the effect of glucose on induced tryptophanase synthesis. Glucose metabolism, as measured in terms of the release of (14)CO(2) from [1-(14)C]glucose and [6-(14)C]glucose, also showed no differences between strains exhibiting or not exhibiting transient repression. This suggests no change in the operation of the pentose phosphate cycle, a metabolic activity known to be of paramount importance for glucose repression of beta-galactosidase synthesis (Prevost & Moses, 1967). 4. Chronic permanent repression by glucose of beta-galactosidase synthesis (less severe in degree than acute transient repression) persists in strains in which transient repression has been genetically abolished. Constitutive alkaline-phosphatase synthesis, which shows no transient repression, also demonstrates chronic permanent repression by glucose. 5. Chloramphenicol repression also persists in mutants with no transient repression, and also affects alkaline phosphatase. It is suggested that chronic permanent repression and chloramphenicol repression are non-specific, and that they do not influence beta-galactosidase synthesis via the regulatory system of the lactose operon.
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Webb SJ, Bhorjee JS. THE EFFECT OF 3000–4000 Å LIGHT ON THE SYNTHESIS OF β-GALACTOSIDASE AND BACTERIOPHAGES BY ESCHERICHIA COLI B. Can J Microbiol 1967. [DOI: 10.1139/m67-009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The irradiation of Escherichia coli B with sublethal doses of 3000–4000 Å light prevented the microorganisms from manufacturing β-galactosidase and T2 and T7 coliphages. Inhibition occurred only if the cells were irradiated immediately after their contact with the inducer lactose or infection with T2 and T7 phages. If, before irradiation the cells were allowed to incubate for 15 min after the addition of lactose or the coliphages to the cells, little effect of the light was found. The uptake of uracil and amino acids by washed cells was more rapid in the first 15 min than during later time periods while thymine uptake did not begin until the first 15 min had elapsed. The 3000–4000 Å light inhibited the uptake of arginine and thymine but not uracil or glutamic acid. The addition of 5% inositol inhibited the synthesis of β-galactosidase and the uptake of14C-labelled metabolites. Since there was a strong correlation between the degree to which arginine and thymine uptakes were inhibited by the light or inositol, it appears that the production of a protein during the first 15 min is intimately connected with DNA replication and the synthesis of induced enzymes.
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