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Burbidge CA, Ford CM, Melino VJ, Wong DCJ, Jia Y, Jenkins CLD, Soole KL, Castellarin SD, Darriet P, Rienth M, Bonghi C, Walker RP, Famiani F, Sweetman C. Biosynthesis and Cellular Functions of Tartaric Acid in Grapevines. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:643024. [PMID: 33747023 PMCID: PMC7970118 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.643024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Tartaric acid (TA) is an obscure end point to the catabolism of ascorbic acid (Asc). Here, it is proposed as a "specialized primary metabolite", originating from carbohydrate metabolism but with restricted distribution within the plant kingdom and lack of known function in primary metabolic pathways. Grapes fall into the list of high TA-accumulators, with biosynthesis occurring in both leaf and berry. Very little is known of the TA biosynthetic pathway enzymes in any plant species, although recently some progress has been made in this space. New technologies in grapevine research such as the development of global co-expression network analysis tools and genome-wide association studies, should enable more rapid progress. There is also a lack of information regarding roles for this organic acid in plant metabolism. Therefore this review aims to briefly summarize current knowledge about the key intermediates and enzymes of TA biosynthesis in grapes and the regulation of its precursor, ascorbate, followed by speculative discussion around the potential roles of TA based on current knowledge of Asc metabolism, TA biosynthetic enzymes and other aspects of fruit metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Darren Chern Jan Wong
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Yong Jia
- Western Barley Genetic Alliance, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Kathleen Lydia Soole
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Simone Diego Castellarin
- Wine Research Centre, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Philippe Darriet
- Université Bordeaux, Unité de recherche OEnologie, EA 4577, USC 1366 INRAE, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Markus Rienth
- University of Sciences and Art Western Switzerland, Changins College for Viticulture and Oenology, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Robert Peter Walker
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Famiani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Crystal Sweetman
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
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Butch C, Cope ED, Pollet P, Gelbaum L, Krishnamurthy R, Liotta CL. Production of tartrates by cyanide-mediated dimerization of glyoxylate: a potential abiotic pathway to the citric acid cycle. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:13440-5. [PMID: 23914725 PMCID: PMC3777280 DOI: 10.1021/ja405103r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An abiotic formation of meso- and DL-tartrates in 80% yield via the cyanide-catalyzed dimerization of glyoxylate under alkaline conditions is demonstrated. A detailed mechanism for this conversion is proposed, supported by NMR evidence and (13)C-labeled reactions. Simple dehydration of tartrates to oxaloacetate and an ensuing decarboxylation to form pyruvate are known processes that provide a ready feedstock for entry into the citric acid cycle. While glyoxylate and high hydroxide concentration are atypical in the prebiotic literature, there is evidence for natural, abiotic availability of each. It is proposed that this availability, coupled with the remarkable efficiency of tartrate production from glyoxylate, merits consideration of an alternative prebiotic pathway for providing constituents of the citric acid cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Butch
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and ‡School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Kinetics of Oxidation of dl-Tartaric Acid by Potassium Permanganate in Aqueuos and Aqueous Micellar Media. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-012-0242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bailey E, Hullin RP. The metabolism of glyoxylate by cell-free extracts of Pseudomonas sp. Biochem J 2010; 101:755-63. [PMID: 16742456 PMCID: PMC1270184 DOI: 10.1042/bj1010755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Extracts of Pseudomonas sp. grown on butane-2,3-diol oxidized glyoxylate to carbon dioxide, some of the glyoxylate being reduced to glycollate in the process. The oxidation of malate and isocitrate, but not the oxidation of pyruvate, can be coupled to the reduction of glyoxylate to glycollate by the extracts. 2. Extracts of cells grown on butane-2,3-diol decarboxylated oxaloacetate to pyruvate, which was then converted aerobically or anaerobically into lactate, acetyl-coenzyme A and carbon dioxide. The extracts could also convert pyruvate into alanine. However, pyruvate is not an intermediate in the metabolism of glyoxylate since no lactate or alanine could be detected in the reaction products and no labelled pyruvate could be obtained when extracts were incubated with [1-(14)C]glyoxylate. 3. The (14)C was incorporated from [1-(14)C]glyoxylate by cell-free extracts into carbon dioxide, glycollate, glycine, glutamate and, in trace amounts, into malate, isocitrate and alpha-oxoglutarate. The (14)C was initially incorporated into isocitrate at the same rate as into glycine. 4. The rate of glyoxylate utilization was increased by the addition of succinate, alpha-oxoglutarate or citrate, and in each case alpha-oxoglutarate became labelled. 5. The results are consistent with the suggestion that the carbon dioxide arises by the oxidation of glyoxylate via reactions catalysed respectively by isocitratase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bailey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leeds
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DAGLEY S, TRUDGILL PW. THE METABOLISM OF GALACTARATE, D-GLUCARATE AND VARIOUS PENTOSES BY SPECIES OF PSEUDOMONAS. Biochem J 1996; 95:48-58. [PMID: 14333567 PMCID: PMC1215176 DOI: 10.1042/bj0950048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
1. When NAD(+) was present, cell extracts of Pseudomonas (A) grown with d-glucarate or galactarate converted 1mol. of either substrate into 1mol. each of 2-oxoglutarate and carbon dioxide; 70-80% of the gas originated from C-1 of the hexarate. 2. The enzyme system that liberated carbon dioxide from galactarate was inactive in air and was stabilized by galactarate or Fe(2+) ions; the system that acted on d-glucarate was more stable and was stimulated by Mg(2+) ions. 3. When NAD(+) was not added, 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde accumulated from either substrate. This compound was isolated as its bis-2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone, and several properties of the derivative were compared with those of the chemically synthesized material. Methods were developed for the determination of 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde. 4. Synthetic 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde was converted into 2-oxoglutarate by an enzyme that required NAD(+); the reaction rate with NADP(+) was about one-sixth of that with NAD(+). 5. For extracts of Pseudomonas (A) grown with d-glucarate or galactarate, or for those of Pseudomonas fragi grown with l-arabinose or d-xylose, specific activities of 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde-NAD oxidoreductase were much higher than for extracts of the organisms grown with (+)-tartrate and d-glucose respectively. 6. Extracts of Pseudomonas fragi grown with l-arabinose or d-xylose converted l-arabonate or d-xylonate into 2-oxoglutarate when NAD(+) was added to reaction mixtures and into 2-oxoglutarate semialdehyde when NAD(+) was omitted.
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Crouzet P, Otten L. Sequence and mutational analysis of a tartrate utilization operon from Agrobacterium vitis. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:6518-26. [PMID: 7592429 PMCID: PMC177504 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.22.6518-6526.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The grapevine is the natural host of the tumorigenic bacterium Agrobacterium vitis. Most of the A. vitis isolates can use tartrate, an unusually abundant compound in grapevine. The nopaline strain, AB4, contains a 170-kb conjugative plasmid (pTrAB4) encoding tartrate utilization. A 5.65-kb pTrAB4 region which enables non-tartrate-utilizing Agrobacterium tumefaciens to grow on tartrate was sequenced and mutagenized with the transcriptional fusion transposon Tn5-uidA1. This DNA fragment contains four intact open reading frames (ORFs) (ttuABCD) required for tartrate-dependent growth. The mutant phenotypes of each ORF, their homologies to published sequences, and their induction patterns allowed us to propose a model for tartrate utilization in A. vitis. ttuA encodes a LysR-like transcriptional activator and is transcribed in the absence of tartrate. ttuB codes for a protein with homology to transporter proteins and is required for entry of tartrate into bacteria. ttuC codes for a tartrate dehydrogenase, while ttuD lacks homology to known sequences; the growth properties of ttuD mutants suggest that TtuD catalyzes the second step in tartrate degradation. A fifth incomplete ORF (ttuE) encodes a pyruvate kinase which is induced by tartrate and required for optimal growth. Although the ttuABCD fragment allows growth of A. tumefaciens on tartrate, it does not provide full tartrate utilization in the original A. vitis background.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Crouzet
- Department of Phytopathology, Plant Molecular Biology Institute of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
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Woehlke G, Dimroth P. Anaerobic growth of Salmonella typhimurium on L(+)- and D(-)-tartrate involves an oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump. Arch Microbiol 1994; 162:233-7. [PMID: 7802542 DOI: 10.1007/bf00301843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We show here that the Enterobacterium Salmonella typhimurium LT2 has the capacity to grow anaerobically on L(+)- or D(-)-tartrate as sole carbon and energy source. Growth on these substrates was Na(+)-dependent and involved the L(+)- or D(-)-tartrate-inducible expression of oxaloacetate decarboxylase. The induced decarboxylase was closely related to the oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump of Klebsiella pneumoniae as shown by the sensitivity towards avidin, the location in the cytoplasmic membrane, activation by Na+ ions, and Western blot analysis with antiserum raised against the K. pneumoniae oxaloacetate decarboxylase. Participation of an oxaloacetate decarboxylase Na+ pump in L(+)-tartrate degradation by S. typhimurium is in accord with results from DNA analyses. The deduced protein sequence of the open reading frame identified upstream of the recently sequenced oxaloacetate decarboxylase genes is clearly homologous with the beta-subunit of L-tartrate dehydratase from Escherichia coli. Southern blot analysis with S. typhimurium chromosomal DNA indicated the presence of probably more than one gene for oxaloacetate decarboxylase.
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Barzanti V, Battino M, Baracca A, Cavazzoni M, Cocchi M, Noble R, Maranesi M, Turchetto E, Lenaz G. The effect of dietary lipid changes on the fatty acid composition and function of liver, heart and brain mitochondria in the rat at different ages. Br J Nutr 1994; 71:193-202. [PMID: 8142331 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19940126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A correlation between dietary lipids and cellular enzyme activities is a problem that has only been partially addressed by nutritionists. Therefore, changes in the fatty acid composition and the activities of some key metabolic enzymes (ubiquinol-2-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.10.2.2), cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3)) in the mitochondria of liver, heart and brain of rats fed on diets differing extensively in their polyunsaturated fatty acid compositions have been investigated. The results showed that fatty acid compositional changes brought about by the dietary differences were associated with extensive changes in the activities of these key enzymes in the mitochondria. The extent of the influence differed considerably with the period over which the diets were fed. The role of dietary lipids to effect changes through the preservation of membrane structural integrity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Barzanti
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bologna, Italy
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Fermentation of tartrate enantiomers by anaerobic bacteria, and description of two new species of strict anaerobes, Ruminococcus pasteurii and Ilyobacter tartaricus. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00408388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ebbighausen H, Giffhorn F. A novel mechanism involved in the metabolism of the tartaric acid stereoisomers in Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: enzymatic conversion of meso-tartaric acid to D(-)-glyceric acid and CO2. Arch Microbiol 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00410901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gander JE, Janovec S. Regulation of metabolism in Penicillium charlesii by organic acids: role of L-tartaric acid. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1984; 24:99-109. [PMID: 6499526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152824-9.50016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Giffhorn F, Kuhn A. Purification and characterization of a bifunctional L-(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase-D-(+)-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) from Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides Y. J Bacteriol 1983; 155:281-90. [PMID: 6345505 PMCID: PMC217679 DOI: 10.1128/jb.155.1.281-290.1983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A bifunctional enzyme, L-(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase-D-(+)-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC 1.1.1.93 and EC 1.1.1. . . , respectively), was discovered in cells of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides Y, which accounts for the ability of this organism to grow on L-(+)-malate. The enzyme was purified 110-fold to homogeneity with a yield of 51%. During the course of purification, including ion-exchange chromatography and preparative gel electrophoresis, both enzyme activities appeared to be in association. The ratio of their activities remained almost constant [1:10, L-(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase/D-(+)-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating)] throughout all steps of purification. Analysis by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of a single protein band, the position of which was coincident with both L-(+)-tartrate dehydrogenase and D-(+)-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) activities. The apparent molecular weight of the enzyme was determined to be 158,000 by gel filtration and 162,000 by ultracentrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded a single polypeptide chain with an estimated molecular weight of 38,500, indicating that the enzyme consisted of four subunits of identical size. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was between pH 5.0 and 5.2. The enzyme catalyzed the NAD-linked oxidation of L-(+)-tartrate as well as the oxidative decarboxylation of D-(+)-malate. For both reactions, the optimal pH was in a range from 8.4 to 9.0. The activation energy of the reaction (delta Ho) was 71.8 kJ/mol for L-(+)-tartrate and 54.6 kJ/mol for D-(+)-malate. NAD was required as a cosubstrate, and optimal activity depended on the presence of both Mn2+ and NH4+ ions. The reactions followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and the apparent Km values of the individual reactants were determined to be: L-(+)-tartrate, 2.3 X 10(-3) M; NAD, 2.8 X 10(-4) M; and Mn2+, 1.6 X 10(-5) M with respect to L-(+)-tartrate; and D-(+)-malate, 1.7 X 10(-4) M; NAD, 1.3 X 10(-4); and Mn2+, 1.6 X 10(-5) M with respect to D-(+)-malate. Of a variety of compounds tested, only meso-tartrate, oxaloacetate, and dihydroxyfumarate were effective inhibitors. meso-Tartrate and oxaloacetate caused competitive inhibition, whereas dihydroxyfumarate caused noncompetitive inhibition. The Ki values determined for the inhibitors were, in the above sequence, 1.0, 0.014, and 0.06 mM with respect to L-(+)-tartrate and 0.28, 0.012, and 0.027 mM with respect to D-(+)-malate.
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Rode H, Giffhorn F. D-(--)-tartrate dehydratase of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides: purification, characterization, and application to enzymatic determination of D-(--)-tartrate. J Bacteriol 1982; 150:1061-8. [PMID: 6978882 PMCID: PMC216323 DOI: 10.1128/jb.150.3.1061-1068.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An isolate of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides was capable of growing phototrophically and chemotrophically (mu = 0.15 h(-1) for either condition) with d-(-)-tartrate as the carbon source. A d-(-)-tartrate dehydratase, (d-(-)-tartrate hydrolyase, EC 4.1.2.70) was induced in the presence of d-(-)-tartrate. The enzyme was purified 30-fold from cell extracts of R. sphaeroides to a specific activity of 7.5 U/mg of protein and was subsequently crystallized in the presence of 1 M KCl. The enzyme was homogeneous upon analytical electrophoresis in 5% polyacrylamide gels and by criteria of ultracentrifugation. The native enzyme had a molecular weight of 158,000 +/- 1,000 as determined by gel filtration and ultracentrifugation. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis yielded a single polypeptide chain with an estimated molecular weight of 39,500 +/- 500, indicating that d-(-)-tartrate dehydratase was a tetramer. The isoelectric point of the native enzyme was at pH 5.5. The enzyme catalyzed irreversibly the conversion of d-(-)-tartrate to oxaloacetate and water, and the turnover number was calculated to be 1,185. The reaction followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, and a K(m) value of 1.8 x 10(-4) M was determined. d-(-)-Tartrate dehydratase required Mg(2+) for activity. The pH optimum was within a range from 6.2 to 7.2, and the activation energy of the reaction (Delta H(0)) was 63.2 kJ/mol. The enzyme was specific for d-(-)-tartrate; it did not react with l-(+)-tartrate, meso-tartrate, and other hydroxycarboxylic acids. d-(-)-Tartrate dehydratase was strongly inhibited by meso-tartrate (50% at 0.6 mM). l-(+)-Tartrate and a variety of hydroxycarboxylic acids caused 50% inhibition at concentrations of >30 mM.
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Hareland WA, Crawford RL, Chapman PJ, Dagley S. Metabolic function and properties of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid 1-hydroxylase from Pseudomonas acidovorans. J Bacteriol 1975; 121:272-85. [PMID: 234937 PMCID: PMC285641 DOI: 10.1128/jb.121.1.272-285.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, NAD(P)H:oxygen oxidoreductase (1-hydroxylating) (EC 1.14.13 ...; 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 1-monooxygenase; referred to here as 4-HPA 1-hydroxylase) was induced in Pseudomonas acidovorans when 4-hydroxyphenylacetate (4-PHA) was utilized as carbon source for growth; homogentisate and maleylacetoacetate were intermediates in the degradation of 4-HPA. A preparation of the hydroxylase that was free from homogentisate dioxygenase and could be stored at 4 C in the presence of dithioerythritol with little loss of activity was obtained by ultracentrifuging cell extracts; but when purified 18-fold by affinity chromatography the enzyme became unstable. Flavin adenine dinucleotide and Mg2+ ions were required for full activity. 4-HPA 1-hydrocylase was inhibited by KCl, which was uncompetitive with 4-HPA. Values of Ki determined for inhibitors competitive with 4-HPA were 17 muM dl-4-hydroxymandelic acid, 43 muM 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 87 muM 4-hydroxy-3-methylphenylacetic acid, and 440 muM 4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid. Apparent Km values for substrates of 4-HPA 1-hydroxylase were 31 muM 4-HPA, 67 muM oxygen, 95 muM reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH); AND 250 muM reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). The same maximum velocity was given by NADH and NADPH. A chemical synthesis is described for 2-deutero-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. This compound was enzymatically hydroxylated with retention of half the deuterium in the homogentisic acid formed. Activity as substrate or inhibitor of 4-HPA 1-hydroxylase was shown only by those analogues of 4-HPA that possessed a hydroxyl group substituent at C-4 of the benze nucleus. A mechanism is suggested that accounts for this structural requirement and also for the observation that when 4-hydroxyphenoxyacetic acid was attacked by the enzyme, hydroquinone was formed by release of the side chain, probably as glycolic acid. Only one enantiometer of racemic 4-hydroxyhydratropic acid was attacked by 4-HPA 1-hydroxylase; the product, alpha-methylhomogentisic acid (2-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid), exhibited optical activity. This observation suggests that, during its shift from C-1 to C-2 of the nucleus, the side chain of the substrate remains bound to a site on the enzyme while a conformational change of the protein permits the necessary movement of the benzene ring.
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Schütz M, Radler F. [The "malic enzyme" from Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides]. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1973; 91:183-202. [PMID: 4732222 DOI: 10.1007/bf00408907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Chapter IV Evaluation of Methods Used to Determine Metabolic Pathways. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0580-9517(08)70576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Chang YF, Feingold DS. D-glucaric acid and galactaric acid catabolism by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. J Bacteriol 1970; 102:85-96. [PMID: 4314480 PMCID: PMC284973 DOI: 10.1128/jb.102.1.85-96.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-free extract (crude extract) of Agrobacterium tumefaciens grown on d-glucuronate or d-glucarate converts d-glucarate and galactarate to a mixture of 2-keto-3-deoxy- and 4-deoxy-5-keto-d-glucarate. These compounds are then converted by partially purified crude extract to an intermediate tentatively identified as 2,5-diketoadipate. The same enzyme preparation further decarboxylates this intermediate to alpha-ketoglutarate semialdehyde, which is subsequently oxidized in a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent reaction to alpha-ketoglutaric acid. Since A. tumefaciens converts d-glucuronic acid to d-glucarate, a pathway from d-glucuronate to alpha-ketoglutarate in A. tumefaciens was determined.
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Abstract
1. Dehydratases that converted d-glucarate into 4-deoxy-5-oxoglucarate were partially purified from Klebsiella aerogenes and Pseudomonas acidovorans. 2. When d-glucarate was metabolized to 2,5-dioxovalerate it appeared that water and carbon dioxide were removed from 4-deoxy-5-oxoglucarate in one enzymic step: 4,5-dihydroxy-2-oxovalerate was not an intermediate in this reaction. 3. A method for the enzymic determination of d-glucarate is described.
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Klatt KP, Rick PD, Gander JE. The metabolism of tartaric acid by Penicillium charlesii. Arch Biochem Biophys 1969; 134:335-45. [PMID: 5354766 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(69)90292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jordan JM, Gander JE. Studies on the biochemistry of Penicillium charlesii. Influence of various dicarboxylic acids on galactocarolose synthesis. Biochem J 1966; 100:694-701. [PMID: 5969282 PMCID: PMC1265203 DOI: 10.1042/bj1000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
1. It has been shown that Penicillium charlesii continues to synthesize galactocarolose when l-malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid or oxaloglycollic acid is substituted for dl-tartaric acid in the Raulin-Thom nutrient medium. 2. The quantity of galactocarolose synthesized per g. of mycelia was markedly decreased by substitution of l-malic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid or maleic acid for dl-tartaric acid. Substitution of oxaloglycollic acid for dl-tartaric acid did not depress the galactocarolose synthesized/g. of mycelia; however, the quantity of fungal mass formed was decreased approximately fivefold. 3. Based upon (14)C incorporation into galactocarolose, succinic acid, fumaric acid or malonic acid did not serve as direct precursors of galactose as did tartaric acid. Oxaloglycollic acid, l-malic acid and maleic acid were not tested. 4. The relative quantity of galactocarolose synthesized per g. of mycelia decreased as the concentration of diammonium dicarboxylate added to the growth medium was increased. Tartaric acid, oxaloglycollic acid, fumaric acid and malonic acid were tested. 5. The quantity of mycelia formed and the quantity of galactocarolose synthesized per g. of mycelia were greater when the growth medium contained l-tartrate than when it contained d-tartrate.
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Kohn LD, Jakoby WB. Tartaric acid metabolism II. Crystalline protein converting meso-tartrate and dihydroxyfumarate to glycerate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1966; 22:33-7. [PMID: 5937335 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(66)90598-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Fernández MJ, Ruíz-Amil M. Tartaric acid metabolism in Rhodotorula glutinis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1965; 107:383-5. [PMID: 5894237 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(65)90146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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