1
|
Bhattacharya S. Mechanisms of signal transduction in the stress response of hepatocytes. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1998; 184:109-56. [PMID: 9697312 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of animals to stress is a unique property of life which allows the survival of the species. The stress response of hepatocytes is a very complex phenomenon, sometimes involving a cascade of events. The general stress signals are elucidated by mobilization of carbohydrate stores and akin to the insulin mediators. Oxidative signals are generated by pesticides, heavy metals, drugs, and alcohol which may or may not be under the purview of peroxisomes. Peroxisomal responses are well-defined involving specific receptors, whereas nonperoxisomal responses may be signaled by calcium, the Ah receptor, or built-in antioxidant systems. The intoxication signals are generally thought to be membrane defects induced by xenobiotics which then lead to highly nonspecific responses of hepatocytes. Detoxication signals, on the other hand, are specific responses of hepatocytes triggering de novo syntheses of detoxifier proteins or enzymes. Evidence reveals the existence of two distinct mechanisms of signal transduction in stressed hepatocytes--one involving the peroxisome and the other the plasma membrane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alikhan MA, Martel M. Adaptation of enzymes to temperature: myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase from two terrestrial isopod species. ARCHIVES INTERNATIONALES DE PHYSIOLOGIE ET DE BIOCHIMIE 1986; 94:187-91. [PMID: 2434048 DOI: 10.3109/13813458609071417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of the temperature profiles of the myofibrillar ATPase in Porcellio spinicornis and Metoponorthus pruinosus showed that Porcellio enzyme had a maximum activity between pH 6.8-7.2 at 9 degrees C, and that from Metoponorthus between pH 7.0-7.4 at 45 degrees C. The energy of activation for Porcellio enzyme was estimated to be 2.964 kcal/mol and that for Metoponorthus enzyme 9.91 X 10(-1) kcal/mol. The significance of these findings in relation to the natural habitats of these two species is discussed.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cornell NW, Stegeman JJ, Kerich MJ, Woodin BR. Metabolite and enzyme contents of freeze-clamped liver of the marine fish Stenotomus chrysops. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1986; 85:669-74. [PMID: 3791966 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(86)90065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic metabolites and enzymes in the marine fish, scup or porgy (Stenotomus chrysops), were determined in freeze-clamped tissue taken either within a day of removing fish from their natural habitat or after scup were held in captivity for 6-8 months. The same determinations were made for liver from fed or 48 hr-starved rats (Mus norvegicus albinus). Compared with rat liver, both groups of fish had, per gram of liver, higher contents of AMP, inorganic phosphate, glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, malate, glutamate and NH4+. ATP was lower in fish liver, and ADP, lactate and pyruvate contents were similar in rats and fish. Fish held in captivity had significantly lower pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and cytosolic free NAD+/NADH and higher cytosolic free NADPH/NADP+. These decreases were similar to those seen when starved rats were compared with fed ones. In scup liver, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was 3-8 times, malic enzyme about 2 times, and alanine aminotransferase 2-4 times higher than those activities in rat liver. Those results and a higher cytosolic free NADPH/NADP+ are consistent with the liver being the major site of lipogenesis in fish.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
This review represents a personal view of membrane thermodynamics. I do not intend to deal at all with the irreversible thermodynamics of membrane mass transfer processes. This aspect has been covered far more competently and completely by other people (Bittar, 1970; Paterson, 1970; Rottenberg, Caplan & Essig, 1970; Mitchell, 1970; Rothschildet al.1980; Oster, Perelson & Katchalsky, 1973; Kedem & Katchalsky, 1958; Schwartz, 1971). The recent review on osmosis by Hill (1979) is a particularly succinct appraisal of a facet of irreversible membrane thermodynamics. Arata & Nishimura (1980) have considered the coupling of electron transfer to vectorial processes in biological membranes.
Collapse
|
5
|
Arillo A, Cherchi M, Mensi P. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase conversion in anoxic and hyperthermic tortoises: A possible role in environmental adaptation. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(82)90040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
6
|
Arillo A, Maniscalco N, Margiocco C, Melodia F, Mensi P. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and total proteolytic activity in the liver of Salmo gairdneri: effects of ph and ammonia. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C: COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY 1979; 63C:325-31. [PMID: 40746 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4492(79)90082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Shaklee JB, Christiansen JA, Sidell BD, Prosser CL, Whitt GS. Molecular aspects of temperature acclimation in fish: contributions of changes in enzyme activities and isozyme patterns to metabolic reorganization in the green sunfish. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1977; 201:1-20. [PMID: 886292 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1402010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Kent JD, Hart RG. The effect of temperature and photoperiod on isozyme induction in selected tissued of the creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1976; 54:77-80. [PMID: 1269242 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(76)90060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
9
|
Gladwell R. Heat death in the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes: Thermal inactivation of muscle membrane-bound atpases in warm and cold adapted animals. J Therm Biol 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/0306-4565(76)90027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
10
|
Han PF, Owen GS, Johnson J. Purification and properties of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase from turkey liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 1975; 168:171-9. [PMID: 237473 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(75)90239-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Papademas K, Penney D. Kinetic properties of turtle liver and kidney fructose diphosphatase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(74)90057-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Temperature and the regulation of enzyme activity in homeo- and heterothermic tissues of arctic marine mammals: Some regulatory properties of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase from adipose tissue of the spotted. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(74)90073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
Han PF, Harris W, Johnson J. Effect of temperature on inhibition of chicken liver fructose diphosphatase by adenosine 5'-monophosphate. Poult Sci 1973; 52:1802-4. [PMID: 4357397 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0521802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
|
15
|
Hazel JR. The effect of temperature acclimation upon succinic dehydrogenase activity from the epaxial muscle of the common goldfish (Carassius auratus L.)--I. Properties of the enzyme and the effect of lipid extraction. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1972; 43:837-61. [PMID: 4662574 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(72)90230-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
16
|
|
17
|
Abstract
1. Choline kinase is a mitochondrial enzyme in Cuscuta reflexa. It can be solubilized from the particles by treatment with 350mm-sodium chloride, or by freezing and thawing. 2. Choline kinase of C. reflexa was purified by starting from the crude mitochondrial fraction. A 33-52% recovery of the enzyme, on the basis of the activity in the original homogenate, in 1200-2250-fold enrichment, was effected. 3. The purified preparation of choline kinase had a sigmoid saturation curve with respect to choline, with a Hill number of 2.3, and was inhibited by ADP (competitive in nature and allosteric in binding, with a Hill number of 2.7) and by phosphorylcholine (non-competitive and non-allosteric). The kinetic characteristics of the enzyme were consistent with the K type allosteric model of Monod et al. (1965). 4. The enzyme was desensitized, with respect to choline regulation, by prolonged storage in the cold, was activated significantly on warming before assay and was inactivated by high concentrations of sodium chloride. 5. The significance of allostery in choline kinase in relation to the intracellular regulation of phospholipid synthesis is discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Freed JM. Properties of muscle phosphofructokinase of cold- and warm-acclimated Carassius auratus. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 39:747-64. [PMID: 4257181 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(71)90100-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
19
|
Moon TW, Hochlachka PW. Temperature and enzyme activity in poikilotherms. Isocitrate dehydrogenases in rainbow-trout liver. Biochem J 1971; 123:695-705. [PMID: 4399398 PMCID: PMC1177070 DOI: 10.1042/bj1230695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The kinetics of the thermally induced enzyme variants of the supernatant NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase from rainbow-trout liver are investigated. 2. Fish acclimatized to 2 degrees C (cold-adapted enzyme) and 17 degrees C (warm-adapted enzyme) show different relative distributions of the three NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase isoenzymes; this has been demonstrated with electrophoresis and electrofocusing techniques. 3. Plots of K(m) versus temperature for the cold-adapted and warm-adapted enzyme variants are complex in nature with apparent maximal enzyme-substrate affinity corresponding to the temperature at which the trout is acclimatized. Both substrates, dl-isocitrate and NADP(+), give similar curves although the magnitude of the K(m) change with temperature is much decreased in the case of NADP(+). 4. E(a) values of approx. 18kcal/mol were determined for both the cold-adapted and warm-adapted enzyme variants. 5. In an attempt to determine how velocities can be increased at low temperatures, cation, pH requirements, metabolite and enzyme concentrations were examined. 6. NAD-isocitrate dehydrogenase could not be detected in trout tissues.
Collapse
|
20
|
Hochachka P, Freed J, Somero G, Prosser C. Control sites in glycolysis of crustacean muscle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(71)90201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
21
|
Behrisch HW. Temperature and the regulation of enzyme activity in poikilotherms. Regulatory properties of fructose diphosphatase from muscle of the Alaskan king-crab. Biochem J 1971; 121:399-409. [PMID: 4330377 PMCID: PMC1176586 DOI: 10.1042/bj1210399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The properties of fructose diphosphatase from skeletal muscle of the Alaskan king-crab (Paralithodes camtschatica) were examined over the physiological temperature range of the animal. 2. King-crab muscle fructose diphosphatase is first activated by Na(+) and NH(4) (+) and is then partially inhibited by these cations at concentrations higher than 10mm at 0 degrees , 8 degrees and 15 degrees C. Enzyme activity is stimulated by K(+) at 0 degrees C, but is curtailed at 8 degrees C and 15 degrees C, an effect that could render rate independent of temperature. 3. Affinity for substrate increases with decreasing temperature; below the temperature of acclimatization, K(m) for fructose 1,6-diphosphate increases, resulting in a complex U-shaped temperature-K(m) curve. 4. King-crab muscle fructose diphosphatase is inhibited by low concentrations of AMP. As with enzymes of other poikilotherms, inhibition by AMP is sensitive to temperature; the enzyme is least sensitive to inhibition by AMP near the temperature of acclimatization. 5. The affinity of fructose diphosphatase for fructose 1,6-diphosphate is enhanced by phosphoenolpyruvate, and this activation is temperature-sensitive; 0.5mm-phosphoenolpyruvate causes a sevenfold decrease in K(m) for fructose 1,6-diphosphate at 15 degrees C but a 25-fold decrease at 0 degrees C. 6. Phosphoenolpyruvate appears to decrease the affinity of king-crab muscle fructose diphosphatase for AMP at low temperature, whereas at the higher temperature it appears to enhance inhibition by AMP. Phosphoenolpyruvate was not observed to cause a reversal of inhibition of fructose diphosphatase activity by AMP. The identification of phosphoenolpyruvate as an activator of a rate-limiting step in gluconeogenesis permits the suggestion of a coupling of the controlling mechanisms of several steps in the glycolytic and gluconeogenic chains. 7. These findings suggest mechanisms for the maintenance and regulation of control of fructose diphosphatase activity in king-crab skeletal muscle at low temperature and under conditions that favour concomitant activity of phosphofructokinase.
Collapse
|
22
|
Hochachka P, Somero G. Biochemical Adaptation to the Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
|
23
|
Hubert E, Villanueva J, Gonzalez AM, Marcus F. Univalent cation activation of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase. Arch Biochem Biophys 1970; 138:590-7. [PMID: 4317853 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(70)90385-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
24
|
Behrisch HW. Temperature and the regulation of enzyme activity in poikilotherms. Fructose diphosphatase from migrating salmon. Biochem J 1969; 115:687-96. [PMID: 4311440 PMCID: PMC1185194 DOI: 10.1042/bj1150687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
1. The calculated energy charge of the liver cell from migrating salmon is very low (0.464), in keeping with the extended starvation and high rates of muscular and biosynthetic activity of these organisms. 2. Affinity of fructose 1,6-diphosphatase for substrate increases with a decrease in temperature. 3. Arrhenius plots of the saturation kinetics are complex and suggest an interconversion of one or more forms of the enzyme; this interconversion is dependent on the identity of the cofactor. 4. Affinity of salmon fructose 1,6-diphosphatase for its allosteric inhibitor (AMP) is lower than in other fructose 1,6-diphosphatases and this enzyme-AMP interaction is largely insensitive to temperature. The functional significance of diminished AMP-sensitivity is that it allows normal or high fructose 1,6-diphosphatase activity during a low energy charge. 5. These findings suggest mechanisms for the maintenance of high rates of gluconeogenesis in salmon during spawning migration.
Collapse
|