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Branduardi P, Sauer M. Microbial carbon dioxide fixation: new tricks for an old game. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:4705898. [PMID: 29228194 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of petroleum as energy and material source opened unprecedented possibilities for the development of our human societies, but only now we realize that the use of fossil resources comes at devastatingly high environmental costs. Consequently, our efforts to tap other carbon sources are steadily increasing. Industrial microbiology has the potential to use carbon dioxide directly as carbon source, thereby converting a foe into a friend. This thematic issue of FEMS Microbiology Letters sheds some light on recent developments for the understanding of microbial pathways for carbon dioxide fixation and on strategies for their industrial exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Branduardi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU-VIBT University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,CD-Laboratory for Biotechnology of Glycerol, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Reinhardt M, Duda JP, Blumenberg M, Ostertag-Henning C, Reitner J, Heim C, Thiel V. The taphonomic fate of isorenieratene in Lower Jurassic shales-controlled by iron? GEOBIOLOGY 2018; 16:237-251. [PMID: 29569335 DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fossil derivatives of isorenieratene, an accessory pigment in brown-colored green sulfur bacteria, are often used as tracers for photic zone anoxia through Earth's history, but their diagenetic behavior is still incompletely understood. Here, we assess the preservation of isorenieratene derivatives in organic-rich shales (1.5-8.4 wt.% TOC) from two Lower Jurassic anoxic systems (Bächental oil shale, Tyrol, Austria; Posidonia Shale, Baden-Württemberg, Germany). Bitumens and kerogens were investigated using catalytic hydropyrolysis (HyPy), closed-system hydrous pyrolysis (in gold capsules), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio-mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS). Petrography and biomarkers indicate a syngenetic relationship between bitumens and kerogens. All bitumens contain abundant isorenieratane, diverse complex aromatized isorenieratene derivatives, and a pseudohomologous series of 2,3,6-trimethyl aryl isoprenoids. In contrast, HyPy and mild closed-system hydrous pyrolysis of the kerogens yielded only minor amounts of these compounds. Given the overall low maturity of the organic matter (below oil window), it appears that isorenieratene and its abundant derivatives from the bitumen had not been incorporated into the kerogens. Accordingly, sulfur cross-linking, the key mechanism for sequestration of functionalized lipids into kerogens in anoxic systems, was not effective in the Jurassic environments studied. We explain this by (i) early cyclization/aromatization and (ii) hydrogenation reactions that have prevented effective sulfurization. In addition, (iii) sulfide was locally removed via anoxygenic photosynthesis and efficiently trapped by the reaction with sedimentary iron, as further indicated by elevated iron contents (4.0-8.7 wt.%) and the presence of abundant pyrite aggregates in the rock matrix. Although the combined processes have hampered the kerogen incorporation of isorenieratene and its derivatives, they may have promoted the long-term preservation of these biomarkers in the bitumen fraction via early defunctionalization. This particular taphonomy of aromatic carotenoids has to be considered in studies of anoxic iron-rich environments (e.g., the Proterozoic ocean).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reinhardt
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Planets and Comets, Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - J-P Duda
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- 'Origin of Life' Group, Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Göttingen, Germany
| | - M Blumenberg
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
| | - C Ostertag-Henning
- Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Reitner
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- 'Origin of Life' Group, Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Göttingen, Germany
| | - C Heim
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - V Thiel
- Department of Geobiology, Geoscience Centre, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Badalamenti JP, Torres CI, Krajmalnik-Brown R. Light-responsive current generation by phototrophically enriched anode biofilms dominated by green sulfur bacteria. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:1020-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Müller J, Overmann J. Close Interspecies Interactions between Prokaryotes from Sulfureous Environments. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:146. [PMID: 21779277 PMCID: PMC3132602 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Green sulfur bacteria are obligate photolithoautotrophs that require highly reducing conditions for growth and can utilize only a very limited number of carbon substrates. These bacteria thus inhabit a very narrow ecologic niche. However, several green sulfur bacteria have overcome the limits of immobility by entering into a symbiosis with motile Betaproteobacteria in a type of multicellular association termed phototrophic consortia. One of these consortia, "Chlorochromatium aggregatum," has recently been established as the first culturable model system to elucidate the molecular basis of this symbiotic interaction. It consists of 12-20 green sulfur bacteria epibionts surrounding a central, chemoheterotrophic betaproteobacterium in a highly ordered fashion. Recent genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies of "C. aggregatum" and its epibiont provide insights into the molecular basis and the origin of the stable association between the two very distantly related bacteria. While numerous genes of central metabolic pathways are upregulated during the specific symbiosis and hence involved in the interaction, only a limited number of unique putative symbiosis genes have been detected in the epibiont. Green sulfur bacteria therefore are preadapted to a symbiotic lifestyle. The metabolic coupling between the bacterial partners appears to involve amino acids and highly specific ultrastructures at the contact sites between the cells. Similarly, the interaction in the equally well studied archaeal consortia consisting of Nanoarchaeum equitans and its host Ignicoccus hospitalis is based on the transfer of amino acids while lacking the highly specialized contact sites observed in phototrophic consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Müller
- Bereich Mikrobiologie, Department Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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Quantitative metagenomic analyses based on average genome size normalization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:2513-21. [PMID: 21317268 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02167-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past quarter-century, microbiologists have used DNA sequence information to aid in the characterization of microbial communities. During the last decade, this has expanded from single genes to microbial community genomics, or metagenomics, in which the gene content of an environment can provide not just a census of the community members but direct information on metabolic capabilities and potential interactions among community members. Here we introduce a method for the quantitative characterization and comparison of microbial communities based on the normalization of metagenomic data by estimating average genome sizes. This normalization can relieve comparative biases introduced by differences in community structure, number of sequencing reads, and sequencing read lengths between different metagenomes. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by comparing metagenomes from two different marine sources using both conventional small-subunit (SSU) rRNA gene analyses and our quantitative method to calculate the proportion of genomes in each sample that are capable of a particular metabolic trait. With both environments, to determine what proportion of each community they make up and how differences in environment affect their abundances, we characterize three different types of autotrophic organisms: aerobic, photosynthetic carbon fixers (the Cyanobacteria); anaerobic, photosynthetic carbon fixers (the Chlorobi); and anaerobic, nonphotosynthetic carbon fixers (the Desulfobacteraceae). These analyses demonstrate how genome proportionality compares to SSU rRNA gene relative abundance and how factors such as average genome size and SSU rRNA gene copy number affect sampling probability and therefore both types of community analysis.
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Imhoff JF, Thiel V. Phylogeny and taxonomy of Chlorobiaceae. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2010; 104:123-136. [PMID: 20094791 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9510-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Based on phylogenetic relationships found according to gene sequences of the 16S rRNA and the FMO (Fenna-Matthews-Olson protein) genes, and supported by the G + C content of the DNA and sequence signatures, the strains and species of green sulfur bacteria have been grouped into a phylogenetic system. Since properties used previously for classification such as cell morphology, photosynthetic pigments and substrate utilization do not conform with their phylogeny, a reassignment of strains to species, and a rearrangement among the species were necessary. The comparison of the traditional classification system of these bacteria with their phylogenetic relationship yielded a confusing picture. As a consequence of this rearrangement, species of the green sulfur bacteria were classified into the genera Chlorobium, Chlorobaculum, Prosthecochloris, and Chloroherpeton. Strains were assigned to the species according to their phylogenetic similarity and a number of new combinations, and new species were defined. New isolates and also environmental gene sequences fit very well into the established groups or may form new species, some of which have been described and others are awaiting their description. New strains and available gene sequences are included into the phylogenetic system, and a taxonomic classification on the species level is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F Imhoff
- Institut für Meereswissenschaften IFM-GEOMAR an der Universität Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, Kiel, Germany.
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Ormerod J. ;Every dogma has its day': a personal look at carbon metabolism in photosynthetic bacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2003; 76:135-43. [PMID: 16228573 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024938531382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Dogmas are unscientific. What is perhaps the greatest biological dogma of all time, the 'unity of biochemistry' is, in the main, still having its day. According to present knowledge, the exceptions to this dogma are mere details when seen in relation to the biosystem as a whole. Nevertheless the exceptions are scientifically interesting and the understanding of them has led to a better comprehension of photosynthesis and ecology. Until the discovery of (14)C, photosynthetic CO(2) fixation was like a slightly opened black box. With (14)C in hand scientists mapped out the path of carbon in green plant photosynthesis in the course of a few years. The impressive reductive pentose phosphate cycle was almost immediately assumed to be universal in autotrophs, including anoxygenic phototrophs, in spite of the odd observation to the contrary. A new dogma was born and held the field for about two decades. Events began to turn when green sulfur bacteria were found to contain ferredoxin-coupled ketoacid-oxidoreductases. This led to the formulation of a novel CO(2)-fixing pathway, the reductive citric acid cycle, but its general acceptance required much work by many investigators. However, the ice had now been broken and after some years a third mechanism of CO(2) fixation was discovered, this time in Chloroflexus,and then a fourth in the same genus. One consequence of these discoveries is that it has become apparent that oxygen is an important factor that determines the kind of CO(2)-fixing mechanism an organism uses. With the prospect of the characterization of hordes of novel bacteria forecast by molecular ecologists we can expect further distinctive CO(2) fixation mechanisms to turn up.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ormerod
- Biology Department, University of Oslo, Box 1050, Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway,
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Petersen BL, Jensen PE, Gibson LC, Stummann BM, Hunter CN, Henningsen KW. Reconstitution of an active magnesium chelatase enzyme complex from the bchI, -D, and -H gene products of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme expressed in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1998; 180:699-704. [PMID: 9457877 PMCID: PMC106941 DOI: 10.1128/jb.180.3.699-704.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium-protoporphyrin chelatase, the first enzyme unique to the (bacterio)chlorophyll-specific branch of the porphyrin biosynthetic pathway, catalyzes the insertion of Mg2+ into protoporphyrin IX. Three genes, designated bchI, -D, and -H, from the strictly anaerobic and obligately phototrophic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme show a significant level of homology to the magnesium chelatase-encoding genes bchI, -D, and -H and chlI, -D, and -H of Rhodobacter sphaeroides and Synechocystis strain PCC6803, respectively. These three genes were expressed in Escherichia coli; the subsequent purification of overproduced BchI and -H proteins on an Ni2+-agarose affinity column and denaturation of insoluble BchD protein in 6 M urea were required for reconstitution of Mg-chelatase activity in vitro. This work therefore establishes that the magnesium chelatase of C. vibrioforme is similar to the magnesium chelatases of the distantly related bacteria R. sphaeroides and Synechocystis strain PCC6803 with respect to number of subunits and ATP requirement. In addition, reconstitution of an active heterologous magnesium chelatase enzyme complex was obtained by combining the C. vibrioforme BchI and -D proteins and the Synechocystis strain PCC6803 ChlH protein. Furthermore, two versions, with respect to the N-terminal start of the bchI gene product, were expressed in E. coli, yielding ca. 38- and ca. 42-kDa versions of the BchI protein, both of which proved to be active. Western blot analysis of these proteins indicated that two forms of BchI, corresponding to the 38- and the 42-kDa expressed proteins, are also present in C. vibrioforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Petersen
- Department of Ecology and Molecular Biology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Naterstad K, Lauvrak V, Sirevåg R. Malate dehydrogenase from the mesophile Chlorobium vibrioforme and from the mild thermophile Chlorobium tepidum: molecular cloning, construction of a hybrid, and expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1996; 178:7047-52. [PMID: 8955383 PMCID: PMC178614 DOI: 10.1128/jb.178.24.7047-7052.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The genes (mdh) encoding malate dehydrogenase (MDH) from the mesophile Chlorobium vibrioforme and the moderate thermophile C. tepidum were cloned and sequenced, and the complete amino acid sequences were deduced. When the region upstream of mdh was analyzed, a sequence with high homology to an operon encoding ribosomal proteins from Escherichia coli was found. Each mdh gene consists of a 930-bp open reading frame and encodes 310 amino acid residues, corresponding to a subunit weight of 33,200 Da for the dimeric enzyme. The amino acid sequence identity of the two MDHs is 86%. Homology searches using the primary structures of the two MDHs revealed significant sequence similarity to lactate dehydrogenases. A hybrid mdh was constructed from the 3' part of mdh from C. tepidum and the 5' part of mdh from C. vibrioforme. The thermostabilities of the hybrid enzyme and of MDH from C. vibrioforme and C. tepidum were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naterstad
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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10
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Bollivar DW, Elliott T, Beale SI. Anaerobic protoporphyrin biosynthesis does not require incorporation of methyl groups from methionine. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:5778-83. [PMID: 7592323 PMCID: PMC177398 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.20.5778-5783.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently reported (H. Akutsu, J.-S. Park, and S. Sano, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115:12185-12186, 1993) that in the strict anaerobe Desulfovibrio vulgaris methyl groups from exogenous L-methionine are incorporated specifically into the 1 and 3 positions (Fischer numbering system) on the heme groups of cytochrome c3. It was suggested that under anaerobic conditions, protoporphyrin IX biosynthesis proceeds via a novel pathway that does not involve coproporphyrinogen III as a precursor but instead may use precorrin-2 (1,3-dimethyluroporphyrinogen III), a siroheme and vitamin B12 precursor which is known to be derived from uroporphyrinogen III via methyl transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine. We have critically tested this hypothesis by examining the production of protoporphyrin IX-based tetrapyrroles in the presence of exogenous [14C]methyl-L-methionine under anaerobic conditions in a strict anaerobe (Chlorobium vibrioforme) and a facultative anaerobe (Rhodobacter capsulatus). In both organisms, 14C was incorporated into the bacteriochlorophyll precursor, Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester. However, most of the label was lost upon base hydrolysis of this compound to yield Mg-protoporphyrin IX. These results indicate that although the administered [14C]methyl-L-methionine was taken up, converted into S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and used for methyl transfer reactions, including methylation of the 6-propionate of Mg-protoporphyrin IX, methyl groups were not transferred to the porphyrin nucleus of Mg-protoporphyrin IX. In other experiments, a cysG strain of Salmonella typhimurium, which cannot synthesize precorrin-2 because the gene encoding the enzyme that catalyzes methylation of uroporphyrinogen III at positions 1 and 3 is disrupted, was capable of heme-dependent anaerobic nitrate respiration and growth on the nonfermentable substrate glycerol, indicating that anaerobic biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX-based hemes does not require the ability to methylate uroporphyrinogen III. Together, these results indicate that incorporation of L-methionine-deprived methyl groups into porphyrins or their precursors is not generally necessary for the anaerobic biosynthesis of protoporphyrin IX-based tetrapyrroles.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Bollivar
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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Naterstad K, Kolstø AB, Sirevåg R. Physical map of the genome of the green phototrophic bacterium Chlorobium tepidum. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:5480-4. [PMID: 7559333 PMCID: PMC177355 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.19.5480-5484.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A physical restriction map of the chromosome of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium tepidum was generated by determining the order of the fragments obtained after digestion with the restriction endonucleases XbaI and PacI and subsequent separation of the fragments by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The size of the chromosome is estimated to be 2.1 Mb. Fifteen genes and operons, mainly encoding proteins involved in photosynthesis, have been placed on this map by hybridization to fragments obtained after single- and double-restriction digestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Naterstad
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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12
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Pickett MW, Williamson MP, Kelly DJ. An enzyme and(13)C-NMR study of carbon metabolism in heliobacteria. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 41:75-88. [PMID: 24310015 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/1993] [Accepted: 02/07/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Heliobacteria are a group of anoxygenic phototrophs that can grow photoheterotrophically in defined minimal media on only a limited range of organic substrates as carbon sources. In this study the mechanisms which operate to assimilate carbon and the routes employed for the biosynthesis of cellular intermediates were investigated in a newHeliobacterium strain, HY-3. This was achieved using two approaches (1) by measuring the activities of key enzymes in cell-free extracts and (2) by the use of(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to analyze in detail the labelling pattern of amino-acids of cells grown on [(13)C] pyruvate and [(13)C] acetate.Heliobacterium strain HY-3 was unable to grow autotrophically on CO2/H2 and neither (ATP)-citrate lyase nor ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPcase) were detectable in cell-free extracts. The enzyme profile of pyruvate grown cells indicated the presence of a pyruvate:acceptor oxidoreductase at high specific activity which could convert pyruvate to acetyl-Coenzyme A. No pyridine nucleotide dependent pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity was detected. Of the citric-acid cycle enzymes, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, fumarate reductase and an NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase were readily detectable but no aconitase or citrate synthase activity was found. However, the labelling pattern of glutamate in long-term 2-[(13)C] acetate incorporation experiments indicated that a mechanism exists for the conversion of carbon from acetyl-CoA into 2-oxoglutarate. A 2-oxoglutarate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity was present which was also assayable by isotope exchange, but no 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity could be detected. Heliobacteria appear to use a type of incomplete reductive carboxylic acid pathway for the conversion of pyruvate to 2-oxoglutarate but are unable to grow autotrophically using this metabolic route due to the absence of ATP-citrate lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Pickett
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, P.O. Box 594, S10 2UH, Sheffield, UK
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Kjærulff S, Diep DB, Okkels JS, Scheller HV, Ormerod JG. Highly efficient integration of foreign DNA into the genome of the green sulfur bacterium,Chlorobium vibrioforme by homologous recombination. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 41:277-283. [PMID: 24310034 DOI: 10.1007/bf02184168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/1993] [Accepted: 02/15/1994] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient and reproducible transformation ofChlorobium vibrioforme with plasmid DNA has been achieved by electroporation. Specific parameters have been optimized for the electrotransformation procedure. The method was developed using a construct containing a full copy of thepscC gene encoding the cytochromec 551 subunit of the photosynthetic reaction center complex and theaadA gene encoding streptomycin resistance as selectable marker. Southern blotting analysis showed that the tested colonies were true transformants with the plasmid integrated into the genome by single homologous recombination. No transformants were obtained using the vector without thepscC gene showing that this vector does not replicate inC. vibrioforme. Thus transformation is possible only by homologous recombination. When using constructs designed to inactivate thepscC gene by insertion no transformants were obtained, indicating that the gene is indispensable for growth. The vector pVS2 carrying genes for erythromycin and chloramphenicol resistance was shown to replicate inC. vibrioforme. The two transformations shown here, provide an important genetical tool in the further analysis of structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus in green sulfur bacteria.
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Ivanovsky RN, Krasilnikova EN, Fal YI. A pathway of the autotrophic CO2 fixation in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Arch Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00248481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Anoxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria: Physiology and Advances in Hydrogen Production Technology. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(08)70217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Okkels J, Kjaer B, Hansson O, Svendsen I, Møller B, Scheller H. A membrane-bound monoheme cytochrome c551 of a novel type is the immediate electron donor to P840 of the Chlorobium vibrioforme photosynthetic reaction center complex. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)36808-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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17
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Charnock C, Refseth UH, Sirevåg R. Malate dehydrogenase from Chlorobium vibrioforme, Chlorobium tepidum, and Heliobacterium gestii: purification, characterization, and investigation of dinucleotide binding by dehydrogenases by use of empirical methods of protein sequence analysis. J Bacteriol 1992; 174:1307-13. [PMID: 1735722 PMCID: PMC206426 DOI: 10.1128/jb.174.4.1307-1313.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Malate dehydrogenase (MDH; EC 1.1.1.37) from strain NCIB 8327 of the green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme was purified to homogeneity by triazine dye affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. Purification of MDH gave an approximately 1,000-fold increase in specific activity and recoveries of typically 15 to 20%. The criteria of purity were single bands on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and nondenaturing polyacrylamide electrophoresis (PAGE) and the detection of a single N terminus in an Edman degradation analysis. MDH activity was detected in purified preparations by activity staining of gels in the direction of malate oxidation. PAGE and gel filtration (Sephadex G-100) analyses showed the native enzyme to be a dimer composed of identical subunits both at room temperature and at 4 degrees C. The molecular weight of the native enzyme as estimated by gel filtration was 77,000 and by gradient PAGE was 74,000. The subunit molecular weight as estimated by SDS-gradient PAGE was 37,500. N-terminal sequences of MDHs from C. vibrioforme, Chlorobium tepidum, and Heliobacterium gestii are presented. There are obvious key sequence similarities in MDHs from the phototrophic green bacteria. The sequences presented probably possess a stretch of amino acids involved in dinucleotide binding which is similar to that of Chloroflexus aurantiacus MDH and other classes of dehydrogenase enzymes but unique among MDHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Charnock
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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18
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Chen C, Gibbs M. Some Enzymes and Properties of the Reductive Carboxylic Acid Cycle Are Present in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii F-60. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 98:535-9. [PMID: 16668673 PMCID: PMC1080222 DOI: 10.1104/pp.98.2.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The reductive carboxylic acid cycle, the autotrophic pathway of CO(2) assimilation in prokaryotes (photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic autotrophic bacteria), was investigated in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii F-60, an algal mutant lacking a complete photosynthetic carbon reduction pathway (C(3)) due to a deficiency in phosphoribulokinase. Evidence was obtained consistent with the presence of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle in F-60. This conclusion is based on the fact that: (a) acetate approximately doubled CO(2) fixation in whole cells (4 micromoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour) and in chloroplasts (32 nanomoles per milligram chlorophyll per hour); and (b) pyruvate synthase, alpha-ketoglutarate synthase, and ATP-citrate lyase, three indicators of the cycle, were found in cell-free extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chen
- Institute for Photobiology of Cells and Organelles, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254
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Majumdar D, Avissar YJ, Wyche JH, Beale SI. Structure and expression of the Chlorobium vibrioforme hemA gene. Arch Microbiol 1991; 156:281-9. [PMID: 1793335 DOI: 10.1007/bf00262999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The green sulfur bacterium, Chlorobium vibrioforme, synthesizes the tetrapyrrole precursor, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), from glutamate via the RNA-dependent five-carbon pathway. A 1.9-kb clone of genomic DNA from C. vibrioforme that is capable of transforming a glutamyl-tRNA reductase-deficient, ALA-dependent, hemA mutant of Escherichia coli to prototrophy was sequenced. The transforming C. vibrioforme DNA has significant sequence similarity to the E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus subtilis hemA genes and contains a 1245 base open reading frame that encodes a 415 amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 46174. This polypeptide has over 28% amino acid identity with the polypeptides deduced from the nucleic acid sequences of the E. coli, S. typhimurium, and B. subtilis hemA genes. No sequence similarity was detected, at either the nucleic acid or the peptide level, with the Rhodobacter capsulatus or Bradyrhizobium japonicum hemA genes, which encode ALA synthase, or with the S. typhimurium hemL gene, which encodes glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase. These results establish that hemA encodes glutamyl-tRNA reductase in species that use the five-carbon ALA biosynthetic pathway. A second region of the cloned DNA, located downstream from the hemA gene, has significant sequence similarity to the E. coli and B. subtilis hemC genes. This region contains a potential open reading frame that encodes a polypeptide that has high sequence identity to the deduced E. coli and B. subtilis HemC peptides. hemC encodes the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic enzyme, porphobilinogen deaminase, in these species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Majumdar
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Buchanan BB, Arnon DI. A reverse KREBS cycle in photosynthesis: consensus at last. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 24:47-53. [PMID: 24419764 DOI: 10.1007/bf00032643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/1989] [Accepted: 09/11/1989] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B B Buchanan
- Division of Molecular Plant Biology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Ormerod JG, Nesbakken T, Beale SI. Specific inhibition of antenna bacteriochlorophyll synthesis in Chlorobium vibrioforme by anesthetic gases. J Bacteriol 1990; 172:1352-60. [PMID: 2307651 PMCID: PMC208605 DOI: 10.1128/jb.172.3.1352-1360.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium vibrioforme contains two types of bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl). The minor pigment, Bchl a, is associated primarily with the cell membrane and its reaction centers; and the major light-harvesting antenna pigment, Bchl d, is found primarily in the chlorosomes, which are attached to the inner surface of the cell membrane. Anesthetic gases, such as N2O, ethylene, and acetylene, were found to inhibit the synthesis of Bchl d, but not of Bchl a, thus allowing the cells to grow at high light intensities with a greatly diminished content of antenna pigment. Chlorosomes were absent or sparse in inhibited cells. Porphyrins accumulated in the inhibited cells. The major one was identified as the Bchl precursor magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (Mg-PPME) by comparative absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and thin-layer chromatography of the porphyrin and its derivatives with those of authentic protoporphyrin IX. Small amounts of Mg-PPME were present in control cells, but the addition of inhibitor caused a rapid increase in the Mg-PPME concentration, accompanying the inhibition of Bchl d synthesis. Cells grown in the presence of ethephon (as a source of ethylene) and allowed to stand in dim light for long periods accumulated large amounts of PPME and other porphyrins and excreted or released porphyrins, which accumulated as a brown precipitate in the culture. Inhibition of Bchl d synthesis was relieved upon removal of the inhibitor. These results suggest that the gases act at a step in pigment biosynthesis that affects the utilization of Mg-PPME for isocyclic ring formation. Synthesis of Bchl d and Bchl a may be differentially affected by the gases because of compartmentation of their biosynthetic apparatus or because competition for precursors favors Bchl a synthesis. An ethephon-resistant mutant strain was isolated by selection for growth in dim, long-wavelength light. The mutant cells were also resistant to acetylene, but not to N2O. The ability to reversibly generate viable Chlorobium cells that lack antenna pigments may be useful in photosynthesis research. The ethephon- and acetylene-resistant strain may be useful in the study of the enzymes and genes that are involved in the biosynthetic step that the gases affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Ormerod
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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Avissar YJ, Ormerod JG, Beale SI. Distribution of delta-aminolevulinic acid biosynthetic pathways among phototrophic bacterial groups. Arch Microbiol 1989; 151:513-9. [PMID: 2789025 DOI: 10.1007/bf00454867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Two biosynthetic pathways are known for the universal tetrapyrrole precursor, delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). In the ALA synthase pathway which was first described in animal and some bacterial cells, the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme ALA synthase catalyzes condensation of glycine and succinyl-CoA to form ALA with the loss of C-1 of glycine as CO2. In the five-carbon pathway which was first described in plant and algal cells, the carbon skeleton of glutamate is converted intact to ALA in a proposed reaction sequence that requires three enzymes, tRNA(Glu), ATP, Mg2+, NADPH, and pyridoxal phosphate. We have examined the distribution of the two ALA biosynthetic pathways among various genera, using cell-free extracts obtained from representative organisms. Evidence for the operation of the five-carbon pathway was obtained by the measurement of RNase-sensitive label incorporation from glutamate into ALA, using 3,4-[3H]glutamate or 1-[14C]glutamate as substrate. ALA synthase activity was indicated by RNase-insensitive incorporation of label from 2-[14C]glycine into ALA. The distribution of the two pathways among the bacteria tested was in general agreement with their previously established phylogenetic relationships and clearly indicates that the five-carbon pathway is the more ancient process, whereas the pathway utilizing ALA synthase probably evolved much later. The five-carbon pathway is apparently the more widely utilized one among bacteria, while the ALA synthase pathway seems to be limited to the alpha subgroup of purple bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Avissar
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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Nesbakken T, Kolsaker P, Ormerod J. Mechanism of biosynthesis of 2-oxo-3-methylvalerate in Chlorobium vibrioforme. J Bacteriol 1988; 170:3287-90. [PMID: 3384813 PMCID: PMC211284 DOI: 10.1128/jb.170.7.3287-3290.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of 2-oxo-3-methylvalerate in Chlorobium vibrioforme was investigated by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the oxoacid formed from 13C-labeled acetate by washed suspensions. The threonine pathway could be excluded, and the results are in accord with a mechanism for the formation of 2-oxobutyrate from acetyl coenzyme A and pyruvate via citramalate.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nesbakken
- Department of Biology, University of Oslo, Norway
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Holo H, Sirev�g R. Autotrophic growth and CO2 fixation of Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Arch Microbiol 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Andersen T, Briseid T, Nesbakken T, Ormerod J, Sirevåg R, Thorud M. Mechanisms of synthesis of 5-aminolevulinate in purple, green and blue-green bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1983. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1983.tb00562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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26
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L�ken �, Sirev�g R. Evidence for the presence of the glyoxylate cycle in Chloroflexus. Arch Microbiol 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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27
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Davies W, Ormerod JG. Glutamine synthetase inChlorobium limicolaandRhodospirillum rubrum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1982. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1982.tb08230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Autotrophic CO2 fixation in Chlorobium limicola. Evidence against the operation of the Calvin cycle in growing cells. Arch Microbiol 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00422306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Specific rates of substrate oxidation and product formation in autotrophically growingChromatium vinosum cultures. Arch Microbiol 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00964264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sirevåg R, Buchanan BB, Berry JA, Troughton JH. Mechanisms of CO2 fixation in bacterial photosynthesis studied by the carbon isotope fractionation technique. Arch Microbiol 1977; 112:35-8. [PMID: 402896 DOI: 10.1007/bf00446651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The carbon isotope discrimination properties of a representative of each of the three types of photosynthetic bacteria Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum, Rhodospirillum rubrum and Chromatium and of the C3-alga Chlamydomonas reinhardii were determined by measuring the ratio of 13CO2 to 12CO2 incorporated during photoautotrophic growth. 2. Chromatium and R. rubrum had isotope selection properties similar to those of C3-plants, whereas Chlorobium was significantly different. 3. The results suggest that Chromatium and R. rubrum assimilate CO2 mainly via ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and the associated reactions of the reductive pentose phosphate cycle, whereas Chlorobium utilizes other mechanisms. Such mechanisms would include the ferredoxin-linked carboxylation enzymes and associated reactions of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle.
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Sirevåg R, Ormerod JG. Synthesis, storage and degradation of polyglucose in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. Arch Microbiol 1977; 111:239-44. [PMID: 836122 DOI: 10.1007/bf00549360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cultures of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum form polyglucose during growth. The polyglucose is laid down within the cells as rosette-like granules, which are made up from smaller grains. The size of each granule appears to be limited to less than 30 nm, since an increase in polyglucose content leads to more granules being formed rather than an increase in granule size. The polyglucose in washed cells is fermented in the dark to acetate, propionate, caproate and succinate, of which acetate by far comprises the largest fraction (68%). During incubation of washed cells without hydrogen donor, the level of polyglucose decreases regardless of whether the cells are incubated in the dark or in the light. Since the products formed from polyglucose under the two different conditions are not the same, it is suggested that polyglucose in the dark serves as an energy source, whereas when in the light the role of polyglucose is mainly to provide the cell with reducing power.
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Buchanan BB, Sirevåg R. Ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and Cholorobium thiosulfatophilum. Arch Microbiol 1976; 109:15-9. [PMID: 183616 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. Cell-free extracts of the photosynthetic bacterium Cholorobium thiosulfatophilum, strains 8327 and Tassajara, were assayed for ribulose 1,5-diphosphate (RuDP) carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase--the two enzymes peculiar to the reductive pentose phosphate cycle. 2. RuDP carboxylase was consistently absent in strain 8327. The Tassajara strain showed a low RuDP-dependent CO2 fixation activity that was somewhat higher in cells following transatlantic air shipment than in freshly grown cells. The stability and behaviour of this activity in sucrose density gradients were similar to those described by other workers. 3. The radioactive carboxylation products formed in the presence of RuDP by enzyme preparations from the Tassajara strain did not include 3-phosphoglycerate--the known product of the RuDP carboxylase reaction, but instead consisted of the unrelated acids glutamate, aspartate and malate. 4. Phosphoribulokinase was absent in all preparations of the two Chlorobium strains tested. By contrast, phosphoribulokinase as well as RuDP carboxylase were readily demonstrated in preparations from pea chloroplasts and the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. 5. It is concluded that C. thiosulfatophilum appears to lack RuDP carboxylase, phosphoribulokinase, and hence, the reductive pentose phosphate cycle.
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36
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Sirevåg R. Photoassimilation of acetate and metabolism of carbohydrate in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. Arch Microbiol 1975; 104:105-11. [PMID: 808188 DOI: 10.1007/bf00447309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Washed cell suspensions of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilium form large amounts of a polyglucose in the light. Addition of acetate to the cells increases the formation of polysaccharide considerable. During incubation in the dark, polysaccharide decreases with time, and organic acids such as succinic and propionic acid are excreted into the medium. 2. Glucose isolated from cells which had photoassimilated 1-, 2-, and U-14C-acetate had a specific activity which lay between 1 and 2 times that of the acetate substrates. 3. To analyse the distribution of radioactivity in the glucose units formed during photoassimilation of 14C-acetate, 2 microbial degradations, with bakers' yeast and Zymomonas mobilis respectively, were used. The results show that acetate gives rise to carbon atoms 1 plus 2 and 5 plus 6 of glucose, wheras carbon atomes 3 plus 4 are not labelled. Further, the results indicate that glucose is not formed via the reductive pentose phosphate cycle when acetate is present.
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37
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, pyruvate: Ferredoxin oxidoreductase and lipoic acid content in microorganisms. Arch Microbiol 1975. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00428345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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van Gemerden H. Coexistence of organisms competing for the same substrate: An example among the purple sulfur bacteria. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 1974; 1:104-119. [PMID: 24241022 DOI: 10.1007/bf02512382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to find a possible explanation for the coexistence of large and small purple sulfur bacteria in natural habitats. Experiments were carried out withChromatium vinosum SMG 185 andChromatium weissei SMG 171, grown in both batch and continuous cultures. The data may be summarized as follows: (a) In continuous light, with sulfide as growth rate-limiting substrate, the specific growth rate ofChr. vinosum exceeds that ofChr. weissei regardless of the sulfide concentration employed. Consequently,Chr. weissei is unable to compete successfully and is washed out in continuous cultures. (b) With intermittant light-dark illumination, the organisms showed balanced coexistence when grown in continuous cultures. The "steady-state" abundance ofChr. vinosum was found to be positively related to the length of the light period, and that ofChr. weissei to the length of the dark period. (c) Sulfide added during darkness is rapidly oxidized on subsequent illumination, resulting in the intracellular storage of reserve substances, which are later utilized for growth. The rate of sulfide oxidation/mg cell N/hr was found to be over twice as high inChr. weissei as inChr. vinosum. The observed coexistence may be explained as follows. In the light, with both strains growing, most of the sulfide will be oxidized byChr. vinosum [see (a)]. In the dark, sulfide accumulates. On illumination, the greater part of the accumulated sulfide will be oxidized byChr. weissei [see (c)]. A changed light-dark regimen should then have the effect as observed [see (b)]. These observations suggest that intermittant illumination may, at least in part explain the observed coexistence of both types of purple sulfur bacteria in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- H van Gemerden
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University of Groningen, Biological Center, Kerklaan 30, Haren (Gr.), The Netherlands
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Sirevåg R. Further studies on carbon dioxide fixation in Chlorobium. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1974; 98:3-18. [PMID: 4834630 DOI: 10.1007/bf00425263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Bothe H, Falkenberg B, Nolteernsting U. Properties and function of the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase from the blue-green alga Anabaena cylindrica. ARCHIV FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1974; 96:291-304. [PMID: 4209549 DOI: 10.1007/bf00590185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kelly DP. Growth and metabolism of the obligate photolithotroph Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum in the presence of added organic nutrients. Arch Microbiol 1974. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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42
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McFadden BA. Autotrophic CO2 assimilation and the evolution of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase. BACTERIOLOGICAL REVIEWS 1973; 37:289-319. [PMID: 4357017 PMCID: PMC413820 DOI: 10.1128/br.37.3.289-319.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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43
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Gehring U, Arnon DI. Purification and Properties of α-Ketoglutarate Synthase from a Photosynthetic Bacterium. J Biol Chem 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)44680-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Buchanan BB, Schürmann P, Shanmugam KT. Role of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle in a photosynthetic bacterium lacking ribulose I,5-diphosphate carboxylase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1972; 283:136-45. [PMID: 4643350 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(72)90105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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46
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47
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Gehring U, Arnon DI. Ferredoxin-dependent Phenylpyruvate Synthesis by Cell-free Preparations of Photosynthetic Bacteria. J Biol Chem 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)62042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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